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AgNORs计数DNA含量及PCNA与肝硬化增生结节和肝癌的关系
http://www.100md.com 2004年3月15日 《世界华人消化杂志》 2004年第3期
     牛兆山,张昭成,青岛大学医学院病理学教研室 山东省青岛市 266021

    牛兆山,男, 1964-03-25生,山东省青岛市人,汉族. 1986年滨州医学院毕业,讲师, 主要从事肝细胞癌的病理研究.

    山东省教育委员会科研基金资助课题,No. J94K26

    项目负责人:张昭成,266021, 山东省青岛市登州路38号,青岛大学医学院病理学教研室.

    电话:0532-3812410

    收稿日期:2003-10-21 接受日期:2003-12-16

    Correlation of AgNORs, DNA contents and PCNA expression with livercirrhosis, hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma

    
Zhao-Shan Niu, Zhao-Cheng Zhang

    Zhao-Shan Niu, Zhao-Cheng Zhang, Department of Pathology, QingdaoUniversity Medical College, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China

    Supported by the Scientific Research Fundation of ShandongProvincial Education Committee, No.J94K26

    Correspondence to: Zhao-Cheng Zhang, Department of Pathology,Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021,Shandong Province, China. nzsmxh@public.qd.sd. cn

    Received: 2003-10-21 Accepted:2003-12-16

    AbstractAIM: To study the relationship between liver cirrhosis (LC), liverhyperplastic nodules (LHN) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

    METHODS: Silver colloid, image analysis and immunohistochemical techniquewere used to examine AgNORs counts, DNA contents and the expression ofproliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in LC, LHN and HCC.

    RESULTS: In LHN, the AgNORs counts, DNA contents and the expression ofPCNA were significantly higher than those in the normal liver and LC (P<0.01, P <0.05, P <0.05, respectively); theAgNORs counts approached those in HCC grade I (P >0.05), and theDNA contents approached those in HCC (P >0.05). There was nosignificant difference of AgNORs counts, DNA contents and the expressionof PCNA between LC and the normal liver tissues.

    CONCLUSION: LHN and LC are two different cell population with variouscharacteristics; LHN is actively proliferative lesions and should beconsidered as a preneoplastic lesion of HCC, while LC represents matureliver cells and does not contribute directly to the hepatocarcinogenesis.

    Niu ZS, Zhang ZC. Correlation of AgNORs, DNA contents and PCNA expressionwith liver cirrhosis, hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma.Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004;12(3):555-558

    摘要

    目的
:探讨肝硬化(LC)、增生结节与肝细胞癌(HCC)之间的关系.

    方法:分别应用银染色技术、图像分析技术及免疫组织化学技术检测LC、增生结节及HCC中AgNORs计数、DNA含量及增生细胞核抗原(PCNA)的表达.

    结果:增生结节中,其AgNORs计数、DNA含量及PCNA的表达均与正常肝组织和LC组织有明显差异(P分别<0.01,0.05,0.05);其中AgNORs计数与Ⅰ级HCC相近(P>0.05),DNA含量与HCC相近(P>0.05).LC组织和正常肝组织间的AgNORs计数、DNA含量及PCNA的表达差异均无显著性(P均>0.05).

    结论:增生结节与LC是两种不同性质的细胞群体,前者属于活跃增生性病变,是HCC的癌前期病变,后者仍为成熟的细胞,与HCC的发生没有直接关系.

    牛兆山,张昭成.AgNORs计数DNA含量及PCNA与肝硬化增生结节和肝癌的关系.世界华人消化杂志 2004;12(3):555-558

    0 引言原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1-12].近年来其发病率及死亡率有明显的上升趋势,因此研究HCC的发病机制对于此病的预防和治疗具有十分重要的意义.许多研究表明,细胞恶变最突出的特征是失去生长抑制而异常增生,因此正确估计肿瘤组织细胞增生活性,对研究肿瘤的生物学行为具有重要意义.我们检测能够用来评估细胞增生活性的参数AgNORs计数、DNA含量及PCNA的表达,旨在探讨LC、增生结节和HCC之间的关系.

    1 材料和方法

    1.1 材料
我院普外科1986/1991年手术切除或活检的HCC标本100例.男76例,女24例,平均年龄50.4岁.术前均没有接受化放疗.组织经酒精固定,石蜡包埋,4mm厚连续切片.我们分别随机选取48例标本检测AgNORs计数和DNA含量,70例标本检测PCNA表达.同时进行这三项指标检测的有18例(因病例较少,本文未做三者的相关性分析).在48例HCC标本中,根据细胞分化程度分为I,Ⅱ,Ⅲ级,分别为8,30和10例,48例标本均有癌旁组织,其中18例伴有增生结节,16例伴有LC,13例伴有正常肝组织.在70例HCC标本中,53例伴有癌旁组织,其中32例伴有增生结节,31例伴有LC,12例伴有正常肝组织,23例同时伴有增生结节和LC.

    1.2 方法 AgNORs染色采用Ploto改良法,每张切片随机计数100-150个细胞核内AgNORs数(双核及多核细胞分别计数每个核内AgNORs数),再换算成每个核内AgNORs平均数.在显微镜下用测微仪测量AgNORs的最大直径.采用Feulgen方法测DNA,用德国Opton公司Vidas型全自动图像分析仪测定DNA含量,以积分吸光度值(IOD)表示细胞核DNA的相对含量.每张切片随机测 100个以上细胞核,同时测同一张切片100个以上淋巴细胞,取其平均IOD值作为正常二倍体对照.按下列公式计算每例DNA倍体值:每例DNA倍体值=(每例平均IOD值/淋巴细胞平均IOD值)×2.PCNA染色采用免疫组织化学SP法,PCNA(PC10)及SP试剂盒均为美国Dako公司产品,以已知阳性切片作为阳性对照,PBS代替I抗作阴性对照;PCNA阳性分级按下述标准记录:每例切片连续观察10个高倍视野,每个视野计100个细胞中阳性细胞数,取其平均值,阳性细胞数0-25%为I级;26-50%为Ⅱ级;51-75%为Ⅲ级;76-100%为Ⅳ级.

    统计学处理 应用t 检验和x2检验.

    2 结果

    2.1 AgNORs计数
AgNORs主要呈两种形态,一种呈团块状较大颗粒,由许多小颗粒聚集而成,相当于核仁本身(即主核仁)中的AgNORs(此种大团块计为一个颗粒),另一种为散在于细胞核内较小的银染颗粒.正常肝细胞大多含1个AgNORs,少数2-3个,平均1.54±0.66,颗粒大小较一致,直径大于2mm的AgNORs每100个核中平均为4个.LC组织大多数细胞形态正常,AgNORs计数于正常肝细胞相近,多数细胞含有1个AgNORs,少数2-3个,个别3-4个,平均1.75±0.78.大多数AgNORs在1-2mm,直径大于2mm的每100个核中平均19个.HE切片中可见直径大于2mmAgNORs的细胞多数是散在的,体积大,胞质丰富呈嗜酸性的毛玻璃样肝细胞.嗜酸性细胞增生结节由胞质丰富、嗜酸性的毛玻璃样肝细胞组成.此种细胞核大,核仁较正常肝细胞明显增大、增多.AgNORs计数在1-5之间,平均2.45±1.11,大小变化较大,直径大于2mm的AgNORs显著增多,每100个核中平均43个.HCC组织AgNORs数为1-11个之间,平均4.36±1.63(其中I级HCC平均2.73±1.31,Ⅱ级4.43±1.72,Ⅲ级5.48±2.70).直径0.5-6 mm,颗粒较多的相对较小,颗粒较少的相对较大,每100个核中直径大于2mm的AgNORs数平均为44个.

    LC组织中AgNORs计数与正常肝组织相比无统计学差异(t=0.77,P>0.05),与I级HCC相比有明显差异(t=2.31,P<0.05); 嗜酸性细胞增生结节AgNORs计数显著高于正常肝组织和LC组织(t=2.89,2.51,P<0.01,P<0.05),而与I级HCC相近(t=0.38,P>0.05). 100个核中直径大于2mm的AgNORs平均数中,LC显著高于正常肝组织(x2=9.63,P<0.01); 嗜酸性细胞增生结节及HCC显著高于LC(x2=13.46,14.48,P均<0.01),而前二者间无差异(x2=0.02,P>0.05,见表1).

    表1 HCC组织中AgNORs计数及大小与DNA倍体数
组织分类nAgNORs计数DNA含量(mean±SD)
(mean±SD)直径>2 mm/100
正常131.54±0.6644.85±0.59
LC161.75±0.78195.37±0.84
增生结节182.45±1.11437.81±2.92
HCC484.36±1.63447.18±3.40
Ⅰ级82.73±1.315.49±1.11
Ⅱ级304.43±1.72a7.94±4.23
Ⅲ级105.48±2.707.04±2.34


    aP<0.05, at =2.59, P <0.05, vs I级.

    2.2 DNA含量测定 正常肝细胞、LC、增生结节、HCC组织DNA含量均为多倍体.正常肝组织DNA倍体数为3.0-6.34,平均4.85±0.59.LC组织中为5.04-6.72,平均5.37±0.84.增生结节为4.12-14.22,平均7.81±2.92.HCC组织为3.38-17.6.平均7.18±3.40.其中LC组织DNA含量与正常肝组织间无差异(t=1.88,P>0.05); 增生结节与HCCDNA含量均显著高于LC组织(t=3.22,2.09,P分别<0.01和0.05),前二者间DNA含量相近(t=0.69,P>0.05,见表1).

    2.3 PCNA检测 PCNA阳性显色呈棕色颗粒状,均定位于细胞核内.HCC细胞PCNA多数呈阳性表达(图1),但数量和分布具有异质性;LC组织中只有少量PCNA阳性细胞,呈单个散在分布;增生结节PCNA阳性细胞所占比例介于HCC与LC组织之间,其中1例增生结节PCNA呈强阳性表达(图2).经统计学处理,PCNA阳性细胞分级HCC大于增生结节大于LC和正常肝组织(x2=6.69,8.45,P均<0.05);而PCNA阳性分级在LC及正常肝组织间差异无显著意义(x2=0.002,P>0.05,见表2).

    表2 PCNA在HCC组织的表达结果
组织分类nPCNA分级
正常1210200
LC3126500
增生结节3218a11a2a1a
HCC7032c15a16c7c


    cP<0.05, cx2=6.69, vs增生结节;aP <0.05,ax2=8.45,vs LC和正常.

    图1 PCNA在HCC中的阳性表达.SP×200.

    图2 PCNA在增生结节中的阳性表达.SP×200.

    3 讨论AgNORs与细胞增生和恶性转化密切相关[13-15].DNA是细胞增生分化的物质基础,DNA含量能反映肿瘤细胞的增生活性,并可区分瘤性病变与非瘤性病变[16-18].PCNA表达及合成与细胞增生周期有关,G1期PCNA逐渐增多,S期达到高峰,故PCNA已被广泛应用于肿瘤研究中[12].本结果表明,LC结节与增生结节在AgNORs计数、形态大小、DNA含量、PCNA表达以及与HCC关系等方面有许多不同之处.LC结节中大多数肝细胞形态正常,其AgNORs计数、大小、DNA含量及PCNA表达与正常肝细胞相似(P>0.05),而与I级HCC有明显的差异(P<0.05). 增生结节AgNORs计数、每100个核中直径大于2mm的AgNORs数、DNA含量及PCNA增生指数明显多于LC结节(P<0.05); 且增生结节AgNORs计数与I级HCC相近(P>0.05),DNA含量与HCC相近(P>0.05). 表明增生结节中细胞大多处于细胞周期的S期(DNA合成期),分裂、代谢旺盛;而LC结节中的细胞大多处于静止状态,是一种高度成熟的细胞.提示增生结节与LC结节为明显不同的两种病变.

    AgNORs颗粒的大小与细胞的增生状态有一定关系.有研究表明[19],直径大于2mm、粗大、不规则的AgNORs(核仁型)的增多具有重要意义,表明细胞处于增生状态;而圆形较规则直径为1-2mm的AgNORs表明细胞处于静止状态.本结果显示,LC结节、增生结节、HCC组织中直径大于2mm的AgNOR颗粒明显多于正常肝组织,增生结节及HCC组织又明显多于LC(P <0.05),而前二者间无差异(P>0.05). 提示LC组织散在的毛玻璃样肝细胞、增生结节及HCC组织均为活跃增生细胞.HE切片显示,LC组织中AgNORs颗粒大于2mm的细胞,绝大多数为散在的嗜酸性毛玻璃样肝细胞,这种散在的肝细胞是与正常肝组织性质完全不同的新的细胞群体,其可以在无LC的组织中出现,故与LC没有直接关系,从而表明LC组织中AgNORs计数、大小及DNA含量高于正常肝组织,与嗜酸性细胞有直接关系.LC结节(或没有LC)散在嗜酸性毛玻璃样肝细胞,不论在细胞形态、还是AgNORs计数及DNA含量等具有与嗜酸性细胞增生结节细胞相同的特点,提示其为嗜酸性细胞增生结节的来源细胞,可进一步发展为嗜酸性细胞增生结节.

    多年来,人们普遍认为LC与HCC关系密切,并认为LC与HCC的发生有关.较多的研究认为,肝脏腺瘤样增生为HCC的癌前期病变[20-24].但近年来,有的研究对此提出异议,我们以前的研究表明,增生结节为肝癌的癌前期病变,而LC与HCC发生的关系并不明显[25].在欧、美国家,酒精是引起LC的主要原因,但HCC的发病率却较低;四氯化碳可以引起LC,但不能引起HCC.我们认为我国HCC伴有LC的比例明显高于欧、美国家的原因是与HBV感染有关,LC与HCC是伴随关系.本研究中,从LC、增生结节到Ⅰ级,Ⅱ级,Ⅲ级HCC,细胞形态从正常逐渐出现异常,异型性逐渐增大,AgNORs计数、DNA含量逐渐增多,表明AgNORs计数、DNA含量与肝细胞分化程度有一定关系,而分化差的病变其肝细胞的PCNA增生指数显著增高[26-28].许多研究都表明,具有高度细胞增生活性的病变可被视为HCC的癌前病变[20,29-32]. 我们的研究结果显示,癌旁的增生结节具有比LC结节更高的增生活性,与HCC相近,从而提示:LC组织增生能力有限,而增生结节处于活跃增生状态和低分化状态,具有恶性转化的高度危险性;持续增生的增生结节至少有一部分已发生恶性转化,具有与HCC相同或相似的某些生物学行为,是HCC的癌前期病变;细胞增生活性的增高,在HCC的发生和维持方面可能发挥重要作用.

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