Myosin V attachment to cargo requires the tight association of two functional subdomains
http://www.100md.com
细胞生物学杂志 2005年第1期
1 Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
2 Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA 02472
Abstract
The myosin V carboxyl-terminal globular tail domain is essential for the attachment of myosin V to all known cargoes. Previously, the globular tail was viewed as a single, functional entity. Here, we show that the globular tail of the yeast myosin Va homologue, Myo2p, contains two structural subdomains that have distinct functions, namely, vacuole-specific and secretory vesicle–specific movement. Biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrate that subdomain I tightly associates with subdomain II, and that the interaction does not require additional proteins. Importantly, although neither subdomain alone is functional, simultaneous expression of the separate subdomains produces a functional complex in vivo. Our results suggest a model whereby intramolecular interactions between the globular tail subdomains help to coordinate the transport of multiple distinct cargoes by myosin V.
N.L. Catlett's present address is 737 Snapdragon St., Encinitas, CA 92024.
Abbreviations used in this paper: GAL4 AD, Gal4 DNA activation domain; GAL4 BD, Gal4 DNA-binding domain; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight.
Introduction
Organelles of eukaryotic cells are accurately partitioned during cell division. The proper distribution of organelles between mother and daughter cells generally requires motor proteins that bind to the organelles and move them along microtubules and/or actin filaments. The same molecular motors are crucial for the polarized movement of vesicles in differentiated cells. In most eukaryotes, microtubules mediate long-range transport of membranous organelles from the cell center to the periphery and from the cell surface to the cell center, whereas actin mediates short-range transport and anchorage at the cell periphery. In contrast, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most intracellular compartments move solely on actin.
Myosin V motors (in plants, myosin XI) function in actin-based movement and are present in most eukaryotes. Some myosin V motors transport multiple cargoes. For example, vertebrate myosin Va moves melanosomes in melanocytes (Provance et al., 1996; Nascimento et al., 1997; Wu et al., 1997; Rogers and Gelfand, 1998), the smooth ER in brain Purkinje cells (Takagishi et al., 1996), membranous vesicles in nerve cells (Evans et al., 1998), and chromaffin vesicles (Rose et al., 2003). Moreover, within a single cell type, myosin Va likely moves more than one type of cargo (da Silva Bizario et al., 2002). In S. cerevisiae, the myosin V, Myo2p, is essential and transports secretory vesicles, the vacuole, late Golgi, and peroxisomes (Govindan et al., 1995; Hill et al., 1996; Catlett and Weisman, 1998; Schott et al., 1999; Karpova et al., 2000; Hoepfner et al., 2001; Rossanese et al., 2001). Myo2p is also required for orientation of the mitotic spindle (Beach et al., 2000; Yin et al., 2000) and is involved in mitochondrial inheritance (Boldogh et al., 2004; Itoh et al., 2004).
Myosin V contains two identical heavy chains, organized into four domains (Cheney et al., 1993; see Fig. 1 A). The amino-terminal motor domain contains binding sites for both actin and ATP. The neck contains six IQ motifs that bind calmodulin and other regulatory light chains. The -helical coiled-coil region is required for dimerization of the heavy chains. The fourth domain, the globular tail, binds to cargoes through interaction with organelle-specific receptors.
Organelle-specific myosin V receptors play critical roles in the regulation of cargo transport. Indeed, the vacuole-specific Myo2p receptor is required for both the temporal and the spatial regulation of vacuole movement. At a specific point in the cell cycle, Myo2p attaches to the vacuole via the Vac17p–Vac8p receptor complex and moves the vacuole to the bud. Once the vacuole arrives in the bud, Vac17p is degraded, depositing the vacuole in its correct location (Tang et al., 2003).
Point mutations in Myo2p that specifically affect vacuole movement reveal a region of the Myo2p globular tail that binds to the vacuole-specific Myo2p receptor, Vac17p. This region is distinct from a second area specifically required for secretory vesicle movement. Point mutations that affect vacuole movement are in the proximal half of the globular tail (Catlett and Weisman, 1998; Catlett et al., 2000), whereas most of the mutations that affect secretion but not vacuole movement are in the distal half (Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000). For example, although yeast with full-length Myo2p-AflII as the sole copy of Myo2p are not viable, the Myo2p-AflII allele supports vacuole movement (Catlett et al., 2000). Thus, there are at least two functionally distinct regions of the Myo2p globular tail: one for vacuole movement and the other for secretory vesicle movement.
Here, we show that the Myo2p globular tail contains two structural subdomains that correspond to two functional regions. Although a region within subdomain I is specific for vacuoles and a region within subdomain II is specific for secretory vesicles, neither subdomain functions on its own; their association is needed for each Myo2p function. This organization may allow the Myo2p globular tail to play an active role in specifying cargo.
Results and discussion
Identification of subdomains I and II of the Myo2p tail
To examine the structural basis of Myo2p–cargo interactions, we generated a bacterially expressed GST fusion protein of the tail of Myo2p (residues 1087–1574). Removal of the GST tag by digestion at an engineered thrombin cleavage site yielded a polypeptide with the expected size of 55 kD (Fig. 1 C and Table SI [available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1]). To map the structure of the tail, we performed mild proteolysis. Trypsin digestion of the Myo2p tail at 0°C resulted in three major polypeptides of 50, 26, and 24 kD (Fig. 1 C). Based on the amino acid sequence and the sizes of these fragments, we concluded that trypsin cleaved after Arg1130 and Lys1345 (Fig. 1 D). Arg1130 was the most sensitive to proteolysis and was responsible for the 50-kD fragment (residues 1131–1574). Notably, the same polypeptide, when overexpressed as a GST fusion, completely blocked yeast growth (Schott et al., 1999). Based on these findings, we define the functional globular tail as residues 1131–1574.
This 50-kD fragment was cleaved by trypsin into two polypeptides (Fig. 1) that correspond to residues 1131–1345 (24 kD) and residues 1346–1574 (26 kD) (Table SI). These polypeptides will be referred to as subdomain I and subdomain II, respectively. The predicted 6-kD fragment of residues 1087–1130 was not detected by mass spectrometry.
Notably, all seven vacuole-specific myo2 point mutants reside within subdomain I (Catlett et al., 2000; Fig. 1 B). Similarly, most secretory vesicle–specific mutants map to subdomain II (Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000; Fig. 1 B). These observations suggest that subdomains I and II bind distinct cargoes.
Subdomain I interacts with subdomain II
In a yeast two-hybrid screen designed to identify vacuole-specific Myo2p binding proteins using subdomain I as the bait (Myo2p residues 1139–1345), a clone containing subdomain II (Myo2p residues 1336–1574) was obtained (Catlett, 2000). This finding strongly suggested that subdomain I interacts with subdomain II. To test this further, subdomain II (residues 1346–1574) was subcloned into a yeast two-hybrid vector. Subdomain II strongly interacted with subdomain I (Fig. 2 A).
Interaction of subdomains I and II may occur within a single polypeptide. The interaction could be intrinsic to the structure of the Myo2p globular tail or, alternatively, additional yeast proteins may mediate the interaction. In a yeast two-hybrid test, other yeast proteins are available that potentially can enhance or inhibit an interaction. Therefore, we used a bacterially expressed recombinant Myo2p tail encoding residues 1087–1574 to examine the association of subdomains I and II in vitro.
Subdomains I and II generated by mild proteolysis of the Myo2p tail were analyzed by gel filtration. The resultant polypeptides coeluted as a single peak (Fig. 2 D) at an elution position similar to that of the full-length tail (Fig. 2 C). Denaturing SDS-PAGE demonstrated that over 90% of the protein had been cleaved into two polypeptides of 24 and 26 kD (Fig. 2 B, lane 2).
When subdomains I and II were incubated in 6 M urea and analyzed by gel filtration with a buffer containing 6 M urea, two partially resolved peaks were observed (Fig. 3 B). When the urea was removed by spin filtration, the two polypeptides rapidly reassociated, as is evidenced by their coelution at the position of a 50-kD monomer upon gel filtration without urea (Fig. 3, A and C). These findings suggest a tight intrinsic association of subdomains I and II. Indeed, size exclusion chromatographic simulations of the reversible dissociation of the 50-kD protein into its 24- and 26-kD components were obtained using an extension of a program described previously (Shalongo et al., 1993). Simulations of the profiles observed after injection of aliquots of the 50-kD protein, at either 0.03 or 0.1 mg/ml, into Superose 12 require that the dissociation equilibrium constant be 1 nM.
Myo2p forms a dimer through its coiled-coil domain (Cheney et al., 1993); if the coiled-coil region is absent, the Myo2p globular tail does not interact with itself (Beningo et al., 2000). Although the globular tail from each heavy chain contains both subdomains, a tight intratail association of the subdomains likely prevents dimer formation. To test this model, we analyzed the behavior of the globular tail in solution by equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation. The globular tail behaved as a monomer of the predicted molecular mass of 55 kD (Fig. S1; available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1). Thus, the interaction between subdomains I and II occurs within a single polypeptide.
Subdomain I and II interactions are required for Myo2p tail function
Although subdomains I and II appear to bind distinct cargoes, neither subdomain I nor subdomain II functions independently in vacuole or secretory vesicle movement. Overexpression of the globular tail of Myo2p is lethal (Reck-Peterson et al., 1999; Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000), and overexpression of the globular tail missing the secretory vesicle–binding domain, Myo2p-AflII, causes a vacuole inheritance defect (Catlett et al., 2000). In contrast, overexpression of a truncated globular tail (residues 1111–1430; not depicted) or of the individual subdomains I or II (wild type or AflII) did not disrupt growth or vacuole inheritance (Fig. 4). These results suggest that neither subdomain can function independently. However, the simultaneous overexpression of subdomains I and II (wild type or AflII) as separate polypeptides caused a vacuole inheritance defect similar to that caused by overexpression of the full-length globular tail (Fig. 4 A). This result was obtained even though the protein expression levels of subdomains I and II were approximately threefold less than those of the full-length globular tail (Fig. 4 C).
Simultaneous overexpression of wild-type subdomains I and II decreased yeast growth at 37°C (Fig. 4 B). Secretory vesicles are the only identified essential cargo of Myo2p. Thus, overexpression of subdomain I with subdomain II missing the secretory vesicle–specific region (AflII) did not affect growth (unpublished data). These results strongly suggest that although neither subdomain I nor subdomain II can function independently, when coexpressed in vivo, subdomains I and II associate, and the complex executes the functions of the intact globular tail.
Myo2p attaches to the vacuole through a direct interaction with Vac17p (Catlett, 2000; Ishikawa et al., 2003). Therefore, we tested whether subdomain I alone interacts with Vac17p. Although subdomain I contains the vacuole-specific receptor binding region, it did not interact with Vac17p. Similarly, subdomain II did not interact with Vac17p. However, when subdomains I and II were expressed simultaneously as separate polypeptides, an interaction with Vac17p was observed (Fig. 5 A). Thus, the separate subdomain I and II polypeptides can function in vivo, but only if they form a complex with each other.
Myo2p tails containing the deletions 1459–1574 or 1519–1574 did not interact with Vac17p, whereas neither a small deletion within the subdomain II secretory vesicle–specific region (1459–1491) nor truncations of the carboxyl-terminal residues 1567–1574 and 1551–1574 interfered with Myo2p–Vac17p association (Fig. 5 B). These results suggest that a region of subdomain II between residues 1519 and 1551 is important for association with subdomain I and enables subdomain I to bind Vac17p. Alternatively, a region within subdomain II may join with a region of subdomain I to form the vacuole-binding region.
Similar to results obtained from wild-type treatment, mild proteolysis of a GST fusion protein of the truncated globular tail (1131–1567) resulted in two stable polypeptides of 24 and 26 kD, which tightly associated and comigrated on gel filtration (unpublished data). Likewise, this truncated globular tail interacts with Vac17p in a yeast two-hybrid test (Fig. 5). Unfortunately, biochemical analysis of further truncations was not feasible. Neither 1131–1551 nor 1131–1519 could be expressed as stable polypeptides.
In addition to Vac17p, Kar9p and Smy1p also bind directly to the Myo2p globular tail (Beach et al., 2000; Beningo et al., 2000; Yin et al., 2000). Kar9p is required for mitotic spindle orientation in budding yeast (Miller and Rose, 1998). SMY1 was identified as a multicopy suppressor of the myo2-66 mutant (Lillie and Brown, 1992) and several other myo2ts mutants (Schott et al., 1999); the function of Smy1p is unknown. The specific regions on the Myo2p tail that bind to either Kar9p or Smy1p have not yet been determined. Neither Kar9p nor Smy1p interacts with either subdomain I or subdomain II alone (Fig. 5 A).
Like Vac17p, Smy1p interacts with subdomain I or II when the subdomains are coexpressed (Fig. 5 A). Thus, association between subdomains I and II is important for Myo2p binding to many cargoes. The simultaneous expression of subdomains I and II did not reveal an interaction with Kar9p. However, this may have been caused by technical limits of the assay. For Vac17p and Smy1p, we used regions that interact strongly with Myo2p (i.e., Vac17p-(1–170) and Smy1p-(465–656)). For Kar9p, a similar region has not been identified. Note that the Myo2p tail interacts more strongly with the truncated proteins than with the corresponding full-length proteins of Vac17p or Smy1p (Beningo et al., 2000; Catlett, 2000; Ishikawa et al., 2003).
Association of subdomains I and II may specify the attachment of cargoes
Two features of the globular tail may be important for cargo attachment. The first feature is a binding site for a cargo-specific receptor. The second feature is composed of the structural determinants that mediate the intramolecular association of subdomains I and II. This interaction may promote the proper conformation of the specific receptor-binding site in each subdomain. We cannot yet determine whether subdomains I and II require each other for function and/or for folding. However, myo2-20, which has two point mutations in subdomain I, is partially defective in secretory vesicle movement, even though the secretory vesicle–binding region is in subdomain II (Schott et al., 1999). This mutant supports the hypothesis that subdomain I and II interactions are important for function. Unfortunately, the myo2-20 tail protein was not stable and could not be analyzed further.
It is tempting to speculate that interaction of the two subdomains may coordinate myosin V attachment to distinct cargoes. Binding of the secretory vesicle receptor to subdomain II may induce conformational changes in subdomain I and thereby close the binding site for other types of cargo; i.e., the vacuole (Fig. 5 C). Similarly, binding of the vacuole-specific receptor (or of another cargo-specific receptor) to subdomain I may result in conformational changes that prevent binding of the secretory vesicle–specific receptor to subdomain II. A high resolution structure of the globular tail is needed for a more definitive view of the organization of the globular tail.
One caveat of the model is that although the globular tails are monomers, myosin V is a dimer. Therefore, there may be communication between the dimerization domains as well. A second caveat is that if myosin V binds to a receptor complex that is already attached to the membrane, then steric hindrance could suffice to preclude binding of more than one type of cargo. However, a small fraction of yeast Myo2 is cytosolic (Reck-Peterson et al., 1999), which raises the possibility that Myo2 may initially bind its adaptor proteins in the cytoplasm.
The two subdomains within the Myo2p tail are conserved among the myosin V motors. Based on the alignment of Myo2p and myosin Va from mouse, rat, and chicken, we propose regions that correspond to subdomains I and II (Supplemental text and Fig. S2; available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1).
Vertebrate myosin Va has a second region that plays a key role in binding to cargo. Upstream of the globular tail of myosin Va is a medial tail domain that varies depending on alternative splicing. The resulting six myosin Va isoforms play unique roles in specifying cargo. Exon F mediates the interaction of the myosin Va globular tail with melanosomes, whereas isoforms lacking exon F but containing exon D are associated with vesicles near the Golgi (Au and Huang, 2002; Westbroek et al., 2003). Thus, myosin Va may use at least two mechanisms to regulate attachment to distinct cargoes: multiple isoforms in the medial tail generate cargo-specific domains and, as with yeast Myo2p, specificity may be regulated by subdomain I and subdomain II interactions within the globular tail.
Materials and methods
Expression and purification of the recombinant Myo2p globular tail
The GST-Myo2p tail fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli from pGM2G. Cells were grown in Luria broth media with 0.1 mg/ml ampicillin at 37°C to an OD600 of 0.6. After 4 h of IPTG-induced expression at 30°C, cells were harvested and frozen at –80°C. Thawed cells (from 1 liter of media) were resuspended in 20 ml Hepes lysis buffer (20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA) with one tablet of protease inhibitors cocktail EDTA free (Roche), and then subjected to French press disruption at 1,000 psi. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 27,000 g for 30 min. Recombinant GST fusion proteins were purified on a glutathione Sepharose 4B resin (Amersham Biosciences) using Hepes lysis buffer. After incubation, the resin was resuspended in Hepes lysis buffer, applied to a small disposable column, and washed until the flow-through had an absorbance OD280 of 0. The GST tag was removed by proteolytic cleavage with biotinylated thrombin (Novagen) as follows. The resin with bound protein was equilibrated with thrombin cleavage buffer and incubated with five units of thrombin per 1 ml of the buffer for 3 h at 20°C, with subsequent removal of the protease on streptavidin agarose beads. Cleaved proteins were dialyzed overnight against column buffer (20 mM Hepes buffer, pH 6.5, 0.1 M NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA) at 4°C, concentrated by spin filtration with Ultrafree-4 centrifugal filter 30-K membrane (Millipore), and purified by gel filtration on a prep grade column (HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200; Amersham Biosciences).
Protein analysis
The amino-terminal sequences of the expressed protein and the fragments that resulted from trypsin cleavage were determined using a Procise 492 Sequencer (Applied Biosystems) after the proteins were electroblotted onto ProBlott membrane. Protein samples were further analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry by the University of Iowa facilities. Before analysis, the purified samples were concentrated-desalted with a ZipTipC4 pipette tip (Millipore) containing reverse-phase media, according to the vendor's instructions.
For mild proteolysis, purified Myo2p tail was concentrated to 0.5 mg/ml and incubated at 0°C with 3 μg/ml of trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10–40 min. To stop the reaction, 0.1 mg/ml of Pefabloc SC (Roche) was added and the mixture was incubated for 10 min on ice before being analyzed by SDS-PAGE or gel filtration on a Superose 12 HR 10/30 column (Amersham Biosciences).
Levels of yeast protein expression were assessed by Western blot analysis. Cell extracts were separated on SDS-PAGE (10% or 4–15% gel) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes overnight. The membranes were probed with goat anti–Myo2p tail antiserum at 1:2,000 dilution (Catlett et al., 2000) or rabbit anti–Gal4 DNA activation domain (GAL4 AD) antiserum at 1:2,000 dilution (Upstate Biotechnology).
Yeast two-hybrid assay
The yeast strain PJ69-4A was cotransformed with the indicated GAL4 AD fusion construct (LEU2 marker) and the indicated Gal4 DNA-binding domain (GAL4 BD) fusion constructs (TRP1 marker; James et al., 1996). Single colonies of each transformant were patched onto SC-Leu-Trp plates. After growth for 2 d at 24°C, the patches were replica plated to test plates; SC-Leu-Trp-His-Ade media contained 30 mM 3-amino-triazole (Sigma-Aldrich). Plates were incubated for 4–5 d at 24°C.
For the three-hybrid assay, an additional GAL4 BD fusion construct in a plasmid with a URA3 marker was used. DNA sequences encoding Vac17p (residues 1–170), Smy1p (residues 465–656), and full-length Kar9p were fused with GAL4 AD and transformed into yeast strain PJ69-4A together with the full-length Myo2p tail (GAL4 BD fusion; TRP1 marker), Myo2p tail subdomain I (GAL4 BD fusion; TRP1 marker), and/or subdomain II (GAL4 BD fusion; URA3 marker).
Online supplemental material
The supplemental Materials and methods section describes plasmids construction, analytical ultracentrifugation, and vacuole visualization. Online supplemental Results section provides a comparative sequence analysis of yeast myosin Va from mouse, rat, and chicken. The analysis suggests that subdomains I and II are a common feature of myosin V motors. Table SI contains MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data of peptides generated via mild trypsinolysis of the Myo2p tail. Fig. S1 presents the equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation studies. Fig. S2 presents the alignment of the myosin Va globular tail from mouse, rat, chicken, and S. cerevisiae. Online supplemental material is available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. E. Stellwagen for simulations of a dissociation equilibrium constant for subdomains I and II, Dr. S. Ramaswamy for helpful discussions and advice, J. Duex and other members of L.S. Weisman's laboratory for a critical reading of this manuscript, and Dr. L.M. Teesch and Y. Li for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM62261 and an Established Investigator Award from the American Heart Association (to L.S. Weisman). N.L. Catlett was supported by National Institute on Aging grant T32 AG 00214 to the Interdisciplinary Research Training Program on Aging at the University of Iowa.
References
Au, J.S., and J.D. Huang. 2002. A tissue-specific exon of myosin Va is responsible for selective cargo binding in melanocytes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 53:89–102.
Beach, D.L., J. Thibodeaux, P. Maddox, E. Yeh, and K. Bloom. 2000. The role of the proteins Kar9 and Myo2 in orienting the mitotic spindle of budding yeast. Curr. Biol. 10:1497–1506.
Beningo, K.A., S.H. Lillie, and S.S. Brown. 2000. The yeast kinesin-related protein Smy1p exerts its effects on the class V myosin Myo2p via a physical interaction. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:691–702.
Boldogh, I.R., S.L. Ramcharan, H.C. Yang, and L.A. Pon. 2004. A type V myosin (Myo2p) and a Rab-like G-protein (Ypt11p) are required for retention of newly inherited mitochondria in yeast cells during cell division. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15:3994–4002.
Catlett, N.L. 2000. Role of a yeast myosin-V in movement of the vacuole and other cargoes. Ph.D. thesis. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. 135 pp.
Catlett, N.L., and L.S. Weisman. 1998. The terminal tail region of a yeast myosin-V mediates its attachment to vacuole membranes and sites of polarized growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:14799–14804.
Catlett, N.L., J.E. Duex, F. Tang, and L.S. Weisman. 2000. Two distinct regions in a yeast myosin-V tail domain are required for the movement of different cargoes. J. Cell Biol. 150:513–526.
Cheney, R.E., M.K. O'Shea, J.E. Heuser, M.V. Coelho, J.S. Wolenski, E.M. Espreafico, P. Forscher, R.E. Larson, and M.S. Mooseker. 1993. Brain myosin-V is a two-headed unconventional myosin with motor activity. Cell. 75:13–23.
Cope, M.J., J. Whisstock, I. Rayment, and J. Kendrick-Jones. 1996. Conservation within the myosin motor domain: implications for structure and function. Structure. 4:969–987.
da Silva Bizario, J.C., A.A. da Cunha Nascimento, L. Casaletti, E.V. Patussi, M.F. Chociay, R.E. Larson, and E.M. Espreafico. 2002. Expression of constructs of the neuronal isoform of myosin-Va interferes with the distribution of melanosomes and other vesicles in melanoma cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 51:57–75.
Evans, L.L., A.J. Lee, P.C. Bridgman, and M.S. Mooseker. 1998. Vesicle-associated brain myosin-V can be activated to catalyze actin-based transport. J. Cell Sci. 111:2055–2066.
Govindan, B., R. Bowser, and P. Novick. 1995. The role of Myo2, a yeast class V myosin, in vesicular transport. J. Cell Biol. 128:1055–1068.
Hill, K.L., N.L. Catlett, and L.S. Weisman. 1996. Actin and myosin function in directed vacuole movement during cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 135:1535–1549.
Hoepfner, D., M. van den Berg, P. Philippsen, H.F. Tabak, and E.H. Hettema. 2001. A role for Vps1p, actin, and the Myo2p motor in peroxisome abundance and inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 155:979–990.
Ishikawa, K., N.L. Catlett, J.L. Novak, F. Tang, J.J. Nau, and L.S. Weisman. 2003. Identification of an organelle-specific myosin V receptor. J. Cell Biol. 160:887–897.
Itoh, T., E.A. Toh, and Y. Matsui. 2004. Mmr1p is a mitochondrial factor for Myo2p-dependent inheritance of mitochondria in the budding yeast. EMBO J. 23:2520–2530.
James, P., J. Halladay, and E.A. Craig. 1996. Genomic libraries and a host strain designed for highly efficient two-hybrid selection in yeast. Genetics. 144:1425–1436.
Karpova, T.S., S.L. Reck-Peterson, N.B. Elkind, M.S. Mooseker, P.J. Novick, and J.A. Cooper. 2000. Role of actin and Myo2p in polarized secretion and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:1727–1737.
Lillie, S.H., and S.S. Brown. 1992. Suppression of a myosin defect by a kinesin-related gene. Nature. 356:358–361.
Miller, R.K., and M.D. Rose. 1998. Kar9p is a novel cortical protein required for cytoplasmic microtubule orientation in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 140:377–390.
Nascimento, A.A., R.G. Amaral, J.C. Bizario, R.E. Larson, and E.M. Espreafico. 1997. Subcellular localization of myosin-V in the B16 melanoma cells, a wild-type cell line for the dilute gene. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1971–1988.
Provance, D.W., Jr., M. Wei, V. Ipe, and J.A. Mercer. 1996. Cultured melanocytes from dilute mutant mice exhibit dendritic morphology and altered melanosome distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:14554–14558.
Reck-Peterson, S.L., P.J. Novick, and M.S. Mooseker. 1999. The tail of a yeast class V myosin, myo2p, functions as a localization domain. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:1001–1017.
Rogers, S.L., and V.I. Gelfand. 1998. Myosin cooperates with microtubule motors during organelle transport in melanophores. Curr. Biol. 8:161–164.
Rose, S.D., T. Lejen, L. Casaletti, R.E. Larson, T.D. Pene, and J.M. Trifaro. 2003. Myosins II and V in chromaffin cells: myosin V is a chromaffin vesicle molecular motor involved in secretion. J. Neurochem. 85:287–298.
Rossanese, O.W., C.A. Reinke, B.J. Bevis, A.T. Hammond, I.B. Sears, J. O'Connor, and B.S. Glick. 2001. A role for actin, Cdc1p, and Myo2p in the inheritance of late Golgi elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 153:47–62.
Schott, D., J. Ho, D. Pruyne, and A. Bretscher. 1999. The COOH-terminal domain of Myo2p, a yeast myosin V, has a direct role in secretory vesicle targeting. J. Cell Biol. 147:791–808.
Shalongo, W., M. Jagannadham, and E. Stellwagen. 1993. Kinetic analysis of the hydrodynamic transition accompanying protein folding using size exclusion chromatography. 2. Comparison of spectral and chromatographic kinetic analyses. Biopolymers. 33:135–145.
Takagishi, Y., S. Oda, S. Hayasaka, K. Dekker-Ohno, T. Shikata, M. Inouye, and H. Yamamura. 1996. The dilute-lethal (dl) gene attacks a Ca2+ store in the dendritic spine of Purkinje cells in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 215:169–172.
Tang, F., E.J. Kauffman, J.L. Novak, J.J. Nau, N.L. Catlett, and L.S. Weisman. 2003. Regulated degradation of a class V myosin receptor directs movement of the yeast vacuole. Nature. 422:87–92.
Westbroek, W., J. Lambert, P. Bahadoran, R. Busca, M.C. Herteleer, N. Smit, M. Mommaas, R. Ballotti, and J.M. Naeyaert. 2003. Interactions of human Myosin Va isoforms, endogenously expressed in human melanocytes, are tightly regulated by the tail domain. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120:465–475.
Wu, X., B. Bowers, Q. Wei, B. Kocher, and J.A. Hammer III. 1997. Myosin V associates with melanosomes in mouse melanocytes: evidence that myosin V is an organelle motor. J. Cell Sci. 110:847–859.
Yin, H., D. Pruyne, T.C. Huffaker, and A. Bretscher. 2000. Myosin V orientates the mitotic spindle in yeast. Nature. 406:1013–1015.(Natasha Pashkova, Natalie)
2 Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA 02472
Abstract
The myosin V carboxyl-terminal globular tail domain is essential for the attachment of myosin V to all known cargoes. Previously, the globular tail was viewed as a single, functional entity. Here, we show that the globular tail of the yeast myosin Va homologue, Myo2p, contains two structural subdomains that have distinct functions, namely, vacuole-specific and secretory vesicle–specific movement. Biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrate that subdomain I tightly associates with subdomain II, and that the interaction does not require additional proteins. Importantly, although neither subdomain alone is functional, simultaneous expression of the separate subdomains produces a functional complex in vivo. Our results suggest a model whereby intramolecular interactions between the globular tail subdomains help to coordinate the transport of multiple distinct cargoes by myosin V.
N.L. Catlett's present address is 737 Snapdragon St., Encinitas, CA 92024.
Abbreviations used in this paper: GAL4 AD, Gal4 DNA activation domain; GAL4 BD, Gal4 DNA-binding domain; MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight.
Introduction
Organelles of eukaryotic cells are accurately partitioned during cell division. The proper distribution of organelles between mother and daughter cells generally requires motor proteins that bind to the organelles and move them along microtubules and/or actin filaments. The same molecular motors are crucial for the polarized movement of vesicles in differentiated cells. In most eukaryotes, microtubules mediate long-range transport of membranous organelles from the cell center to the periphery and from the cell surface to the cell center, whereas actin mediates short-range transport and anchorage at the cell periphery. In contrast, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most intracellular compartments move solely on actin.
Myosin V motors (in plants, myosin XI) function in actin-based movement and are present in most eukaryotes. Some myosin V motors transport multiple cargoes. For example, vertebrate myosin Va moves melanosomes in melanocytes (Provance et al., 1996; Nascimento et al., 1997; Wu et al., 1997; Rogers and Gelfand, 1998), the smooth ER in brain Purkinje cells (Takagishi et al., 1996), membranous vesicles in nerve cells (Evans et al., 1998), and chromaffin vesicles (Rose et al., 2003). Moreover, within a single cell type, myosin Va likely moves more than one type of cargo (da Silva Bizario et al., 2002). In S. cerevisiae, the myosin V, Myo2p, is essential and transports secretory vesicles, the vacuole, late Golgi, and peroxisomes (Govindan et al., 1995; Hill et al., 1996; Catlett and Weisman, 1998; Schott et al., 1999; Karpova et al., 2000; Hoepfner et al., 2001; Rossanese et al., 2001). Myo2p is also required for orientation of the mitotic spindle (Beach et al., 2000; Yin et al., 2000) and is involved in mitochondrial inheritance (Boldogh et al., 2004; Itoh et al., 2004).
Myosin V contains two identical heavy chains, organized into four domains (Cheney et al., 1993; see Fig. 1 A). The amino-terminal motor domain contains binding sites for both actin and ATP. The neck contains six IQ motifs that bind calmodulin and other regulatory light chains. The -helical coiled-coil region is required for dimerization of the heavy chains. The fourth domain, the globular tail, binds to cargoes through interaction with organelle-specific receptors.
Organelle-specific myosin V receptors play critical roles in the regulation of cargo transport. Indeed, the vacuole-specific Myo2p receptor is required for both the temporal and the spatial regulation of vacuole movement. At a specific point in the cell cycle, Myo2p attaches to the vacuole via the Vac17p–Vac8p receptor complex and moves the vacuole to the bud. Once the vacuole arrives in the bud, Vac17p is degraded, depositing the vacuole in its correct location (Tang et al., 2003).
Point mutations in Myo2p that specifically affect vacuole movement reveal a region of the Myo2p globular tail that binds to the vacuole-specific Myo2p receptor, Vac17p. This region is distinct from a second area specifically required for secretory vesicle movement. Point mutations that affect vacuole movement are in the proximal half of the globular tail (Catlett and Weisman, 1998; Catlett et al., 2000), whereas most of the mutations that affect secretion but not vacuole movement are in the distal half (Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000). For example, although yeast with full-length Myo2p-AflII as the sole copy of Myo2p are not viable, the Myo2p-AflII allele supports vacuole movement (Catlett et al., 2000). Thus, there are at least two functionally distinct regions of the Myo2p globular tail: one for vacuole movement and the other for secretory vesicle movement.
Here, we show that the Myo2p globular tail contains two structural subdomains that correspond to two functional regions. Although a region within subdomain I is specific for vacuoles and a region within subdomain II is specific for secretory vesicles, neither subdomain functions on its own; their association is needed for each Myo2p function. This organization may allow the Myo2p globular tail to play an active role in specifying cargo.
Results and discussion
Identification of subdomains I and II of the Myo2p tail
To examine the structural basis of Myo2p–cargo interactions, we generated a bacterially expressed GST fusion protein of the tail of Myo2p (residues 1087–1574). Removal of the GST tag by digestion at an engineered thrombin cleavage site yielded a polypeptide with the expected size of 55 kD (Fig. 1 C and Table SI [available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1]). To map the structure of the tail, we performed mild proteolysis. Trypsin digestion of the Myo2p tail at 0°C resulted in three major polypeptides of 50, 26, and 24 kD (Fig. 1 C). Based on the amino acid sequence and the sizes of these fragments, we concluded that trypsin cleaved after Arg1130 and Lys1345 (Fig. 1 D). Arg1130 was the most sensitive to proteolysis and was responsible for the 50-kD fragment (residues 1131–1574). Notably, the same polypeptide, when overexpressed as a GST fusion, completely blocked yeast growth (Schott et al., 1999). Based on these findings, we define the functional globular tail as residues 1131–1574.
This 50-kD fragment was cleaved by trypsin into two polypeptides (Fig. 1) that correspond to residues 1131–1345 (24 kD) and residues 1346–1574 (26 kD) (Table SI). These polypeptides will be referred to as subdomain I and subdomain II, respectively. The predicted 6-kD fragment of residues 1087–1130 was not detected by mass spectrometry.
Notably, all seven vacuole-specific myo2 point mutants reside within subdomain I (Catlett et al., 2000; Fig. 1 B). Similarly, most secretory vesicle–specific mutants map to subdomain II (Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000; Fig. 1 B). These observations suggest that subdomains I and II bind distinct cargoes.
Subdomain I interacts with subdomain II
In a yeast two-hybrid screen designed to identify vacuole-specific Myo2p binding proteins using subdomain I as the bait (Myo2p residues 1139–1345), a clone containing subdomain II (Myo2p residues 1336–1574) was obtained (Catlett, 2000). This finding strongly suggested that subdomain I interacts with subdomain II. To test this further, subdomain II (residues 1346–1574) was subcloned into a yeast two-hybrid vector. Subdomain II strongly interacted with subdomain I (Fig. 2 A).
Interaction of subdomains I and II may occur within a single polypeptide. The interaction could be intrinsic to the structure of the Myo2p globular tail or, alternatively, additional yeast proteins may mediate the interaction. In a yeast two-hybrid test, other yeast proteins are available that potentially can enhance or inhibit an interaction. Therefore, we used a bacterially expressed recombinant Myo2p tail encoding residues 1087–1574 to examine the association of subdomains I and II in vitro.
Subdomains I and II generated by mild proteolysis of the Myo2p tail were analyzed by gel filtration. The resultant polypeptides coeluted as a single peak (Fig. 2 D) at an elution position similar to that of the full-length tail (Fig. 2 C). Denaturing SDS-PAGE demonstrated that over 90% of the protein had been cleaved into two polypeptides of 24 and 26 kD (Fig. 2 B, lane 2).
When subdomains I and II were incubated in 6 M urea and analyzed by gel filtration with a buffer containing 6 M urea, two partially resolved peaks were observed (Fig. 3 B). When the urea was removed by spin filtration, the two polypeptides rapidly reassociated, as is evidenced by their coelution at the position of a 50-kD monomer upon gel filtration without urea (Fig. 3, A and C). These findings suggest a tight intrinsic association of subdomains I and II. Indeed, size exclusion chromatographic simulations of the reversible dissociation of the 50-kD protein into its 24- and 26-kD components were obtained using an extension of a program described previously (Shalongo et al., 1993). Simulations of the profiles observed after injection of aliquots of the 50-kD protein, at either 0.03 or 0.1 mg/ml, into Superose 12 require that the dissociation equilibrium constant be 1 nM.
Myo2p forms a dimer through its coiled-coil domain (Cheney et al., 1993); if the coiled-coil region is absent, the Myo2p globular tail does not interact with itself (Beningo et al., 2000). Although the globular tail from each heavy chain contains both subdomains, a tight intratail association of the subdomains likely prevents dimer formation. To test this model, we analyzed the behavior of the globular tail in solution by equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation. The globular tail behaved as a monomer of the predicted molecular mass of 55 kD (Fig. S1; available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1). Thus, the interaction between subdomains I and II occurs within a single polypeptide.
Subdomain I and II interactions are required for Myo2p tail function
Although subdomains I and II appear to bind distinct cargoes, neither subdomain I nor subdomain II functions independently in vacuole or secretory vesicle movement. Overexpression of the globular tail of Myo2p is lethal (Reck-Peterson et al., 1999; Schott et al., 1999; Catlett et al., 2000), and overexpression of the globular tail missing the secretory vesicle–binding domain, Myo2p-AflII, causes a vacuole inheritance defect (Catlett et al., 2000). In contrast, overexpression of a truncated globular tail (residues 1111–1430; not depicted) or of the individual subdomains I or II (wild type or AflII) did not disrupt growth or vacuole inheritance (Fig. 4). These results suggest that neither subdomain can function independently. However, the simultaneous overexpression of subdomains I and II (wild type or AflII) as separate polypeptides caused a vacuole inheritance defect similar to that caused by overexpression of the full-length globular tail (Fig. 4 A). This result was obtained even though the protein expression levels of subdomains I and II were approximately threefold less than those of the full-length globular tail (Fig. 4 C).
Simultaneous overexpression of wild-type subdomains I and II decreased yeast growth at 37°C (Fig. 4 B). Secretory vesicles are the only identified essential cargo of Myo2p. Thus, overexpression of subdomain I with subdomain II missing the secretory vesicle–specific region (AflII) did not affect growth (unpublished data). These results strongly suggest that although neither subdomain I nor subdomain II can function independently, when coexpressed in vivo, subdomains I and II associate, and the complex executes the functions of the intact globular tail.
Myo2p attaches to the vacuole through a direct interaction with Vac17p (Catlett, 2000; Ishikawa et al., 2003). Therefore, we tested whether subdomain I alone interacts with Vac17p. Although subdomain I contains the vacuole-specific receptor binding region, it did not interact with Vac17p. Similarly, subdomain II did not interact with Vac17p. However, when subdomains I and II were expressed simultaneously as separate polypeptides, an interaction with Vac17p was observed (Fig. 5 A). Thus, the separate subdomain I and II polypeptides can function in vivo, but only if they form a complex with each other.
Myo2p tails containing the deletions 1459–1574 or 1519–1574 did not interact with Vac17p, whereas neither a small deletion within the subdomain II secretory vesicle–specific region (1459–1491) nor truncations of the carboxyl-terminal residues 1567–1574 and 1551–1574 interfered with Myo2p–Vac17p association (Fig. 5 B). These results suggest that a region of subdomain II between residues 1519 and 1551 is important for association with subdomain I and enables subdomain I to bind Vac17p. Alternatively, a region within subdomain II may join with a region of subdomain I to form the vacuole-binding region.
Similar to results obtained from wild-type treatment, mild proteolysis of a GST fusion protein of the truncated globular tail (1131–1567) resulted in two stable polypeptides of 24 and 26 kD, which tightly associated and comigrated on gel filtration (unpublished data). Likewise, this truncated globular tail interacts with Vac17p in a yeast two-hybrid test (Fig. 5). Unfortunately, biochemical analysis of further truncations was not feasible. Neither 1131–1551 nor 1131–1519 could be expressed as stable polypeptides.
In addition to Vac17p, Kar9p and Smy1p also bind directly to the Myo2p globular tail (Beach et al., 2000; Beningo et al., 2000; Yin et al., 2000). Kar9p is required for mitotic spindle orientation in budding yeast (Miller and Rose, 1998). SMY1 was identified as a multicopy suppressor of the myo2-66 mutant (Lillie and Brown, 1992) and several other myo2ts mutants (Schott et al., 1999); the function of Smy1p is unknown. The specific regions on the Myo2p tail that bind to either Kar9p or Smy1p have not yet been determined. Neither Kar9p nor Smy1p interacts with either subdomain I or subdomain II alone (Fig. 5 A).
Like Vac17p, Smy1p interacts with subdomain I or II when the subdomains are coexpressed (Fig. 5 A). Thus, association between subdomains I and II is important for Myo2p binding to many cargoes. The simultaneous expression of subdomains I and II did not reveal an interaction with Kar9p. However, this may have been caused by technical limits of the assay. For Vac17p and Smy1p, we used regions that interact strongly with Myo2p (i.e., Vac17p-(1–170) and Smy1p-(465–656)). For Kar9p, a similar region has not been identified. Note that the Myo2p tail interacts more strongly with the truncated proteins than with the corresponding full-length proteins of Vac17p or Smy1p (Beningo et al., 2000; Catlett, 2000; Ishikawa et al., 2003).
Association of subdomains I and II may specify the attachment of cargoes
Two features of the globular tail may be important for cargo attachment. The first feature is a binding site for a cargo-specific receptor. The second feature is composed of the structural determinants that mediate the intramolecular association of subdomains I and II. This interaction may promote the proper conformation of the specific receptor-binding site in each subdomain. We cannot yet determine whether subdomains I and II require each other for function and/or for folding. However, myo2-20, which has two point mutations in subdomain I, is partially defective in secretory vesicle movement, even though the secretory vesicle–binding region is in subdomain II (Schott et al., 1999). This mutant supports the hypothesis that subdomain I and II interactions are important for function. Unfortunately, the myo2-20 tail protein was not stable and could not be analyzed further.
It is tempting to speculate that interaction of the two subdomains may coordinate myosin V attachment to distinct cargoes. Binding of the secretory vesicle receptor to subdomain II may induce conformational changes in subdomain I and thereby close the binding site for other types of cargo; i.e., the vacuole (Fig. 5 C). Similarly, binding of the vacuole-specific receptor (or of another cargo-specific receptor) to subdomain I may result in conformational changes that prevent binding of the secretory vesicle–specific receptor to subdomain II. A high resolution structure of the globular tail is needed for a more definitive view of the organization of the globular tail.
One caveat of the model is that although the globular tails are monomers, myosin V is a dimer. Therefore, there may be communication between the dimerization domains as well. A second caveat is that if myosin V binds to a receptor complex that is already attached to the membrane, then steric hindrance could suffice to preclude binding of more than one type of cargo. However, a small fraction of yeast Myo2 is cytosolic (Reck-Peterson et al., 1999), which raises the possibility that Myo2 may initially bind its adaptor proteins in the cytoplasm.
The two subdomains within the Myo2p tail are conserved among the myosin V motors. Based on the alignment of Myo2p and myosin Va from mouse, rat, and chicken, we propose regions that correspond to subdomains I and II (Supplemental text and Fig. S2; available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1).
Vertebrate myosin Va has a second region that plays a key role in binding to cargo. Upstream of the globular tail of myosin Va is a medial tail domain that varies depending on alternative splicing. The resulting six myosin Va isoforms play unique roles in specifying cargo. Exon F mediates the interaction of the myosin Va globular tail with melanosomes, whereas isoforms lacking exon F but containing exon D are associated with vesicles near the Golgi (Au and Huang, 2002; Westbroek et al., 2003). Thus, myosin Va may use at least two mechanisms to regulate attachment to distinct cargoes: multiple isoforms in the medial tail generate cargo-specific domains and, as with yeast Myo2p, specificity may be regulated by subdomain I and subdomain II interactions within the globular tail.
Materials and methods
Expression and purification of the recombinant Myo2p globular tail
The GST-Myo2p tail fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli from pGM2G. Cells were grown in Luria broth media with 0.1 mg/ml ampicillin at 37°C to an OD600 of 0.6. After 4 h of IPTG-induced expression at 30°C, cells were harvested and frozen at –80°C. Thawed cells (from 1 liter of media) were resuspended in 20 ml Hepes lysis buffer (20 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA) with one tablet of protease inhibitors cocktail EDTA free (Roche), and then subjected to French press disruption at 1,000 psi. The cell lysate was centrifuged at 27,000 g for 30 min. Recombinant GST fusion proteins were purified on a glutathione Sepharose 4B resin (Amersham Biosciences) using Hepes lysis buffer. After incubation, the resin was resuspended in Hepes lysis buffer, applied to a small disposable column, and washed until the flow-through had an absorbance OD280 of 0. The GST tag was removed by proteolytic cleavage with biotinylated thrombin (Novagen) as follows. The resin with bound protein was equilibrated with thrombin cleavage buffer and incubated with five units of thrombin per 1 ml of the buffer for 3 h at 20°C, with subsequent removal of the protease on streptavidin agarose beads. Cleaved proteins were dialyzed overnight against column buffer (20 mM Hepes buffer, pH 6.5, 0.1 M NaCl, and 1 mM EDTA) at 4°C, concentrated by spin filtration with Ultrafree-4 centrifugal filter 30-K membrane (Millipore), and purified by gel filtration on a prep grade column (HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200; Amersham Biosciences).
Protein analysis
The amino-terminal sequences of the expressed protein and the fragments that resulted from trypsin cleavage were determined using a Procise 492 Sequencer (Applied Biosystems) after the proteins were electroblotted onto ProBlott membrane. Protein samples were further analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry by the University of Iowa facilities. Before analysis, the purified samples were concentrated-desalted with a ZipTipC4 pipette tip (Millipore) containing reverse-phase media, according to the vendor's instructions.
For mild proteolysis, purified Myo2p tail was concentrated to 0.5 mg/ml and incubated at 0°C with 3 μg/ml of trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich) for 10–40 min. To stop the reaction, 0.1 mg/ml of Pefabloc SC (Roche) was added and the mixture was incubated for 10 min on ice before being analyzed by SDS-PAGE or gel filtration on a Superose 12 HR 10/30 column (Amersham Biosciences).
Levels of yeast protein expression were assessed by Western blot analysis. Cell extracts were separated on SDS-PAGE (10% or 4–15% gel) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes overnight. The membranes were probed with goat anti–Myo2p tail antiserum at 1:2,000 dilution (Catlett et al., 2000) or rabbit anti–Gal4 DNA activation domain (GAL4 AD) antiserum at 1:2,000 dilution (Upstate Biotechnology).
Yeast two-hybrid assay
The yeast strain PJ69-4A was cotransformed with the indicated GAL4 AD fusion construct (LEU2 marker) and the indicated Gal4 DNA-binding domain (GAL4 BD) fusion constructs (TRP1 marker; James et al., 1996). Single colonies of each transformant were patched onto SC-Leu-Trp plates. After growth for 2 d at 24°C, the patches were replica plated to test plates; SC-Leu-Trp-His-Ade media contained 30 mM 3-amino-triazole (Sigma-Aldrich). Plates were incubated for 4–5 d at 24°C.
For the three-hybrid assay, an additional GAL4 BD fusion construct in a plasmid with a URA3 marker was used. DNA sequences encoding Vac17p (residues 1–170), Smy1p (residues 465–656), and full-length Kar9p were fused with GAL4 AD and transformed into yeast strain PJ69-4A together with the full-length Myo2p tail (GAL4 BD fusion; TRP1 marker), Myo2p tail subdomain I (GAL4 BD fusion; TRP1 marker), and/or subdomain II (GAL4 BD fusion; URA3 marker).
Online supplemental material
The supplemental Materials and methods section describes plasmids construction, analytical ultracentrifugation, and vacuole visualization. Online supplemental Results section provides a comparative sequence analysis of yeast myosin Va from mouse, rat, and chicken. The analysis suggests that subdomains I and II are a common feature of myosin V motors. Table SI contains MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data of peptides generated via mild trypsinolysis of the Myo2p tail. Fig. S1 presents the equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation studies. Fig. S2 presents the alignment of the myosin Va globular tail from mouse, rat, chicken, and S. cerevisiae. Online supplemental material is available at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/jcb.200407146/DC1.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. E. Stellwagen for simulations of a dissociation equilibrium constant for subdomains I and II, Dr. S. Ramaswamy for helpful discussions and advice, J. Duex and other members of L.S. Weisman's laboratory for a critical reading of this manuscript, and Dr. L.M. Teesch and Y. Li for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM62261 and an Established Investigator Award from the American Heart Association (to L.S. Weisman). N.L. Catlett was supported by National Institute on Aging grant T32 AG 00214 to the Interdisciplinary Research Training Program on Aging at the University of Iowa.
References
Au, J.S., and J.D. Huang. 2002. A tissue-specific exon of myosin Va is responsible for selective cargo binding in melanocytes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 53:89–102.
Beach, D.L., J. Thibodeaux, P. Maddox, E. Yeh, and K. Bloom. 2000. The role of the proteins Kar9 and Myo2 in orienting the mitotic spindle of budding yeast. Curr. Biol. 10:1497–1506.
Beningo, K.A., S.H. Lillie, and S.S. Brown. 2000. The yeast kinesin-related protein Smy1p exerts its effects on the class V myosin Myo2p via a physical interaction. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:691–702.
Boldogh, I.R., S.L. Ramcharan, H.C. Yang, and L.A. Pon. 2004. A type V myosin (Myo2p) and a Rab-like G-protein (Ypt11p) are required for retention of newly inherited mitochondria in yeast cells during cell division. Mol. Biol. Cell. 15:3994–4002.
Catlett, N.L. 2000. Role of a yeast myosin-V in movement of the vacuole and other cargoes. Ph.D. thesis. University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. 135 pp.
Catlett, N.L., and L.S. Weisman. 1998. The terminal tail region of a yeast myosin-V mediates its attachment to vacuole membranes and sites of polarized growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:14799–14804.
Catlett, N.L., J.E. Duex, F. Tang, and L.S. Weisman. 2000. Two distinct regions in a yeast myosin-V tail domain are required for the movement of different cargoes. J. Cell Biol. 150:513–526.
Cheney, R.E., M.K. O'Shea, J.E. Heuser, M.V. Coelho, J.S. Wolenski, E.M. Espreafico, P. Forscher, R.E. Larson, and M.S. Mooseker. 1993. Brain myosin-V is a two-headed unconventional myosin with motor activity. Cell. 75:13–23.
Cope, M.J., J. Whisstock, I. Rayment, and J. Kendrick-Jones. 1996. Conservation within the myosin motor domain: implications for structure and function. Structure. 4:969–987.
da Silva Bizario, J.C., A.A. da Cunha Nascimento, L. Casaletti, E.V. Patussi, M.F. Chociay, R.E. Larson, and E.M. Espreafico. 2002. Expression of constructs of the neuronal isoform of myosin-Va interferes with the distribution of melanosomes and other vesicles in melanoma cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 51:57–75.
Evans, L.L., A.J. Lee, P.C. Bridgman, and M.S. Mooseker. 1998. Vesicle-associated brain myosin-V can be activated to catalyze actin-based transport. J. Cell Sci. 111:2055–2066.
Govindan, B., R. Bowser, and P. Novick. 1995. The role of Myo2, a yeast class V myosin, in vesicular transport. J. Cell Biol. 128:1055–1068.
Hill, K.L., N.L. Catlett, and L.S. Weisman. 1996. Actin and myosin function in directed vacuole movement during cell division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 135:1535–1549.
Hoepfner, D., M. van den Berg, P. Philippsen, H.F. Tabak, and E.H. Hettema. 2001. A role for Vps1p, actin, and the Myo2p motor in peroxisome abundance and inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 155:979–990.
Ishikawa, K., N.L. Catlett, J.L. Novak, F. Tang, J.J. Nau, and L.S. Weisman. 2003. Identification of an organelle-specific myosin V receptor. J. Cell Biol. 160:887–897.
Itoh, T., E.A. Toh, and Y. Matsui. 2004. Mmr1p is a mitochondrial factor for Myo2p-dependent inheritance of mitochondria in the budding yeast. EMBO J. 23:2520–2530.
James, P., J. Halladay, and E.A. Craig. 1996. Genomic libraries and a host strain designed for highly efficient two-hybrid selection in yeast. Genetics. 144:1425–1436.
Karpova, T.S., S.L. Reck-Peterson, N.B. Elkind, M.S. Mooseker, P.J. Novick, and J.A. Cooper. 2000. Role of actin and Myo2p in polarized secretion and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell. 11:1727–1737.
Lillie, S.H., and S.S. Brown. 1992. Suppression of a myosin defect by a kinesin-related gene. Nature. 356:358–361.
Miller, R.K., and M.D. Rose. 1998. Kar9p is a novel cortical protein required for cytoplasmic microtubule orientation in yeast. J. Cell Biol. 140:377–390.
Nascimento, A.A., R.G. Amaral, J.C. Bizario, R.E. Larson, and E.M. Espreafico. 1997. Subcellular localization of myosin-V in the B16 melanoma cells, a wild-type cell line for the dilute gene. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1971–1988.
Provance, D.W., Jr., M. Wei, V. Ipe, and J.A. Mercer. 1996. Cultured melanocytes from dilute mutant mice exhibit dendritic morphology and altered melanosome distribution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93:14554–14558.
Reck-Peterson, S.L., P.J. Novick, and M.S. Mooseker. 1999. The tail of a yeast class V myosin, myo2p, functions as a localization domain. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:1001–1017.
Rogers, S.L., and V.I. Gelfand. 1998. Myosin cooperates with microtubule motors during organelle transport in melanophores. Curr. Biol. 8:161–164.
Rose, S.D., T. Lejen, L. Casaletti, R.E. Larson, T.D. Pene, and J.M. Trifaro. 2003. Myosins II and V in chromaffin cells: myosin V is a chromaffin vesicle molecular motor involved in secretion. J. Neurochem. 85:287–298.
Rossanese, O.W., C.A. Reinke, B.J. Bevis, A.T. Hammond, I.B. Sears, J. O'Connor, and B.S. Glick. 2001. A role for actin, Cdc1p, and Myo2p in the inheritance of late Golgi elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 153:47–62.
Schott, D., J. Ho, D. Pruyne, and A. Bretscher. 1999. The COOH-terminal domain of Myo2p, a yeast myosin V, has a direct role in secretory vesicle targeting. J. Cell Biol. 147:791–808.
Shalongo, W., M. Jagannadham, and E. Stellwagen. 1993. Kinetic analysis of the hydrodynamic transition accompanying protein folding using size exclusion chromatography. 2. Comparison of spectral and chromatographic kinetic analyses. Biopolymers. 33:135–145.
Takagishi, Y., S. Oda, S. Hayasaka, K. Dekker-Ohno, T. Shikata, M. Inouye, and H. Yamamura. 1996. The dilute-lethal (dl) gene attacks a Ca2+ store in the dendritic spine of Purkinje cells in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 215:169–172.
Tang, F., E.J. Kauffman, J.L. Novak, J.J. Nau, N.L. Catlett, and L.S. Weisman. 2003. Regulated degradation of a class V myosin receptor directs movement of the yeast vacuole. Nature. 422:87–92.
Westbroek, W., J. Lambert, P. Bahadoran, R. Busca, M.C. Herteleer, N. Smit, M. Mommaas, R. Ballotti, and J.M. Naeyaert. 2003. Interactions of human Myosin Va isoforms, endogenously expressed in human melanocytes, are tightly regulated by the tail domain. J. Invest. Dermatol. 120:465–475.
Wu, X., B. Bowers, Q. Wei, B. Kocher, and J.A. Hammer III. 1997. Myosin V associates with melanosomes in mouse melanocytes: evidence that myosin V is an organelle motor. J. Cell Sci. 110:847–859.
Yin, H., D. Pruyne, T.C. Huffaker, and A. Bretscher. 2000. Myosin V orientates the mitotic spindle in yeast. Nature. 406:1013–1015.(Natasha Pashkova, Natalie)