Endocarditis Caused by Cardiobacterium valvarum
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微生物临床杂志 2006年第2期
ABSTRACT
A fastidious, gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the blood of a 51-year-old man who had acute infectious endocarditis (IE). Characterization of the organism through phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed the causative role of Cardiobacterium valvarum. This is the third reported case of IE caused by C. valvarum.
CASE REPORT
In March 2005, a 51-year-old man was admitted to the Timone Hospital in Marseilles, France, with clinical signs of insidious endocarditis. He had gradually developed anorexia, weight loss, and asthenia over the course of the previous 2 months. The patient had no significant medical history but had presented with a dental abscess 1 month before the onset of illness. On admission, he had a temperature of 38°C and a blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg. His medical records showed that the patient had an aortic insufficiency complicating a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The leukocyte count was 11.65 x 109/liter, the hemoglobin level was 97 g/liter, the platelet count was 302 x 109/liter, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 136 mm in the first hour. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography showed on the aortic valve vegetations in which the largest mass measured 14 mm and an abscess. Three blood samples for culture were drawn before therapy. The first blood culture was performed with a set of BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F and BACTEC Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F bottles (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Md.). Then, every 2 h, second and third blood samples for culture were drawn and cultured in BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F bottles. Subsequently, the patient was empirically treated intravenously with amoxicillin at 2 g every 4 h and gentamicin at 3 mg/kg of body weight once a day. The bottles containing blood were incubated, with continuous automated monitoring for bacterial growth in the medium. All aerobic bottles grew a gram-negative bacterium within 5 days. All subcultures were plated on blood agar and chocolate agar (BioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and incubated aerobically at 37°C with 5% CO2. Nonhemolytic colonies appeared within 2 days of culture on blood agar but reached a size of 2 mm after 4 days. By using the miniaturized API 32E (BioMerieux) and BBL CRYSTAL N/H and E/NF (BBL, Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) systems, the bacterium was identified as a Cardiobacterium sp. It was positive for cytochrome oxidase, potassium-5-ketogluconate, 4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside, L-aspartic acid-4-nitronylide, p-nitrophenyl-phosphate, L-serine, L-phenylalanine, glycine, L-arginine, and indole production and negative by other tests, including catalase production. By using partial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing with the 536f and rp2 primers, as described previously (4), the bacterium was identified as Cardiobacterim valvarum on the basis of a 99.6% similarity of its nucleotide sequence with that of the C. valvarum sequence in the GenBank database (GenBank accession number AF506987). Our patient had a normal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scan and demonstrated no neurologic symptoms. On day 6 following admission, cardiac surgery was performed because of heart failure. The aortic valve was replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. Histological examination of the valve that was removed was performed, and the findings were consistent with a diagnosis of infectious endocarditis. Possibly due to the administration of antibiotics, bacterial culture of the valve was negative. The 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing performed with the valvular tissue as described above provided a sequence identical to that obtained from the strain and thus confirmed the presence of C. valvarum DNA (4, 5, 7). Bacterial DNA was extracted by using the MagNA Pure kit II (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), as described by the manufacturer.
The genus Cardiobacterium, with its sole species, C. hominis, was established in 1964 for a group of fastidious gram-negative bacteria (8, 12, 13) that were members of the HACEK group. Until 2004, C. hominis was the only Cardiobacterium species known to cause endocarditis (1, 2). In 2004, Han et al. identified a new Cardiobacterium species, which they named C. valvarum, as an agent of endocarditis (6). The bacterium was described as a fastidious gram-negative bacillus that grows better on sheep blood agar than on chocolate agar. In contrast to C. hominis, C. valvarum grows more slowly; is nonhemolytic on sheep blood agar; and does not utilize sucrose, maltose, or mannitol (6, 7). However, phenotypic tests may not always allow the two Cardiobacterium species to be distinguished. In such cases, genotypic identification should be performed.
Here, we report on the isolation of a Cardiobacterium species distinct from C. hominis from a patient with endocarditis. Characterization of the organism by a genotypic method identified it as C. valvarum. The source of this bacterium is likely the oral flora, as is the case for C. hominis (7). In the scientific literature, 64 cases of C. hominis endocarditis have been reported (3, 9, 11, 14, 15). The lack of early recognition of C. valvarum reflects its rarity. To the best of our knowledge, two clinical reports of endocarditis caused by C. valvarum have been reported in the literature (6, 8). Including our patient, the three patients presented with an insidious endocarditis, with large destructive vegetations necessitating valvular replacement (6, 8). Our patient was febrile, in contrast to the other two published cases. All three patients had a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The history of recent dental manipulation in the three patients confirmed that the source of C. valvarum was probably oral, as is the case for C. hominis. In our experience, Cardiobacterium species are the rarest of the HACEK group of bacteria that cause infectious endocarditis (2). In our series, of a total of 427 cases of definite infectious endocarditis, according to the modified Duke criteria (10), 9 were caused by the HACEK group of bacteria. Of these, one case was caused by C. hominis, which was initially identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis (11), and one was caused by C. valvarum. Thus, physicians should be aware that C. valvarum is a potential agent of infectious endocarditis.
Nucleotide sequence accession number. The sequence of the C. valvarum isolate recovered in this study has been deposited in GenBank under accession number DQ174272.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All authors have read and approved the revised version of the manuscript and do not have any conflict of interest related to this research.
REFERENCES
Berbari, E. F., F. R. Cockerill III, and J. M. Steckelberg. 1997. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious microorganisms. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72:532-542.
Brouqui, P., and D. Raoult. 2001. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:177-207.
DeGuise, M., G. Lalonde, and Y. Girouard. 1990. Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis. Can. J. Cardiol. 10:461-462.
Drancourt, M., C. Bollet, A. Carlioz, R. Martelin, J. P. Gayral, and D. Raoult. 2000. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3623-3630.
Goldenberger, D., A. Kunzli, P. Vogt, R. Zbinden, and M. Altwegg. 1997. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis by broad-range PCR amplification and direct sequencing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:2733-2739.
Han, X. Y., M. C. Meltzer, J. T. Woods, and V. Fainstein. 2004. Endocarditis with ruptured cerebral aneurysm caused by Cardiobacterium valvarum sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4:1590-1595.
Han, X. Y., and E. Falsen. 2005. Characterization of oral strains of Cardiobacterium valvarum and emended description of the organism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:2370-2374.[CrossRef]
Hoover, S. E., and S. H. Fischer. 2005. Endocarditis due to a novel Cardiobacterium species. Ann. Intern. Med. 142:229-230.
Lecluse, E., P. Scanu, E. Saloux, M. Vergnaud, B. Valette, D. Agostini, Y. Grard, J. Braud, G. Grollier, and J. C. Potier. 1994. Endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis. Presse Med. 23:325-328.
Li, J. S., D. J. Sexton, N. Mick, R. Nettles, V. G. Fowler, Jr., T. Ryan, T. Bashore, and G. R. Corey. 2000. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30:633-638.
Nikkari, S., R. Gotoff, P. P. Bourbeau, R. E. Brown, N. R. Kamal, and D. A. Relman. 2002. Identification of Cardiobacterium hominis by broad-range bacterial polymerase chain reaction analysis in a case of culture-negative endocarditis. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:477-479.
Slotnick, I. J., and M. Dougherty. 1964. Further characterization of an unclassified group of bacteria causing endocarditis in man: Cardiobacterium hominis gen. et sp. n. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 30:261-272.
Steinberg, J. P., and C. Del Rio. 2000. Other gram-negative bacilli, p. 2459-2474. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
Taveras, J. M., III, R. Campo, N. Segal, P. E. Urena, and L. Lacayo. 1993. Apparent culture-negative endocarditis of the prosthetic valve caused by Cardiobacterium hominis. South. Med. J. 86:439-440.
Wormser, G. P., and E. J. Bottone. 1983. Cardiobacterium hominis: review of microbiologic and clinical features. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5:680-691.
Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CNRS UMS 6020, IFR 48, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de La Timone, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
1 Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone, Marseille, France
2 Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone, Marseille, France(Elisabeth Bothelo,Frédéri)
A fastidious, gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the blood of a 51-year-old man who had acute infectious endocarditis (IE). Characterization of the organism through phenotypic and genotypic analyses revealed the causative role of Cardiobacterium valvarum. This is the third reported case of IE caused by C. valvarum.
CASE REPORT
In March 2005, a 51-year-old man was admitted to the Timone Hospital in Marseilles, France, with clinical signs of insidious endocarditis. He had gradually developed anorexia, weight loss, and asthenia over the course of the previous 2 months. The patient had no significant medical history but had presented with a dental abscess 1 month before the onset of illness. On admission, he had a temperature of 38°C and a blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg. His medical records showed that the patient had an aortic insufficiency complicating a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The leukocyte count was 11.65 x 109/liter, the hemoglobin level was 97 g/liter, the platelet count was 302 x 109/liter, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 136 mm in the first hour. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography showed on the aortic valve vegetations in which the largest mass measured 14 mm and an abscess. Three blood samples for culture were drawn before therapy. The first blood culture was performed with a set of BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F and BACTEC Lytic/10 Anaerobic/F bottles (BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Md.). Then, every 2 h, second and third blood samples for culture were drawn and cultured in BACTEC Plus Aerobic/F bottles. Subsequently, the patient was empirically treated intravenously with amoxicillin at 2 g every 4 h and gentamicin at 3 mg/kg of body weight once a day. The bottles containing blood were incubated, with continuous automated monitoring for bacterial growth in the medium. All aerobic bottles grew a gram-negative bacterium within 5 days. All subcultures were plated on blood agar and chocolate agar (BioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and incubated aerobically at 37°C with 5% CO2. Nonhemolytic colonies appeared within 2 days of culture on blood agar but reached a size of 2 mm after 4 days. By using the miniaturized API 32E (BioMerieux) and BBL CRYSTAL N/H and E/NF (BBL, Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) systems, the bacterium was identified as a Cardiobacterium sp. It was positive for cytochrome oxidase, potassium-5-ketogluconate, 4-nitrophenyl--D-glucopyranoside, L-aspartic acid-4-nitronylide, p-nitrophenyl-phosphate, L-serine, L-phenylalanine, glycine, L-arginine, and indole production and negative by other tests, including catalase production. By using partial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing with the 536f and rp2 primers, as described previously (4), the bacterium was identified as Cardiobacterim valvarum on the basis of a 99.6% similarity of its nucleotide sequence with that of the C. valvarum sequence in the GenBank database (GenBank accession number AF506987). Our patient had a normal cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scan and demonstrated no neurologic symptoms. On day 6 following admission, cardiac surgery was performed because of heart failure. The aortic valve was replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. Histological examination of the valve that was removed was performed, and the findings were consistent with a diagnosis of infectious endocarditis. Possibly due to the administration of antibiotics, bacterial culture of the valve was negative. The 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing performed with the valvular tissue as described above provided a sequence identical to that obtained from the strain and thus confirmed the presence of C. valvarum DNA (4, 5, 7). Bacterial DNA was extracted by using the MagNA Pure kit II (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), as described by the manufacturer.
The genus Cardiobacterium, with its sole species, C. hominis, was established in 1964 for a group of fastidious gram-negative bacteria (8, 12, 13) that were members of the HACEK group. Until 2004, C. hominis was the only Cardiobacterium species known to cause endocarditis (1, 2). In 2004, Han et al. identified a new Cardiobacterium species, which they named C. valvarum, as an agent of endocarditis (6). The bacterium was described as a fastidious gram-negative bacillus that grows better on sheep blood agar than on chocolate agar. In contrast to C. hominis, C. valvarum grows more slowly; is nonhemolytic on sheep blood agar; and does not utilize sucrose, maltose, or mannitol (6, 7). However, phenotypic tests may not always allow the two Cardiobacterium species to be distinguished. In such cases, genotypic identification should be performed.
Here, we report on the isolation of a Cardiobacterium species distinct from C. hominis from a patient with endocarditis. Characterization of the organism by a genotypic method identified it as C. valvarum. The source of this bacterium is likely the oral flora, as is the case for C. hominis (7). In the scientific literature, 64 cases of C. hominis endocarditis have been reported (3, 9, 11, 14, 15). The lack of early recognition of C. valvarum reflects its rarity. To the best of our knowledge, two clinical reports of endocarditis caused by C. valvarum have been reported in the literature (6, 8). Including our patient, the three patients presented with an insidious endocarditis, with large destructive vegetations necessitating valvular replacement (6, 8). Our patient was febrile, in contrast to the other two published cases. All three patients had a congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The history of recent dental manipulation in the three patients confirmed that the source of C. valvarum was probably oral, as is the case for C. hominis. In our experience, Cardiobacterium species are the rarest of the HACEK group of bacteria that cause infectious endocarditis (2). In our series, of a total of 427 cases of definite infectious endocarditis, according to the modified Duke criteria (10), 9 were caused by the HACEK group of bacteria. Of these, one case was caused by C. hominis, which was initially identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis (11), and one was caused by C. valvarum. Thus, physicians should be aware that C. valvarum is a potential agent of infectious endocarditis.
Nucleotide sequence accession number. The sequence of the C. valvarum isolate recovered in this study has been deposited in GenBank under accession number DQ174272.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All authors have read and approved the revised version of the manuscript and do not have any conflict of interest related to this research.
REFERENCES
Berbari, E. F., F. R. Cockerill III, and J. M. Steckelberg. 1997. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious microorganisms. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72:532-542.
Brouqui, P., and D. Raoult. 2001. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:177-207.
DeGuise, M., G. Lalonde, and Y. Girouard. 1990. Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis. Can. J. Cardiol. 10:461-462.
Drancourt, M., C. Bollet, A. Carlioz, R. Martelin, J. P. Gayral, and D. Raoult. 2000. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3623-3630.
Goldenberger, D., A. Kunzli, P. Vogt, R. Zbinden, and M. Altwegg. 1997. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis by broad-range PCR amplification and direct sequencing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3:2733-2739.
Han, X. Y., M. C. Meltzer, J. T. Woods, and V. Fainstein. 2004. Endocarditis with ruptured cerebral aneurysm caused by Cardiobacterium valvarum sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4:1590-1595.
Han, X. Y., and E. Falsen. 2005. Characterization of oral strains of Cardiobacterium valvarum and emended description of the organism. J. Clin. Microbiol. 5:2370-2374.[CrossRef]
Hoover, S. E., and S. H. Fischer. 2005. Endocarditis due to a novel Cardiobacterium species. Ann. Intern. Med. 142:229-230.
Lecluse, E., P. Scanu, E. Saloux, M. Vergnaud, B. Valette, D. Agostini, Y. Grard, J. Braud, G. Grollier, and J. C. Potier. 1994. Endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis. Presse Med. 23:325-328.
Li, J. S., D. J. Sexton, N. Mick, R. Nettles, V. G. Fowler, Jr., T. Ryan, T. Bashore, and G. R. Corey. 2000. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30:633-638.
Nikkari, S., R. Gotoff, P. P. Bourbeau, R. E. Brown, N. R. Kamal, and D. A. Relman. 2002. Identification of Cardiobacterium hominis by broad-range bacterial polymerase chain reaction analysis in a case of culture-negative endocarditis. Arch. Intern. Med. 162:477-479.
Slotnick, I. J., and M. Dougherty. 1964. Further characterization of an unclassified group of bacteria causing endocarditis in man: Cardiobacterium hominis gen. et sp. n. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 30:261-272.
Steinberg, J. P., and C. Del Rio. 2000. Other gram-negative bacilli, p. 2459-2474. In G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.
Taveras, J. M., III, R. Campo, N. Segal, P. E. Urena, and L. Lacayo. 1993. Apparent culture-negative endocarditis of the prosthetic valve caused by Cardiobacterium hominis. South. Med. J. 86:439-440.
Wormser, G. P., and E. J. Bottone. 1983. Cardiobacterium hominis: review of microbiologic and clinical features. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5:680-691.
Laboratoire de Microbiologie, CNRS UMS 6020, IFR 48, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de La Timone, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
1 Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone, Marseille, France
2 Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone, Marseille, France(Elisabeth Bothelo,Frédéri)