Performances of VITEK 2 Colorimetric Cards for Identification of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
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微生物临床杂志 2005年第9期
Laboratoire de Bacteriologie-Hygiene, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Lille, France
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the new VITEK 2 identification cards that use colorimetric reading to identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (GP and GN cards, respectively) in comparison to fluorimetric cards (ID-GPC and ID-GNB, respectively). A total of 580 clinical isolates and stock collection strains belonging to 116 taxa were included in the study. Of the 249 gram-positive strains tested with both the ID-GPC and GP cards, 218 (87.5%) and 235 (94.4%) strains were correctly identified (to the genus and species level), respectively. Of the 331 gram-negative strains tested with the ID-GNB and GN cards, 295 (89.1%) and 321 (97%) strains were correctly identified, respectively. Another focus of the study was to apply the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory (32,739 isolates) in the year 2004. We obtained 97.9% correct identifications with the colorimetric cards and 93.9% with fluorescent cards.
INTRODUCTION
The correct and rapid identification of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in clinical microbiology is the first step in the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for correct treatment of patients (8). Although the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) combined with the ID-GNB and ID-GPC cards allowed an identification within 3 h using fluorescence reading, the weakness of this system was the breadth of its identification database, especially for nonfermenting bacilli, such as Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter, and for gram-positive cocci, such as Streptococcaceae (2, 5). New cards (GP and GN cards) will soon be available that use colorimetric reading. These cards are suited to the VITEK 2 system, improving the identification of nonfermenting bacteria and gram-positive cocci (3, 4). The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the performances of the new colorimetric cards in comparison to fluorimetric cards (ID-GNB, ID-GPC) to identify 580 clinical isolates and stock collection strains belonging to 116 taxa and (ii) to determine the accuracy obtained with both readings by applying the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study with the colorimetric and fluorescent cards to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory in the year 2004.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Strains. A total of 580 strains were tested, consisting of 331 gram-negative bacilli and 249 gram-positive cocci belonging to 68 and 48 taxa, respectively. Clinical isolates were collected over 6 months from nonconsecutive patient cultures and selected either to obtain around 20 strains of the most frequently isolated species or to be in agreement with the distribution of isolates annually recovered in the laboratory. In order to have an idea of the performance of testing for the most rarely isolated species, a panel of 181 microorganisms was selected from the laboratory stock collection.
Identification protocol. All isolates were cultured onto Columbia agar with 5% horse blood (18 to 24 h at 35°C) to ensure purity and viability. Stock strains were subcultured twice. Microorganisms were tested separately with two VITEK 2 instruments: the first for fluorescence reading, the second for colorimetric reading. The new VITEK 2 cards and the upgraded VITEK 2 were previously described (3). Both systems were used according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. Bacterial suspensions were made in 0.45% sodium chloride solution and adjusted to a McFarland standard of 0.50 to 0.63 by using a Densicheck system (bioMerieux). Identical inocula of each strain were tested in parallel using fluorimetric cards (ID-GNB, ID-GPC) and colorimetric cards (GN, GP) according to the manufacturer's instructions. When the identification results were different between the fluorimetric and the colorimetric cards, the strain was retested with the both methods. In case of persistent discrepancy, the strain was identified with API strips (ID-32 Staph, Rapid ID-32 Strept, ID-32 E, ID-32 GN, API 20NE; bioMerieux) to resolve the identity of the strain. When there was a mismatch between identifications obtained with both the VITEK 2 cards and the API strips, isolate identification was determined by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA (Microseq 500; Applera, Foster City, Calif.) (1, 10) and/or sodA (9), and/or rpoB (7) gene.
Quality controls. Fifteen strains were used as quality controls every 2 months during the evaluation. For gram-positive bacteria, the strains were Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC BAA 750, S. aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 29213, Kocuria kristinae ATCC BAA 752, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC BAA 751, Streptococcus thermophilus ATCC 19258 T, S. sciuri ATCC 29061, Enterococcus casseliflavus ATCC 700327, and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 43079. For gram-negative quality control, the strains were Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 700324, Acinetobacter baumannii BAA 747, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 700323, Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC BAA 749, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380, Shigella sonnei ATCC 25931, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17666. Each quality control strain was tested with both the VITEK 2 fluorimetric system and the VITEK 2 colorimetric system.
Data analysis. Results were separated into four groups: first-choice identification (i.e., the determination of the genus-and-species level was the same with both systems and was given as excellent, very good, good, or acceptable); low discrimination (the determination resulted in a choice among two or four species with different values of T indexing needing a few supplemental procedures such as oxidase, motility, indole, pigmentation, or hemolysis testing to determine the correct identification); misidentification (the determination resulted in incorrect identification); and no identification (the determination resulted in doubtful, unacceptable, or unreliable identification). Correct identification was defined as the association of first-choice identification and low discrimination. Results were expressed in numbers and percentages.
Two supplemental analyses of the data were carried out. The first analysis was performed to determine the levels of accuracy obtained with the two systems by comparing the bacterial species identified in the year 2004 in our laboratory and isolated five times or more to the bacterial species tested in the study. The second analysis was to perform the same evaluation with the 17 gram-negative rods most frequently recovered from blood cultures in the microbiology laboratories of 33 French university hospitals (11).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Of the 249 gram-positive strains tested with both the ID-GPC and GP cards and the 331 gram-negative strains tested with both the ID-GNB and GN cards, 218 (87.5%), 235 (94.4%), 295 (89.1%), and 321 (97%) were correctly identified (to the genus or species level), respectively (Tables 1 and 2). A total of 33 bacteria remained unidentified with the fluorimetric cards, whereas the colorimetric cards did not give an identification for five strains. Regardless of their origin (combined stock collection and clinical isolates), fermenting gram-negative bacteria were correctly identified with both ID-GN and GN cards (97.2% and 98.7%, respectively). In contrast, nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria were better identified with GN cards (92.1%) than with ID-GN cards (67%). Gram-positive bacteria were better identified with colorimetric cards than with fluorimetric cards. For Streptococcaceae, readings of fluorimetric and colorimetric cards gave 87.9% and 90.9% correct identifications, respectively. For Micrococcaceae, these readings were 87.2% and 98.3%, respectively. Our results obtained with gram-negative bacteria were for the most part in agreement with those reported by Funke and Funke-Kissling (3). Testing 511 fermenting and 144 nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, these authors (3) obtained slightly better results with the GN cards than we did in the present study (99.5% and 98.7%, respectively). Recently, in another study focusing on gram-positive bacteria, Funke and Funke-Kissling (4) obtained correct identification of Streptococcaceae (217 strains) and Micrococcaceae (147 strains) for 99.1% and 99.3% of these bacteria, respectively, whereas the results were 90.9% and 98.3% in our study. It should be noticed that the results reported by Funke and Funke-Kissling (3, 4) appeared better but that the numbers of taxa tested (13, 18, and 12 for Micrococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, and nonfermenting bacilli, respectively) were lower than in our study, except for fermenting bacteria (42 taxa in both studies). In fact, as Funke and Funke-Kissling have previously claimed to have done (3, 4), we have selected rare bacteria isolated in routine practice and some of them, such as S. constellatus or S. gordonii, while infrequently isolated in routine testing, were isolated in large numbers in our study (for example, eight strains of S. constellatus instead of one in Funke's study).
The GP and GN identification cards contain new tests (16 and 21 tests for GP and GN, respectively) allowing an improvement of the VITEK 2 databases; in fact, 57 and 38 new species of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli were added to the database. Of these, seven gram-positive species (eight strains) were tested and only one strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus was not correctly identified. Of the 17 new gram-negative species tested (36 strains), only four species (four strains) were not correctly identified: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and P. putida were misidentified (one strain each), and one strain of P. fluorescens was not identified. Thus, the misidentification percentages obtained with the colorimetric cards ranged from 2.1% to 4.8%, results which were slightly better than those obtained with the fluorescent cards (5.1% to 6.8%). These misidentified bacteria were observed only with Streptococcus spp. such as S. constellatus (three strains) or S. gordonii (two strains) or nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli such as Acinetobacter spp. belonging to genomospecies 1, 2, 3, or 13 (A. calcoaceticus/A. baumannii complex). Compared to previous study results (2, 5, 6), the database was enlarged and improved, especially for nonfermenting bacilli and Micrococcaceae. The database was also enlarged to include some gram-positive bacilli such as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and six species of the Listeria genus.
The second aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new colorimetric cards in routine practice. Thus, we applied the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study with the colorimetric and fluorescent cards to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory in the year 2004. From the species included in the database of the VITEK 2, 71 species were selected, representing 32,739 bacteria isolated five times or more in 2004. An overall correlation of 97.9% correct identifications for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was obtained, whereas it was equal to 93.9% with fluorescent cards. The same determination was performed with a selection of 17 gram-negative taxa isolated more frequently in 33 French university hospitals (11). Identification with colorimetric cards gave an overall identification to the species level of 99.7%, whereas it was equal to 95.9% with fluorescent cards.
The VITEK 2 system, equipped for colorimetric reading of the new GP and GN cards, keeps the advantages of the VITEK 2 (2, 5, 6, 8), i.e., reliable identification, fully automated incubation and interpretation, and minimal supplemental testing required. The results provided by the colorimetric VITEK 2 may be considered accurate due to the improvement and the extension of its database, mainly for nonfermenting bacteria and Streptococcaceae. In this study, the identifications of bacteria were provided between 5.2 h (fermenting bacteria) and 6.7 h (nonfermenting bacteria), which was slightly greater than the time required for reading with fluorescent cards. However, the results were always provided within a day. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study demonstrate the good performances of the new VITEK 2 cards, allowing their use in routine practice with a highly acceptable level of identification accuracy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank bioMerieux for kindly providing the VITEK 2 system and Genevieve Bossy and Marie-Christine Saccomani for their technical assistance.
REFERENCES
Fontana, C., M. Favaro, M. Pelliccioni, E. S. Pistoia, and C. Favalli. 2005. Use of the MicroSeq 500 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing for identification of bacterial isolates that commercial automated systems failed to identify correctly.J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:615-619.
Funke, G., D. Monnet, C. deBernardis, A. von Graevenitz, and J. Freney.1998 . Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid identification of medically relevant gram-negative rods.J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1948-1952.
Funke, G., and P. Funke-Kissling. 2004. Evaluation of the new VITEK 2 card for identification of clinically relevant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4067-4071.
Funke, G., and P. Funke-Kissling. 2005. Performance of the new VITEK 2 card for identification of medically relevant gram-positive cocci in a routine clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:84-88.
Jossart, M. F., and R. J. Courcol. 1999. Evaluation of an automated system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting bacilli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:902-907.
Ling, T. K. W., P. C. Tam, Z. K. Liu, and A. F. B. Cheng. 2001. Evaluation of VITEK 2 rapid identification and susceptibility testing system against gram-negative clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:2964-2966.
Mollet, C., M. Drancourt, and D. Raoult. 1997. rpoB sequence analysis as a novel basis for bacterial identification.Mol. Microbiol. 26:1005-1011.
O'Hara, C. M., M. P. Weinstein, and J. M. Miller. 2003. Manual and automated systems for detection and identification of microorganisms, p.185 -207. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.). Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Poyart, C., G. Quesne, C. Boumaila, and P. Trieu-Cuot. 2001. Rapid and accurate species-level identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci by using the sodA gene as a target.J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:4296-4301.
Rantakokko-Jalava, K., S. Nikkari, J. Jalava, E. Eerola, M. Skurnik, O. Meurman, O. Ruuskanen, A. Alanen, E. Kotilainen, P. Toivanen, and P. Kotilainen. 2000. Direct amplification of rRNA genes in diagnosis of bacterial infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:32-39.
Rot, P., J. P. Mamet, and V. Goulet. 1990. Releve des bacteries isolees dans les hemocultures en 1987 et 1988. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 33:142-143.(Frederic Wallet, Caroline)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the new VITEK 2 identification cards that use colorimetric reading to identify gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (GP and GN cards, respectively) in comparison to fluorimetric cards (ID-GPC and ID-GNB, respectively). A total of 580 clinical isolates and stock collection strains belonging to 116 taxa were included in the study. Of the 249 gram-positive strains tested with both the ID-GPC and GP cards, 218 (87.5%) and 235 (94.4%) strains were correctly identified (to the genus and species level), respectively. Of the 331 gram-negative strains tested with the ID-GNB and GN cards, 295 (89.1%) and 321 (97%) strains were correctly identified, respectively. Another focus of the study was to apply the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory (32,739 isolates) in the year 2004. We obtained 97.9% correct identifications with the colorimetric cards and 93.9% with fluorescent cards.
INTRODUCTION
The correct and rapid identification of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria in clinical microbiology is the first step in the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for correct treatment of patients (8). Although the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) combined with the ID-GNB and ID-GPC cards allowed an identification within 3 h using fluorescence reading, the weakness of this system was the breadth of its identification database, especially for nonfermenting bacilli, such as Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter, and for gram-positive cocci, such as Streptococcaceae (2, 5). New cards (GP and GN cards) will soon be available that use colorimetric reading. These cards are suited to the VITEK 2 system, improving the identification of nonfermenting bacteria and gram-positive cocci (3, 4). The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the performances of the new colorimetric cards in comparison to fluorimetric cards (ID-GNB, ID-GPC) to identify 580 clinical isolates and stock collection strains belonging to 116 taxa and (ii) to determine the accuracy obtained with both readings by applying the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study with the colorimetric and fluorescent cards to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory in the year 2004.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Strains. A total of 580 strains were tested, consisting of 331 gram-negative bacilli and 249 gram-positive cocci belonging to 68 and 48 taxa, respectively. Clinical isolates were collected over 6 months from nonconsecutive patient cultures and selected either to obtain around 20 strains of the most frequently isolated species or to be in agreement with the distribution of isolates annually recovered in the laboratory. In order to have an idea of the performance of testing for the most rarely isolated species, a panel of 181 microorganisms was selected from the laboratory stock collection.
Identification protocol. All isolates were cultured onto Columbia agar with 5% horse blood (18 to 24 h at 35°C) to ensure purity and viability. Stock strains were subcultured twice. Microorganisms were tested separately with two VITEK 2 instruments: the first for fluorescence reading, the second for colorimetric reading. The new VITEK 2 cards and the upgraded VITEK 2 were previously described (3). Both systems were used according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. Bacterial suspensions were made in 0.45% sodium chloride solution and adjusted to a McFarland standard of 0.50 to 0.63 by using a Densicheck system (bioMerieux). Identical inocula of each strain were tested in parallel using fluorimetric cards (ID-GNB, ID-GPC) and colorimetric cards (GN, GP) according to the manufacturer's instructions. When the identification results were different between the fluorimetric and the colorimetric cards, the strain was retested with the both methods. In case of persistent discrepancy, the strain was identified with API strips (ID-32 Staph, Rapid ID-32 Strept, ID-32 E, ID-32 GN, API 20NE; bioMerieux) to resolve the identity of the strain. When there was a mismatch between identifications obtained with both the VITEK 2 cards and the API strips, isolate identification was determined by DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA (Microseq 500; Applera, Foster City, Calif.) (1, 10) and/or sodA (9), and/or rpoB (7) gene.
Quality controls. Fifteen strains were used as quality controls every 2 months during the evaluation. For gram-positive bacteria, the strains were Staphylococcus saprophyticus ATCC BAA 750, S. aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 29213, Kocuria kristinae ATCC BAA 752, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC BAA 751, Streptococcus thermophilus ATCC 19258 T, S. sciuri ATCC 29061, Enterococcus casseliflavus ATCC 700327, and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus ATCC 43079. For gram-negative quality control, the strains were Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 700324, Acinetobacter baumannii BAA 747, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 700323, Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC BAA 749, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380, Shigella sonnei ATCC 25931, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 17666. Each quality control strain was tested with both the VITEK 2 fluorimetric system and the VITEK 2 colorimetric system.
Data analysis. Results were separated into four groups: first-choice identification (i.e., the determination of the genus-and-species level was the same with both systems and was given as excellent, very good, good, or acceptable); low discrimination (the determination resulted in a choice among two or four species with different values of T indexing needing a few supplemental procedures such as oxidase, motility, indole, pigmentation, or hemolysis testing to determine the correct identification); misidentification (the determination resulted in incorrect identification); and no identification (the determination resulted in doubtful, unacceptable, or unreliable identification). Correct identification was defined as the association of first-choice identification and low discrimination. Results were expressed in numbers and percentages.
Two supplemental analyses of the data were carried out. The first analysis was performed to determine the levels of accuracy obtained with the two systems by comparing the bacterial species identified in the year 2004 in our laboratory and isolated five times or more to the bacterial species tested in the study. The second analysis was to perform the same evaluation with the 17 gram-negative rods most frequently recovered from blood cultures in the microbiology laboratories of 33 French university hospitals (11).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Of the 249 gram-positive strains tested with both the ID-GPC and GP cards and the 331 gram-negative strains tested with both the ID-GNB and GN cards, 218 (87.5%), 235 (94.4%), 295 (89.1%), and 321 (97%) were correctly identified (to the genus or species level), respectively (Tables 1 and 2). A total of 33 bacteria remained unidentified with the fluorimetric cards, whereas the colorimetric cards did not give an identification for five strains. Regardless of their origin (combined stock collection and clinical isolates), fermenting gram-negative bacteria were correctly identified with both ID-GN and GN cards (97.2% and 98.7%, respectively). In contrast, nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria were better identified with GN cards (92.1%) than with ID-GN cards (67%). Gram-positive bacteria were better identified with colorimetric cards than with fluorimetric cards. For Streptococcaceae, readings of fluorimetric and colorimetric cards gave 87.9% and 90.9% correct identifications, respectively. For Micrococcaceae, these readings were 87.2% and 98.3%, respectively. Our results obtained with gram-negative bacteria were for the most part in agreement with those reported by Funke and Funke-Kissling (3). Testing 511 fermenting and 144 nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, these authors (3) obtained slightly better results with the GN cards than we did in the present study (99.5% and 98.7%, respectively). Recently, in another study focusing on gram-positive bacteria, Funke and Funke-Kissling (4) obtained correct identification of Streptococcaceae (217 strains) and Micrococcaceae (147 strains) for 99.1% and 99.3% of these bacteria, respectively, whereas the results were 90.9% and 98.3% in our study. It should be noticed that the results reported by Funke and Funke-Kissling (3, 4) appeared better but that the numbers of taxa tested (13, 18, and 12 for Micrococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, and nonfermenting bacilli, respectively) were lower than in our study, except for fermenting bacteria (42 taxa in both studies). In fact, as Funke and Funke-Kissling have previously claimed to have done (3, 4), we have selected rare bacteria isolated in routine practice and some of them, such as S. constellatus or S. gordonii, while infrequently isolated in routine testing, were isolated in large numbers in our study (for example, eight strains of S. constellatus instead of one in Funke's study).
The GP and GN identification cards contain new tests (16 and 21 tests for GP and GN, respectively) allowing an improvement of the VITEK 2 databases; in fact, 57 and 38 new species of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli were added to the database. Of these, seven gram-positive species (eight strains) were tested and only one strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus was not correctly identified. Of the 17 new gram-negative species tested (36 strains), only four species (four strains) were not correctly identified: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and P. putida were misidentified (one strain each), and one strain of P. fluorescens was not identified. Thus, the misidentification percentages obtained with the colorimetric cards ranged from 2.1% to 4.8%, results which were slightly better than those obtained with the fluorescent cards (5.1% to 6.8%). These misidentified bacteria were observed only with Streptococcus spp. such as S. constellatus (three strains) or S. gordonii (two strains) or nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli such as Acinetobacter spp. belonging to genomospecies 1, 2, 3, or 13 (A. calcoaceticus/A. baumannii complex). Compared to previous study results (2, 5, 6), the database was enlarged and improved, especially for nonfermenting bacilli and Micrococcaceae. The database was also enlarged to include some gram-positive bacilli such as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and six species of the Listeria genus.
The second aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the new colorimetric cards in routine practice. Thus, we applied the percentages of correct identifications obtained in this study with the colorimetric and fluorescent cards to the list of bacteria isolated in our laboratory in the year 2004. From the species included in the database of the VITEK 2, 71 species were selected, representing 32,739 bacteria isolated five times or more in 2004. An overall correlation of 97.9% correct identifications for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was obtained, whereas it was equal to 93.9% with fluorescent cards. The same determination was performed with a selection of 17 gram-negative taxa isolated more frequently in 33 French university hospitals (11). Identification with colorimetric cards gave an overall identification to the species level of 99.7%, whereas it was equal to 95.9% with fluorescent cards.
The VITEK 2 system, equipped for colorimetric reading of the new GP and GN cards, keeps the advantages of the VITEK 2 (2, 5, 6, 8), i.e., reliable identification, fully automated incubation and interpretation, and minimal supplemental testing required. The results provided by the colorimetric VITEK 2 may be considered accurate due to the improvement and the extension of its database, mainly for nonfermenting bacteria and Streptococcaceae. In this study, the identifications of bacteria were provided between 5.2 h (fermenting bacteria) and 6.7 h (nonfermenting bacteria), which was slightly greater than the time required for reading with fluorescent cards. However, the results were always provided within a day. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study demonstrate the good performances of the new VITEK 2 cards, allowing their use in routine practice with a highly acceptable level of identification accuracy.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank bioMerieux for kindly providing the VITEK 2 system and Genevieve Bossy and Marie-Christine Saccomani for their technical assistance.
REFERENCES
Fontana, C., M. Favaro, M. Pelliccioni, E. S. Pistoia, and C. Favalli. 2005. Use of the MicroSeq 500 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing for identification of bacterial isolates that commercial automated systems failed to identify correctly.J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:615-619.
Funke, G., D. Monnet, C. deBernardis, A. von Graevenitz, and J. Freney.1998 . Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid identification of medically relevant gram-negative rods.J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1948-1952.
Funke, G., and P. Funke-Kissling. 2004. Evaluation of the new VITEK 2 card for identification of clinically relevant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4067-4071.
Funke, G., and P. Funke-Kissling. 2005. Performance of the new VITEK 2 card for identification of medically relevant gram-positive cocci in a routine clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:84-88.
Jossart, M. F., and R. J. Courcol. 1999. Evaluation of an automated system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting bacilli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18:902-907.
Ling, T. K. W., P. C. Tam, Z. K. Liu, and A. F. B. Cheng. 2001. Evaluation of VITEK 2 rapid identification and susceptibility testing system against gram-negative clinical isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:2964-2966.
Mollet, C., M. Drancourt, and D. Raoult. 1997. rpoB sequence analysis as a novel basis for bacterial identification.Mol. Microbiol. 26:1005-1011.
O'Hara, C. M., M. P. Weinstein, and J. M. Miller. 2003. Manual and automated systems for detection and identification of microorganisms, p.185 -207. In P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken (ed.). Manual of clinical microbiology, 8th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Poyart, C., G. Quesne, C. Boumaila, and P. Trieu-Cuot. 2001. Rapid and accurate species-level identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci by using the sodA gene as a target.J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:4296-4301.
Rantakokko-Jalava, K., S. Nikkari, J. Jalava, E. Eerola, M. Skurnik, O. Meurman, O. Ruuskanen, A. Alanen, E. Kotilainen, P. Toivanen, and P. Kotilainen. 2000. Direct amplification of rRNA genes in diagnosis of bacterial infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:32-39.
Rot, P., J. P. Mamet, and V. Goulet. 1990. Releve des bacteries isolees dans les hemocultures en 1987 et 1988. Bulletin Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire 33:142-143.(Frederic Wallet, Caroline)