Laryngeal Scleroma Associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae
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微生物临床杂志 2005年第11期
Service de Bacteriologie, Faculte de Medecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Service de Bacteriologie-Virologie-Hygiene, CHU Robert Debre, Rue du General Koenig, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
Service d'ORL, Hpital Gabriel-Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hpital Gabriel-Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Unite Biodiversite des Bacteries Pathogenes Emergentes (INSERM U389), Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
ABSTRACT
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae was isolated from the pharynx of a woman with laryngeal scleroma. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is rarely isolated from clinical infections and has never been reported in laryngeal scleroma, which is usually caused by K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis.
CASE REPORT
In 1999, a 33-year-old woman who was a native of Algeria was admitted to the otolaryngology ward for a 3-year evolutive chronic dysphonia. Her history showed that she had had idiopathic thrombopenic purpura and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Fibroscopic laryngeal examination revealed an irregularity of the right vocal cord. The larynx was mobile, and there was a purulent posterior discharge descending from her inflammatory nasal fossae. Computed tomography showed a mucosal hyperplasia of the maxillary sinus. Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract under general anesthesia showed an indurate whitish lesion located at the front third of the right vocal cord, the anterior commissure, and the front subglottis and a second similar lesion at the front subglottis 1 cm below the vocal folds. Biopsy specimens were taken under a microscope. The lesions were then vaporized with a carbon dioxide laser device.
Histopathologic features revealed lymphoplasmocytic inflammation of the vocal cord and a subglottic lymphoplasmocytic hyperplasia with fibrosis of the underlying cord. The patient was treated with aerosol and speech therapy.
One year later, after a 3-week stay in Algeria, the patient again consulted for an increase in the dysphonia without dyspnea. Explorations were prescribed, including biologic examinations and laryngeal computed tomography. Blood samples were normal; and two lesions of calcic density were seen on the computed tomography scan, one at the right subglottis and the other at the anterior subglottal region. The diagnosis of laryngeal scleroma was evoked. A microlaryngoscopic exploration was performed and showed a glottal and a subglottal cartilaginous-like lesions. The second histopathological examination showed an inflammatory reorganization, including plasmocytes and giant histiocytes with piles of bacteria at the glottic level, tracheal parakeratosis, and bony metaplasia.
Bacteriological cultures of the glottal biopsy specimens were sterile. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs showed a combination of gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (isolate CH137), Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci were isolated in cultures. The patient was treated with cefixime at 400 mg/day per os for 3 weeks and was seen 1 and 2 years later. Her voice had improved, but the scar of the front subglottal scleroma and the spreading inflammation of the nasal mucosa were persistent. Because scleroma can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis but has not been described to be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, classical biochemical tests that are known to distinguish the three subspecies of K. pneumoniae were performed for identification of the CH137 isolate (Table 1) (8). From these data it was clear that our isolate conformed totally to K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and not to K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis or K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae CH137 identification was confirmed by sequencing internal portions of the four housekeeping genes rpoB, gapA, mdh, and phoE (5). The alleles of strain CH137 were identical to those of strain ATCC 11269, the type strain of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae strain tested. No strain of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (more than 120 strains tested) and no strains of K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (n = 6) were identical to K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae by consideration of the sequences of the four genes. The nucleotide sequences of type strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 showed seven nucleotide differences with the sequences of the K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae alleles (one in rpoB, three in gapA, and three in phoE), and the sequences of type strain K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis CIP52-210 showed 10 differences with the sequences of the K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae alleles (two in rpoB, one in gapA, two in mdh, and five in phoE). All nucleotide positions were supported by at least two chromatogram traces.
Rhinoscleroma is a granulomatous chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (11). The disease first affects the nasal mucosa and progresses through three overlapping stages: catarrhal, with a nonspecific inflammation; proliferative, typified by a granulomatous reaction and the appearance of Mikulicz cells; and cicatricial, characterized by scar formation (4). Scleroma may affect any portion of the respiratory tract from the nose to the tracheobronchial tree. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsies with staging and by evidencing Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis in nasal secretions or sometimes in the biopsy specimens.
The major deleterious effect of rhinoscleroma is the airway obstruction, which requires endoscopic treatment (1). Affected patients are usually between 15 and 35 years of age. Both sexes are affected, but women slightly more so (12). The regions of endemicity are tropical Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and also Central Europe. Ninety-five percent of scleromas are located in the nasal fossae. Laryngeal scleromas are found in 15 to 80% of cases. The usual laryngeal location is the subglottal region.
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is known to be related to the so-called ozena, or primary atrophic rhinitis. This disease is characterized by mucosal atrophy together with bone resorption and a thick endonasal crust that caries a fetid odor (10). Beside the bony destruction usually seen in the nasal cavities, osseous wall thickening of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses has also been evidenced (13). It is currently thought that ozena has a multifactorial origin comprising a combination of a genetic predisposition and environmental factors (10). K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is frequently isolated, which supports the hypothesis of its pathogenicity, even if it is difficult to determine whether it is a pathogen or a colonizer and if in some cases Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus is simultaneously isolated (9, 10). Cure is obtained with antibiotics, but the therapeutic scheme is controversial (6). Good results are obtained with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. A combination of ciprofloxacin with rifampin is interesting because of the drug concentration in nasal secretions and macrophages. Until now, there has been no report of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, which explains why we chose this antibiotic for the present case.
The case described in this case report is remarkable because of the isolation of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae in nasal secretions instead of the expected organism Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. The most likely cause of the scleroma was the Klebsiella isolate, because isolation of such an organism in our laboratory is uncommon: 1 isolate in the last 5 years, compared to 20,000 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae and about 2,500 K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates. In other laboratories, 64 isolates of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae but 7,500 K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates were isolated in the Anaerobic Bacteriology Laboratory of the Veterans Affairs Wadsworth Hospital Center and the Bacteriology Laboratory of the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center between January 1974 and May 1977 (7). K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae was reported to cause chronic inflammatory lesions of the upper respiratory tract. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae has also been isolated from acute infections, such as the wounds of patients with underlying diseases (3, 7). The pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis was attributed to the composition of the capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella serotype K3, which enables the organism to resist phagocytosis (4). Because of the rarity of this bacterium in human infections, there have been very few recent studies published about its pathogenicity. A comparative study of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis would be interesting, especially to explore whether pathogenicity factors have been transferred between K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (2).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. Wuibout for the revision of the English manuscript.
REFERENCES
Amoils, C. P., and M. L. Shindo. 1996. Laryngotracheal manifestations of rhinoscleroma. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 105:336-340.
Bach, S., A. de Almeida, and E. Carniel. 2000. The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island is present in different members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183:289-294.
Berger, S. A., A. A. Pollock, and A. S. Richmond. 1977. Isolation of Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis in a general hospital. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 67:499-502.
Canalis, R. F., and L. Zamboni. 2001. An interpretation of the structural changes responsible for the chronicity of rhinoscleroma. Laryngoscope 111:1020-1026.
Diancourt, L., V. Passet, J. Verhoef, P. A. D. Grimont, and S. Brisse. 2005. Multilocus sequence typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:4178-4182.
Evrard, I., X. Gruyer, P. Desse, A. Franois, J. P. Marie, D. Dehesdin, and J. Andrieu-Guitrancourt. 1998. Rhinosclerome ou sclerome du sinus sphenodal. Ann. Otolaryngol. Chir. Cervicofac. 115:85-88.
Golstein, E. J. C., R. P. Lewis, W. J. Martin, and P. H. Edelstein. 1978. Infections caused by Klebsiella ozaenae: a changing disease spectrum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:413-418.
Grimont, F., P. A. D. Grimont, and C. Richard. 1992. The genus Klebsiella, p. 2775-2796. In A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H Schleifer (ed.), The prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
Krylov, I. A. 1988. Interrelations between Klebsiella ozaenae and other members of a microbial association in a pathological ozenous focus. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2:17-20.
Medina, L., M. Benazzo, G. Bertino, C. M. Montecucco, C. Danesino, M. Martinetti, and E. Mira. 2003. Clinical, genetic and immunologic analysis of a family affected by ozena. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 7:390-394.
Miller, R. H., J. B. Schulman, R. F. Canalis, and P. H. Ward. 1979. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis: a clinical and pathogenic enigma. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 87:212-221.
Sedano, H. O., R. Carlos, and I. G. Koutlas. 1996. Respiratory scleroma. A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 81:665-671.
Talmi, Y. P., J. Bar-Ziv, D. Cohen, Y. Finkelstein, and J. Kronenberg. 1995. Computed tomography study involvement in ozena. Am. J. Rhinol. 9:281-284.(C. De Champs, J. F. Velli)
Service de Bacteriologie-Virologie-Hygiene, CHU Robert Debre, Rue du General Koenig, 51092 Reims Cedex, France
Service d'ORL, Hpital Gabriel-Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hpital Gabriel-Montpied, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Unite Biodiversite des Bacteries Pathogenes Emergentes (INSERM U389), Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex, France
ABSTRACT
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae was isolated from the pharynx of a woman with laryngeal scleroma. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is rarely isolated from clinical infections and has never been reported in laryngeal scleroma, which is usually caused by K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis.
CASE REPORT
In 1999, a 33-year-old woman who was a native of Algeria was admitted to the otolaryngology ward for a 3-year evolutive chronic dysphonia. Her history showed that she had had idiopathic thrombopenic purpura and chronic maxillary sinusitis. Fibroscopic laryngeal examination revealed an irregularity of the right vocal cord. The larynx was mobile, and there was a purulent posterior discharge descending from her inflammatory nasal fossae. Computed tomography showed a mucosal hyperplasia of the maxillary sinus. Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract under general anesthesia showed an indurate whitish lesion located at the front third of the right vocal cord, the anterior commissure, and the front subglottis and a second similar lesion at the front subglottis 1 cm below the vocal folds. Biopsy specimens were taken under a microscope. The lesions were then vaporized with a carbon dioxide laser device.
Histopathologic features revealed lymphoplasmocytic inflammation of the vocal cord and a subglottic lymphoplasmocytic hyperplasia with fibrosis of the underlying cord. The patient was treated with aerosol and speech therapy.
One year later, after a 3-week stay in Algeria, the patient again consulted for an increase in the dysphonia without dyspnea. Explorations were prescribed, including biologic examinations and laryngeal computed tomography. Blood samples were normal; and two lesions of calcic density were seen on the computed tomography scan, one at the right subglottis and the other at the anterior subglottal region. The diagnosis of laryngeal scleroma was evoked. A microlaryngoscopic exploration was performed and showed a glottal and a subglottal cartilaginous-like lesions. The second histopathological examination showed an inflammatory reorganization, including plasmocytes and giant histiocytes with piles of bacteria at the glottic level, tracheal parakeratosis, and bony metaplasia.
Bacteriological cultures of the glottal biopsy specimens were sterile. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs showed a combination of gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae (isolate CH137), Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and alpha-hemolytic streptococci were isolated in cultures. The patient was treated with cefixime at 400 mg/day per os for 3 weeks and was seen 1 and 2 years later. Her voice had improved, but the scar of the front subglottal scleroma and the spreading inflammation of the nasal mucosa were persistent. Because scleroma can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis but has not been described to be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, classical biochemical tests that are known to distinguish the three subspecies of K. pneumoniae were performed for identification of the CH137 isolate (Table 1) (8). From these data it was clear that our isolate conformed totally to K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and not to K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis or K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae CH137 identification was confirmed by sequencing internal portions of the four housekeeping genes rpoB, gapA, mdh, and phoE (5). The alleles of strain CH137 were identical to those of strain ATCC 11269, the type strain of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae strain tested. No strain of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae (more than 120 strains tested) and no strains of K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (n = 6) were identical to K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae by consideration of the sequences of the four genes. The nucleotide sequences of type strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 showed seven nucleotide differences with the sequences of the K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae alleles (one in rpoB, three in gapA, and three in phoE), and the sequences of type strain K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis CIP52-210 showed 10 differences with the sequences of the K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae alleles (two in rpoB, one in gapA, two in mdh, and five in phoE). All nucleotide positions were supported by at least two chromatogram traces.
Rhinoscleroma is a granulomatous chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (11). The disease first affects the nasal mucosa and progresses through three overlapping stages: catarrhal, with a nonspecific inflammation; proliferative, typified by a granulomatous reaction and the appearance of Mikulicz cells; and cicatricial, characterized by scar formation (4). Scleroma may affect any portion of the respiratory tract from the nose to the tracheobronchial tree. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsies with staging and by evidencing Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis in nasal secretions or sometimes in the biopsy specimens.
The major deleterious effect of rhinoscleroma is the airway obstruction, which requires endoscopic treatment (1). Affected patients are usually between 15 and 35 years of age. Both sexes are affected, but women slightly more so (12). The regions of endemicity are tropical Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and also Central Europe. Ninety-five percent of scleromas are located in the nasal fossae. Laryngeal scleromas are found in 15 to 80% of cases. The usual laryngeal location is the subglottal region.
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is known to be related to the so-called ozena, or primary atrophic rhinitis. This disease is characterized by mucosal atrophy together with bone resorption and a thick endonasal crust that caries a fetid odor (10). Beside the bony destruction usually seen in the nasal cavities, osseous wall thickening of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses has also been evidenced (13). It is currently thought that ozena has a multifactorial origin comprising a combination of a genetic predisposition and environmental factors (10). K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae is frequently isolated, which supports the hypothesis of its pathogenicity, even if it is difficult to determine whether it is a pathogen or a colonizer and if in some cases Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus is simultaneously isolated (9, 10). Cure is obtained with antibiotics, but the therapeutic scheme is controversial (6). Good results are obtained with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. A combination of ciprofloxacin with rifampin is interesting because of the drug concentration in nasal secretions and macrophages. Until now, there has been no report of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, which explains why we chose this antibiotic for the present case.
The case described in this case report is remarkable because of the isolation of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae in nasal secretions instead of the expected organism Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. The most likely cause of the scleroma was the Klebsiella isolate, because isolation of such an organism in our laboratory is uncommon: 1 isolate in the last 5 years, compared to 20,000 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae and about 2,500 K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates. In other laboratories, 64 isolates of K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae but 7,500 K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae isolates were isolated in the Anaerobic Bacteriology Laboratory of the Veterans Affairs Wadsworth Hospital Center and the Bacteriology Laboratory of the University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center between January 1974 and May 1977 (7). K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae was reported to cause chronic inflammatory lesions of the upper respiratory tract. K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae has also been isolated from acute infections, such as the wounds of patients with underlying diseases (3, 7). The pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis was attributed to the composition of the capsular polysaccharides of Klebsiella serotype K3, which enables the organism to resist phagocytosis (4). Because of the rarity of this bacterium in human infections, there have been very few recent studies published about its pathogenicity. A comparative study of K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae, and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis would be interesting, especially to explore whether pathogenicity factors have been transferred between K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis (2).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. Wuibout for the revision of the English manuscript.
REFERENCES
Amoils, C. P., and M. L. Shindo. 1996. Laryngotracheal manifestations of rhinoscleroma. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 105:336-340.
Bach, S., A. de Almeida, and E. Carniel. 2000. The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island is present in different members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 183:289-294.
Berger, S. A., A. A. Pollock, and A. S. Richmond. 1977. Isolation of Klebsiella ozaenae and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis in a general hospital. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 67:499-502.
Canalis, R. F., and L. Zamboni. 2001. An interpretation of the structural changes responsible for the chronicity of rhinoscleroma. Laryngoscope 111:1020-1026.
Diancourt, L., V. Passet, J. Verhoef, P. A. D. Grimont, and S. Brisse. 2005. Multilocus sequence typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:4178-4182.
Evrard, I., X. Gruyer, P. Desse, A. Franois, J. P. Marie, D. Dehesdin, and J. Andrieu-Guitrancourt. 1998. Rhinosclerome ou sclerome du sinus sphenodal. Ann. Otolaryngol. Chir. Cervicofac. 115:85-88.
Golstein, E. J. C., R. P. Lewis, W. J. Martin, and P. H. Edelstein. 1978. Infections caused by Klebsiella ozaenae: a changing disease spectrum. J. Clin. Microbiol. 8:413-418.
Grimont, F., P. A. D. Grimont, and C. Richard. 1992. The genus Klebsiella, p. 2775-2796. In A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H Schleifer (ed.), The prokaryotes. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
Krylov, I. A. 1988. Interrelations between Klebsiella ozaenae and other members of a microbial association in a pathological ozenous focus. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 2:17-20.
Medina, L., M. Benazzo, G. Bertino, C. M. Montecucco, C. Danesino, M. Martinetti, and E. Mira. 2003. Clinical, genetic and immunologic analysis of a family affected by ozena. Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 7:390-394.
Miller, R. H., J. B. Schulman, R. F. Canalis, and P. H. Ward. 1979. Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis: a clinical and pathogenic enigma. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 87:212-221.
Sedano, H. O., R. Carlos, and I. G. Koutlas. 1996. Respiratory scleroma. A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 81:665-671.
Talmi, Y. P., J. Bar-Ziv, D. Cohen, Y. Finkelstein, and J. Kronenberg. 1995. Computed tomography study involvement in ozena. Am. J. Rhinol. 9:281-284.(C. De Champs, J. F. Velli)