Atopic cough
http://www.100md.com
《胸》
Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia 2310; mdpgg@mail.newcastle.edu.au
Keywords: cough; diagnosis
The correspondence on atopic cough between McGarvey/Morice and Fujimura/Ogawa1,2 raises a number of very important issues regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough. These issues warrant careful consideration, not only because of the huge illness burden posed by the frequency of chronic cough but also because issues of terminology and recommended treatment continue to be unclear and irregularly applied.
The "3Rs" of chronic cough—rhinitis, reflux and reactive airways (asthma)—have a certain appeal. They are recognised, often repeated (primary research articles were outnumbered by reviews, letters and case reports on chronic cough in 2002–2003), and easily retained in the short term memory of busy clinicians. In clinical practice they are useful. But there are a number of crucial issues that remain to be addressed. The 3Rs frequently coexist in patients with chronic cough, which means there are more diseases than there are patients, and that can’t be a good thing. Also, what is the best way to tell if rhinitis/reflux/reactivity is relevant in the patient in front of you? Why do only a subgroup of people with rhinitis/reflux/reactive airways present with chronic cough?
Furthermore, the 3Rs denote a single disease mechanism—namely, activation of the afferent limb of the cough reflex at the site of the disease process (nose, airway, oesophagus, respectively) which is increasingly ignorant of other relevant mechanisms in chronic cough such as eosinophilic inflammation of the airway,3 extrathoracic airway hyperresponsiveness,4 oesophageal dysmotility,5,6 and airway protussive mediator release, possibly a reflection of neurogenic inflammation.7
Problems also exist in relation to eosinophilic bronchitis, a descriptive term which indicates the pattern of airway inflammation present. When first described in chronic cough, eosinophilic bronchitis was reported as a disease mechanism and a marker of a good response to corticosteroid treatment.3 Recently, the term eosinophilic bronchitis has been used as a disease label in chronic cough—that is, a diagnosis in itself.8–10 In this way, eosinophilic bronchitis has been incorporated into the anatomic-diagnostic protocol as a cause of idiopathic cough to be considered when all other avenues have failed. This is problematic since eosinophilic bronchitis occurs in all three of the "Rs"11 and is also present in most patients labelled as having atopic cough. It also ignores the excellent and prompt response to corticosteroid treatment that occurs in eosinophilic bronchitis. It is less useful to consider eosinophilic bronchitis as a disease or a diagnosis of exclusion. Rather, it is a pattern of airway inflammation that is present in a number of common diseases and, when symptomatic, indicates a good response to an accessible treatment (inhaled corticosteroid). After serious diseases have been ruled out, maybe the first approach to chronic cough should be a supervised trial of ’Roids (steroids) and, if that fails, then go for the 3Rs.
References
McGarvey L, Morice A. Atopic cough: little evidence to support a new clinical entity. Thorax 2003;58:736–7.
Fujimura M, Ogawa H. Atopic cough: little evidence to support a new clinical entity (authors’ reply). Thorax 2003;58:737–8.
Gibson PG, Dolovich J, Denburg J, et al. Chronic cough: eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma. Lancet 1989;1:1346–8.
Rolla G, Colagrande P, Magnano M, et al. Extrathoracic airway dysfunction in cough associated with gastroesophageal reflux. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:204–9.
Kastelik JA, Redington AE, Aziz I, et al. Abnormal oesophageal motility in patients with chronic cough. Thorax 2003;58:699–702.
Knight RE, Wells JR, Parrish RS. Esophageal dysmotility as an important co-factor in extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1462–6.
Birring SS, Parker D, Brightling CE, et al. Induced sputum inflammatory mediator concentrations in chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003 Sep 25 (epub ahead of print).
Ayik SO, Basoglu OK, Erdinc M, et al. Eosinophilic bronchitis as a cause of chronic cough. Respir Med 2003;97:695–701.
Irwin RS, Madison JM. The persistently troublesome cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1469–74.
Brightling CE, Ward R, Goh KL, et al. Eosinophilic bronchitis is an important cause of chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:406–10.
Gibson PG, Fujimura M, Niimi A. Eosinophilic bronchitis: clinical manifestations and implications for treatment. Thorax 2002;57:178–82.(P G Gibson)
Keywords: cough; diagnosis
The correspondence on atopic cough between McGarvey/Morice and Fujimura/Ogawa1,2 raises a number of very important issues regarding the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough. These issues warrant careful consideration, not only because of the huge illness burden posed by the frequency of chronic cough but also because issues of terminology and recommended treatment continue to be unclear and irregularly applied.
The "3Rs" of chronic cough—rhinitis, reflux and reactive airways (asthma)—have a certain appeal. They are recognised, often repeated (primary research articles were outnumbered by reviews, letters and case reports on chronic cough in 2002–2003), and easily retained in the short term memory of busy clinicians. In clinical practice they are useful. But there are a number of crucial issues that remain to be addressed. The 3Rs frequently coexist in patients with chronic cough, which means there are more diseases than there are patients, and that can’t be a good thing. Also, what is the best way to tell if rhinitis/reflux/reactivity is relevant in the patient in front of you? Why do only a subgroup of people with rhinitis/reflux/reactive airways present with chronic cough?
Furthermore, the 3Rs denote a single disease mechanism—namely, activation of the afferent limb of the cough reflex at the site of the disease process (nose, airway, oesophagus, respectively) which is increasingly ignorant of other relevant mechanisms in chronic cough such as eosinophilic inflammation of the airway,3 extrathoracic airway hyperresponsiveness,4 oesophageal dysmotility,5,6 and airway protussive mediator release, possibly a reflection of neurogenic inflammation.7
Problems also exist in relation to eosinophilic bronchitis, a descriptive term which indicates the pattern of airway inflammation present. When first described in chronic cough, eosinophilic bronchitis was reported as a disease mechanism and a marker of a good response to corticosteroid treatment.3 Recently, the term eosinophilic bronchitis has been used as a disease label in chronic cough—that is, a diagnosis in itself.8–10 In this way, eosinophilic bronchitis has been incorporated into the anatomic-diagnostic protocol as a cause of idiopathic cough to be considered when all other avenues have failed. This is problematic since eosinophilic bronchitis occurs in all three of the "Rs"11 and is also present in most patients labelled as having atopic cough. It also ignores the excellent and prompt response to corticosteroid treatment that occurs in eosinophilic bronchitis. It is less useful to consider eosinophilic bronchitis as a disease or a diagnosis of exclusion. Rather, it is a pattern of airway inflammation that is present in a number of common diseases and, when symptomatic, indicates a good response to an accessible treatment (inhaled corticosteroid). After serious diseases have been ruled out, maybe the first approach to chronic cough should be a supervised trial of ’Roids (steroids) and, if that fails, then go for the 3Rs.
References
McGarvey L, Morice A. Atopic cough: little evidence to support a new clinical entity. Thorax 2003;58:736–7.
Fujimura M, Ogawa H. Atopic cough: little evidence to support a new clinical entity (authors’ reply). Thorax 2003;58:737–8.
Gibson PG, Dolovich J, Denburg J, et al. Chronic cough: eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma. Lancet 1989;1:1346–8.
Rolla G, Colagrande P, Magnano M, et al. Extrathoracic airway dysfunction in cough associated with gastroesophageal reflux. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:204–9.
Kastelik JA, Redington AE, Aziz I, et al. Abnormal oesophageal motility in patients with chronic cough. Thorax 2003;58:699–702.
Knight RE, Wells JR, Parrish RS. Esophageal dysmotility as an important co-factor in extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux. Laryngoscope 2000;110:1462–6.
Birring SS, Parker D, Brightling CE, et al. Induced sputum inflammatory mediator concentrations in chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2003 Sep 25 (epub ahead of print).
Ayik SO, Basoglu OK, Erdinc M, et al. Eosinophilic bronchitis as a cause of chronic cough. Respir Med 2003;97:695–701.
Irwin RS, Madison JM. The persistently troublesome cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:1469–74.
Brightling CE, Ward R, Goh KL, et al. Eosinophilic bronchitis is an important cause of chronic cough. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:406–10.
Gibson PG, Fujimura M, Niimi A. Eosinophilic bronchitis: clinical manifestations and implications for treatment. Thorax 2002;57:178–82.(P G Gibson)