Development of family medicine in Kosovo
1 Hopwell House, Hopwell, Derbyshire DE72 3RU,2 Centre for the Development of Family Medicine, Pristina, Kosovo
Many eastern European countries are expanding primary care. Experience in Kosovo shows how some of the difficulties can be overcome
Introduction
Eastern Europe's medical systems are changing in an attempt to match increasing health demands with limited resources.1 New methods of delivery and financing are being introduced, and the World Health Organization's regional office for Europe has been active in helping develop primary health care.2 We describe the evolution of primary care in Kosovo and the lessons for other post-communist countries.
, 百拇医药
Development of health services
Before 1989 inpatient services in Kosovo operated through six hospitals. Primary health care was delivered through large clinics (health houses) in 29 municipalities that oversaw a network of small clinics (ambulantas and punctas). The healthcare system relied heavily on specialists. Primary healthcare services were divided among subspecialties by age, sex, and disease type and provided by general practitioners and nurses. Patients presented to hospitals for both primary and secondary care. Private medical practice was not permitted.
, 百拇医药
Most Kosovar Albanians were dismissed from management and senior positions in all public services during 1990 to 1992. The Mother Theresa Society set up a parallel primary healthcare system with 96 clinics throughout Kosovo, staffed and used by Albanian Kosovars. Private medical practice began to develop. A parallel system of medical education was also set up in these clinics and in private houses.
At the end of the war in Kosovo in 1999, the WHO assessed the health needs of Kosovo. The key recommendation was to strengthen and reorganise primary care.3 This principle was emphasised in the Health Policy for Kosovo, 2001,4 which recommended that patients should register with family doctors, with 2000 patients to each doctor plus two nurses, and that family doctors should also be personal doctors for first contact, having preventive as well as curative duties and acting as gatekeepers to secondary care.4
, http://www.100md.com
Establishing an academic discipline of primary care
The WHO working party recommended an education programme to improve the knowledge and skills of general practitioners. A course was developed, financed by the European Community Humanitarian Office, covering family medicine, child health, reproductive health, mental health, common illness in primary care, and common emergencies in primary care. One hundred doctors attended the first course, and 50 of them were selected to attend a course to become trainers. A family medicine training centre was established in each of the six regions for practical training, each one with a clinical skills laboratory.
, http://www.100md.com
Small group teaching in Pristina family medical training centre
These centres are now developing into learning practices and will be renamed family medicine learning centres.5 Doctors and nurses in each centre have begun working together on clinical guidelines and clinical audit. Each centre is visited by a quality assurance accreditation team to evaluate the structure and process of education and clinical care.
This WHO programme became the first year of a two year, fast track specialisation programme in family medicine, recognised by the Ministry of Health. The second year covered management of Kosovo's main health priorities (maternal and child health, prevention of heart and lung disease, tuberculosis, mental health, and quality of care), patient presentations, and the learning domains of family medicine (doctor-patient relationship, applied professional knowledge and skills, professional and ethical roles, organisational and legal aspects, population health). The course has been accredited by the Royal College of General Practitioners, and the college is helping to establish a three year course that will meet its requirements for international membership.
, http://www.100md.com
The European Agency for Reconstruction renovated a derelict building to house the family medicine unit in the university, with offices, lecture theatre, and seminar rooms. However, the university regulations would not allow teachers without an academic qualification to teach undergraduates. In total 21 candidates on the specialisation programme enrolled on a master of science (MSc) in family medicine, taught by Kosovar professors, international family medicine doctors, and medical educationalists from Nottingham University. The family medicine unit has now become the Centre for the Development of Family Medicine with responsibility for developing academic family medicine as well as institutionalising family medicine across Kosovo.
, http://www.100md.com
The Association of Family Physicians of Kosovo has responsibility for continuing professional development. Doctors will be revalidated every five years, with assessment based on continuing professional development points and a personal portfolio containing clinical audit and a personal development plan.
Undergraduate teaching of family medicine started in 2004. Medical students now have six hours of lectures introducing them to the basic concepts of family medicine in their sixth year. All graduates now have to undertake a two year foundation module, the second year of which is in family medicine. A new undergraduate curriculum has been developed in which there will be a four week attachment to family medicine learning centres in the fourth year. Currently, the textbooks available are in English, but as English is becoming the country's second language an English curriculum may provide neutral ground for the different ethnic groups.
, 百拇医药
Remaining problems
Despite the progress in training family doctors, a national system of family medicine is not yet in place. Responsibility for primary care was passed to the municipalities in 2001 and progress varies between them. In hindsight, responsibility should have been retained at the centre so that changes could be implemented nationally. Patient lists have not yet been established, although in some regions patients are registered with a single family medicine centre. Similarly, media campaigns to raise awareness of the importance of family medicine have depended on local initiatives.
, 百拇医药
A new medical records system has been introduced, which will be linked to a central database. However, it is not always used appropriately because of insufficient training of staff.6
Ethnic tension is still causing difficulties. Violence erupts from time to time, particularly associated with the Serbian enclaves. For the most part Serbian doctors work in Serbian enclaves, some of them paid by Belgrade and with salaries higher than their counterparts in the rest of Kosovo, and indeed in Serbia. There is a Serbian hospital in Gracanica, which is only 10 miles from the University Hospital, Pristina. The hospital in Mitrovica is in a Serbian enclave. The main family medicine centre in Mitrovica doubles as a local hospital for Albanians, and those needing more specialised hospital treatment are moved to Pristina.
, 百拇医药
Only two Serbian doctors have attended the family medicine courses, and both left after two weeks because of pressure from other Serbians. Since then, course materials have been translated into Serbian and interest in these has been shown in some regions, particularly Gjilan. Perhaps in future a common interest in family medicine could be a catalyst for bringing together the different ethnic groups.
The poor salaries of doctors also threatens primary care. The average salary of a doctor is about 200 (￡137, $252) a month. Many doctors have at least two jobs. At least two doctors who have completed the training programme are now working exclusively in private practice. Unless salaries can be increased substantially, public sector doctors will continue to need to work in private practice. Safeguards will be needed to maintain recruitment to public services.
, 百拇医药
Coordination of aid
Perhaps the most important lesson from Kosovo's experiences is the need for coordination of resources. In 1999, many international organisations came to Kosovo with humanitarian aid. WHO set up a meeting between these organisations and staff in the Department of Health and Social Welfare, which later became the Ministry of Health. However, many of the organisations had to use their funds according to the wishes of their donors.
, 百拇医药
In 2002, Dartmouth Medical School, with a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), arrived in Gjilan to develop family medicine without consulting anyone in the ministry or the European Agency for Reconstruction. On the last day of their first visit they visited us in Pristina to discuss the fast track training programme. Since then we have worked closely with Dartmouth. When their first project on clinical microsystems7 had finished, Dartmouth, after discussion with us, wanted to roll out the results to the rest of Kosovo as part of a quality assurance programme. However, the donor insisted they work on a reproductive health project in one centre. In future, it would be more appropriate for donors to consider locally identified priorities.
, 百拇医药
Poor communication also led to misunderstandings. Cordaid, a Dutch non-governmental organisation sent a group of general practitioners on a course at Utrecht University for three months, but lack of coordination meant that these doctors missed the beginning of the WHO programme in Kosovo. Another problem is that much of the funding is for short term projects when long term investment is needed.
Tensions within the health system
, 百拇医药 Other specialists were sceptical about family medicine as an academic discipline and resented the family medicine unit's presence in the faculty building. The unit achieved a better working relationship with the dean and vice dean after a study tour to the United Kingdom, which convinced them of the value of family medicine and also the need for a university course for nurses. This study tour should have taken place much earlier. The dean became a strong ally in the reform process of medical education until he was asked to resign by the minister of education because of his age. The new dean so far is refusing to implement agreed reforms of the undergraduate curriculum.
, 百拇医药
Up to now primary care has had little if any gatekeeping role, and it is generally accepted that up to 80% of attendances at Pristina University Hospital could be dealt with in primary care. However, some hospital specialists see themselves in competition with family physicians, particularly when some of the patients can be redirected to their private rooms. Hospital specialists also resent the reallocation of resources to primary care. Presentations about family medicine have been set up across Kosovo, aimed at specialists, but this issue should have been tackled much earlier
, 百拇医药
Key lessons
Coordination of donor activities is essential
Family medicine should be recognised as a specialty
Implementation of the primary healthcare system needs central coordination
National education campaigns for both the public and other healthcare professionals improve awareness and understanding
Local leadership and doctors' organisations should be empowered and involved from the beginning
, 百拇医药
The future
Throughout the four years of change family doctors in Kosovo have been encouraged and empowered, particularly through the Association of Family Physicians of Kosovo. Future academic leaders have been encouraged through the MSc programme. The director of health services at the Ministry of Health is a family physician, and more resources are being directed at primary care. However, in future family medicine in Kosovo may receive less international aid, particularly from the European Agency for Reconstruction, as other problems unfold across the world. A health insurance system needs to be set up, perhaps bolstered from Kosovo's consolidated budget, which is funded by taxation. An affordable and sustainable health system depends on the continued development of primary care.
, 百拇医药
Contributors and sources: RNH was formerly a general practitioner and regional director of postgraduate GP education for Trent. After retiring from the NHS he spent six months developing an undergraduate curriculum for family medicine in Malaysia. He has worked on developing family medicine in Kosovo for four years, initially for WHO and then for Bernard Brunhes International (BBI) and Health and Life Sciences Partnership (HLSP). BM is a family physician who has worked with several international organisations on the development of health programmes for Kosovo including WHO, BBI, and HLSP. RNH did the literature search, wrote the drafts for discussion with BM, produced the final article, and is the guarantor.
, 百拇医药
References
Smith T. European health care systems BMJ 1992;304: 1457-9.
Grol R, Wensing M, Jacobs A, Baker R. The contribution of family doctors/general practitioners to health for all. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 1992.
UN Civil Administration, Health and Social Services, Pristina. Interim health policy guidelines for Kosova and six month action plan. Pristina: UN Civil Administration, 1999.
, 百拇医药
Joint Interim Administrative Structure, Department of Health and Social Welfare. Health policy for Kosovo. Pristina: Department of Health and Social Welfare, 2001.
Carter Y, Jackson N, Bamfield A. The learning practice: a new model for primary health care teams. Educ Gen Pract 1998;9: 182-7.
Simay AN, Hedley R, Maxhuni B. A survey of health professionals' attitudes to family medicine in 2003. Praxis Medica Kosova 2004;46: 135-8.
Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Huber TP. Microsystems in healthcare: part1. Learning from high performing front line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 2002;28: 472-93., 百拇医药(Robert Hedley, adviser fa)
Many eastern European countries are expanding primary care. Experience in Kosovo shows how some of the difficulties can be overcome
Introduction
Eastern Europe's medical systems are changing in an attempt to match increasing health demands with limited resources.1 New methods of delivery and financing are being introduced, and the World Health Organization's regional office for Europe has been active in helping develop primary health care.2 We describe the evolution of primary care in Kosovo and the lessons for other post-communist countries.
, 百拇医药
Development of health services
Before 1989 inpatient services in Kosovo operated through six hospitals. Primary health care was delivered through large clinics (health houses) in 29 municipalities that oversaw a network of small clinics (ambulantas and punctas). The healthcare system relied heavily on specialists. Primary healthcare services were divided among subspecialties by age, sex, and disease type and provided by general practitioners and nurses. Patients presented to hospitals for both primary and secondary care. Private medical practice was not permitted.
, 百拇医药
Most Kosovar Albanians were dismissed from management and senior positions in all public services during 1990 to 1992. The Mother Theresa Society set up a parallel primary healthcare system with 96 clinics throughout Kosovo, staffed and used by Albanian Kosovars. Private medical practice began to develop. A parallel system of medical education was also set up in these clinics and in private houses.
At the end of the war in Kosovo in 1999, the WHO assessed the health needs of Kosovo. The key recommendation was to strengthen and reorganise primary care.3 This principle was emphasised in the Health Policy for Kosovo, 2001,4 which recommended that patients should register with family doctors, with 2000 patients to each doctor plus two nurses, and that family doctors should also be personal doctors for first contact, having preventive as well as curative duties and acting as gatekeepers to secondary care.4
, http://www.100md.com
Establishing an academic discipline of primary care
The WHO working party recommended an education programme to improve the knowledge and skills of general practitioners. A course was developed, financed by the European Community Humanitarian Office, covering family medicine, child health, reproductive health, mental health, common illness in primary care, and common emergencies in primary care. One hundred doctors attended the first course, and 50 of them were selected to attend a course to become trainers. A family medicine training centre was established in each of the six regions for practical training, each one with a clinical skills laboratory.
, http://www.100md.com
Small group teaching in Pristina family medical training centre
These centres are now developing into learning practices and will be renamed family medicine learning centres.5 Doctors and nurses in each centre have begun working together on clinical guidelines and clinical audit. Each centre is visited by a quality assurance accreditation team to evaluate the structure and process of education and clinical care.
This WHO programme became the first year of a two year, fast track specialisation programme in family medicine, recognised by the Ministry of Health. The second year covered management of Kosovo's main health priorities (maternal and child health, prevention of heart and lung disease, tuberculosis, mental health, and quality of care), patient presentations, and the learning domains of family medicine (doctor-patient relationship, applied professional knowledge and skills, professional and ethical roles, organisational and legal aspects, population health). The course has been accredited by the Royal College of General Practitioners, and the college is helping to establish a three year course that will meet its requirements for international membership.
, http://www.100md.com
The European Agency for Reconstruction renovated a derelict building to house the family medicine unit in the university, with offices, lecture theatre, and seminar rooms. However, the university regulations would not allow teachers without an academic qualification to teach undergraduates. In total 21 candidates on the specialisation programme enrolled on a master of science (MSc) in family medicine, taught by Kosovar professors, international family medicine doctors, and medical educationalists from Nottingham University. The family medicine unit has now become the Centre for the Development of Family Medicine with responsibility for developing academic family medicine as well as institutionalising family medicine across Kosovo.
, http://www.100md.com
The Association of Family Physicians of Kosovo has responsibility for continuing professional development. Doctors will be revalidated every five years, with assessment based on continuing professional development points and a personal portfolio containing clinical audit and a personal development plan.
Undergraduate teaching of family medicine started in 2004. Medical students now have six hours of lectures introducing them to the basic concepts of family medicine in their sixth year. All graduates now have to undertake a two year foundation module, the second year of which is in family medicine. A new undergraduate curriculum has been developed in which there will be a four week attachment to family medicine learning centres in the fourth year. Currently, the textbooks available are in English, but as English is becoming the country's second language an English curriculum may provide neutral ground for the different ethnic groups.
, 百拇医药
Remaining problems
Despite the progress in training family doctors, a national system of family medicine is not yet in place. Responsibility for primary care was passed to the municipalities in 2001 and progress varies between them. In hindsight, responsibility should have been retained at the centre so that changes could be implemented nationally. Patient lists have not yet been established, although in some regions patients are registered with a single family medicine centre. Similarly, media campaigns to raise awareness of the importance of family medicine have depended on local initiatives.
, 百拇医药
A new medical records system has been introduced, which will be linked to a central database. However, it is not always used appropriately because of insufficient training of staff.6
Ethnic tension is still causing difficulties. Violence erupts from time to time, particularly associated with the Serbian enclaves. For the most part Serbian doctors work in Serbian enclaves, some of them paid by Belgrade and with salaries higher than their counterparts in the rest of Kosovo, and indeed in Serbia. There is a Serbian hospital in Gracanica, which is only 10 miles from the University Hospital, Pristina. The hospital in Mitrovica is in a Serbian enclave. The main family medicine centre in Mitrovica doubles as a local hospital for Albanians, and those needing more specialised hospital treatment are moved to Pristina.
, 百拇医药
Only two Serbian doctors have attended the family medicine courses, and both left after two weeks because of pressure from other Serbians. Since then, course materials have been translated into Serbian and interest in these has been shown in some regions, particularly Gjilan. Perhaps in future a common interest in family medicine could be a catalyst for bringing together the different ethnic groups.
The poor salaries of doctors also threatens primary care. The average salary of a doctor is about 200 (￡137, $252) a month. Many doctors have at least two jobs. At least two doctors who have completed the training programme are now working exclusively in private practice. Unless salaries can be increased substantially, public sector doctors will continue to need to work in private practice. Safeguards will be needed to maintain recruitment to public services.
, 百拇医药
Coordination of aid
Perhaps the most important lesson from Kosovo's experiences is the need for coordination of resources. In 1999, many international organisations came to Kosovo with humanitarian aid. WHO set up a meeting between these organisations and staff in the Department of Health and Social Welfare, which later became the Ministry of Health. However, many of the organisations had to use their funds according to the wishes of their donors.
, 百拇医药
In 2002, Dartmouth Medical School, with a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), arrived in Gjilan to develop family medicine without consulting anyone in the ministry or the European Agency for Reconstruction. On the last day of their first visit they visited us in Pristina to discuss the fast track training programme. Since then we have worked closely with Dartmouth. When their first project on clinical microsystems7 had finished, Dartmouth, after discussion with us, wanted to roll out the results to the rest of Kosovo as part of a quality assurance programme. However, the donor insisted they work on a reproductive health project in one centre. In future, it would be more appropriate for donors to consider locally identified priorities.
, 百拇医药
Poor communication also led to misunderstandings. Cordaid, a Dutch non-governmental organisation sent a group of general practitioners on a course at Utrecht University for three months, but lack of coordination meant that these doctors missed the beginning of the WHO programme in Kosovo. Another problem is that much of the funding is for short term projects when long term investment is needed.
Tensions within the health system
, 百拇医药 Other specialists were sceptical about family medicine as an academic discipline and resented the family medicine unit's presence in the faculty building. The unit achieved a better working relationship with the dean and vice dean after a study tour to the United Kingdom, which convinced them of the value of family medicine and also the need for a university course for nurses. This study tour should have taken place much earlier. The dean became a strong ally in the reform process of medical education until he was asked to resign by the minister of education because of his age. The new dean so far is refusing to implement agreed reforms of the undergraduate curriculum.
, 百拇医药
Up to now primary care has had little if any gatekeeping role, and it is generally accepted that up to 80% of attendances at Pristina University Hospital could be dealt with in primary care. However, some hospital specialists see themselves in competition with family physicians, particularly when some of the patients can be redirected to their private rooms. Hospital specialists also resent the reallocation of resources to primary care. Presentations about family medicine have been set up across Kosovo, aimed at specialists, but this issue should have been tackled much earlier
, 百拇医药
Key lessons
Coordination of donor activities is essential
Family medicine should be recognised as a specialty
Implementation of the primary healthcare system needs central coordination
National education campaigns for both the public and other healthcare professionals improve awareness and understanding
Local leadership and doctors' organisations should be empowered and involved from the beginning
, 百拇医药
The future
Throughout the four years of change family doctors in Kosovo have been encouraged and empowered, particularly through the Association of Family Physicians of Kosovo. Future academic leaders have been encouraged through the MSc programme. The director of health services at the Ministry of Health is a family physician, and more resources are being directed at primary care. However, in future family medicine in Kosovo may receive less international aid, particularly from the European Agency for Reconstruction, as other problems unfold across the world. A health insurance system needs to be set up, perhaps bolstered from Kosovo's consolidated budget, which is funded by taxation. An affordable and sustainable health system depends on the continued development of primary care.
, 百拇医药
Contributors and sources: RNH was formerly a general practitioner and regional director of postgraduate GP education for Trent. After retiring from the NHS he spent six months developing an undergraduate curriculum for family medicine in Malaysia. He has worked on developing family medicine in Kosovo for four years, initially for WHO and then for Bernard Brunhes International (BBI) and Health and Life Sciences Partnership (HLSP). BM is a family physician who has worked with several international organisations on the development of health programmes for Kosovo including WHO, BBI, and HLSP. RNH did the literature search, wrote the drafts for discussion with BM, produced the final article, and is the guarantor.
, 百拇医药
References
Smith T. European health care systems BMJ 1992;304: 1457-9.
Grol R, Wensing M, Jacobs A, Baker R. The contribution of family doctors/general practitioners to health for all. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, 1992.
UN Civil Administration, Health and Social Services, Pristina. Interim health policy guidelines for Kosova and six month action plan. Pristina: UN Civil Administration, 1999.
, 百拇医药
Joint Interim Administrative Structure, Department of Health and Social Welfare. Health policy for Kosovo. Pristina: Department of Health and Social Welfare, 2001.
Carter Y, Jackson N, Bamfield A. The learning practice: a new model for primary health care teams. Educ Gen Pract 1998;9: 182-7.
Simay AN, Hedley R, Maxhuni B. A survey of health professionals' attitudes to family medicine in 2003. Praxis Medica Kosova 2004;46: 135-8.
Nelson EC, Batalden PB, Huber TP. Microsystems in healthcare: part1. Learning from high performing front line clinical units. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 2002;28: 472-93., 百拇医药(Robert Hedley, adviser fa)