Effect of introduction of integrated out of hours care in England: observational study
1 Health Services Research Group, University of Southampton School of Nursing and Midwifery, Southampton S016 1BJ,2 Public Health Sciences and Medical Statistics, Community Clinical Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton,3 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton
Abstract
Objectives To quantify service integration achieved in the national exemplar programme for single call access to out of hours care through NHS Direct, and its effect on the wider health system.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Observational before and after study of demand, activity, and trends in the use of other health services.
Participants 34 general practice cooperatives with NHS Direct partners (exemplars): four were case exemplars; 10 control cooperatives.
Setting England.
Main outcome measures Extent of integration; changes in demand, activity, and trends in emergency ambulance transports; attendances at emergency departments, minor injuries units, and NHS walk-in centres; and emergency admissions to hospital in the first year.
, 百拇医药
Results Of 31 distinct exemplars, 21 (68%) integrated all out of hours call management. Nine (29%) achieved single call access for all patients. In the only case exemplar where direct comparison was possible, a higher proportion of telephone calls were handled by cooperative nurses before integration than by NHS Direct afterwards (2622/6687 (39%) v 2092/7086 (30%): P < 0.0001). Other case exemplars did not achieve 30%. A small but significant downturn in overall demand for care seen in two case exemplars was also seen in the control cooperatives. The number of emergency ambulance transports increased in three of the four case exemplars after integration, reaching statistical significance in two (5%, -0.02% to 10%, P = 0.06; 6%, 1% to 12%, P = 0.02; 7%, 3% to 12%, P = 0.001). This was always accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of calls to the integrated service.
, http://www.100md.com
Conclusion Most exemplars achieved integration of call management but not single call access for patients. Most patients made at least two telephone calls to contact NHS Direct, and then waited for a nurse to call back. Evidence for transfer of demand from case exemplars to 999 ambulance services may be amenable to change, but NHS Direct may not have sufficient capacity to support national implementation of the programme.
Introduction
, http://www.100md.com
The 2000 review of out of hours care in England recommended that patients calling their general practitioner out of hours should be automatically diverted to NHS Direct for initial assessment by telephone (figure).1 One telephone call would lead to effective and timely advice and where necessary a face to face consultation. A national "exemplar programme" was established to enable providers to gain experience of developing integrated services.2 We measured service integration achieved in the programme and its effect on the wider health system.
, http://www.100md.com
Integrated model of out of hours care. Source: Department of Health, 2000
Methods
We carried out an observational before and after study of demand, activity, and trends in use of other health services in 34 English general practice cooperatives with NHS Direct partners ("exemplars"). Of 34 cooperatives, four functioned as a communications "hub," making 31 distinct sites. We selected newly integrating exemplars for in-depth study rather than those with existing arrangements with NHS Direct. Further selection was made on the basis of a patient population of 200 000 or more, availability of computerised records of calls, and readiness to proceed. Eight exemplars met these criteria, from which we selected four "case exemplars" to obtain variety in the approach to integration and geographical location.
, 百拇医药
We defined integration as NHS Direct handling calls and giving advice to a proportion of people, redirecting others as appropriate. We defined single call access as automatic diversion of a call to NHS Direct from the practice or cooperative number. Nineteen cooperatives with more than 100 000 patients were invited to take part as controls. Eleven (58%) agreed and 10 provided data. All had out of hours contact rates within the range described in a previous study of representative English cooperatives.3 We requested data on the extent of integration and single call access from all exemplars. Within the area covered by each case exemplar and control cooperative we collected data for a year before and after integration on out of hours calls to NHS Direct and cooperatives; new attendances at emergency departments, minor injuries units, and NHS walk-in centres; and 999 ambulance transports to hospital. Patterns of data collection in participating NHS organisations meant that data could not be restricted to out of hours periods for all sources.
, 百拇医药
We examined the effects of introduction of case exemplars on use of other services by fitting linear regression models to data reporting the number of contacts per month with each immediate care service. These methods were adapted from those used in the evaluation of the first three NHS Direct pilot sites.4 Integration was achieved at different times for each of the four case exemplars, necessitating separate analysis for each. We used the Durbin-Watson test to detect first order autocorrelation in the residuals of the regression models. Systematic monthly variation in service use was removed by fitting "month" as a fixed effect within each model, with "log monthly count of service contacts" treated as an independent effect. We tested the effect of integration of each case exemplar site by fitting it as a step function (before = 0; after = 1).
, http://www.100md.com
Results are reported as regression coefficients with standard errors and P values, and the percentage difference between observed activity after the integration of the exemplar site and predicted activity based on data before integration (with 95% confidence intervals) for the use of each service. We created a value for total calls by summing 999 ambulance calls, new attendances at emergency departments, calls to general practice cooperatives and, where appropriate, attendances at minor injuries units (but not emergency hospital admissions) and tested for a change in the linear trend in total calls. We analysed pooled control data for each of the case exemplar integration dates to determine whether any estimated changes associated with integration of an exemplar occurred in the control sites. Although none of our case exemplar sites contained an NHS walk-in centre, several of the control sites did: for analysis we combined these data with those for the minor injuries units. All analyses were carried out in SPSS 12.5.
, 百拇医药
Results
Twenty one of 31 sites (68%) integrated all out of hours call management during the study period, but in only nine (29%), all patients achieved access with a single call. Only one case exemplar (02) carried out nurse telephone triage before integration, thus allowing direct comparison: cooperative nurses managed 2622/6687 calls with telephone advice (39%) before integration compared with 2092/7086 (30%) by NHS Direct during the three months of maximum integration (P < 0.0001). None of the other three case exemplars achieved 30%: exemplar 07, 3354/19 555 (17%); exemplar 29, 3582/18 606 (19%); exemplar 30, 2813/12 226 (23%).
, http://www.100md.com
A small but significant downturn in overall demand for care was seen in two case exemplars (07 and 29) in the year after integration (table 1), but this was also seen in pooled data from the control sites (table 2). The number of emergency ambulance transports increased in three case exemplars after integration, reaching statistical significance in two. In each case this was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of calls to the integrated service.
, 百拇医药 Discussion
Observation of the first year of integration of out of hours care in England suggests there are limited efficiencies to be gained from routing all incoming calls through NHS Direct if the workload of general practice providers is insufficiently reduced. This study had a before and after design, with the limitations that imposes, but also included data on 10 control sites to account for secular trends. Most exemplars implemented the integrated model of care and gained valuable experience of building local partnerships. However, most patients still needed to make at least two telephone calls to contact NHS Direct, and then had to wait to be called back by a nurse. NHS Direct completed fewer calls with telephone advice in the case exemplars than expected,5 reflecting the extent of integration achieved.
, http://www.100md.com
Calls to 999 ambulance services increase annually, but we found a further significant upward change in that trend after integration. Decision support software used by NHS Direct may have influenced triage end points, and this may be amenable to change. Alternatively the increase in demand for 999 ambulances may have been a transfer effect, with patients contacting the ambulance service rather than waiting for their return telephone call. NHS Direct may not have the capacity to manage all out of hours demand in the way the 2000 review of out of hours care in England envisaged.1
, http://www.100md.com
What is already known on this topic
NHS Direct did not reduce demand for immediate care services but seemed to reduce slightly the rise in demand for general practitioner out of hours services
The effects on the wider health system of an integrated model of care with general practice out of hours calls diverted to NHS Direct are less well understood
What this study adds
, 百拇医药
Most general practitioner cooperatives and NHS Direct partners working together in a national "exemplar programme" introduced integrated call management within the first year
Few achieved single telephone call access for all patients
Locally organised nurse telephone consultation before integration managed more calls with telephone advice than did NHS Direct after integration
We thank all of those who provided data for this study and Jon Nicholl for advice on the regression analyses.
, 百拇医药
Contributors: VL, SG, KG, and HSmith obtained funding for the study. VL and JT organised data collection. JT collected the data, with assistance from AB and HSurridge. The project group chaired by VL and JL planned and conducted the study. SG, JT, and HSurridge analysed the data. VL, SG, JT, and KG wrote the paper, with contributions from the other authors. SG and VL are guarantors.
Funding: This work was undertaken by the University of Southampton, which received funding from the Department of Health. Views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.
, 百拇医药
Ethical approval: Trent multicentre research ethics committee.
References
Department of Health. Raising standards for patients: new partnerships in out-of-hours care. an independent review of GP out-of-hours services in England. London: Stationery Office, 2000.
Department of Health. Implementing the out-of-hours review: raising standards for patients. new partnerships in out-of-hours care. The "exemplar" programme. London: DoH, 2001.
, http://www.100md.com
Salisbury C, Trivella M, Bruster S. Demand for and supply of out of hours care from general practitioners in England and Scotland: observational study based on routinely collected data. BMJ 2000;320: 618-21.
Munro J, Nicholl J, O'Cathain A, Knowles E. Impact of NHS Direct on demand for immediate care: observational study. BMJ 2000;321: 150-3.
Lattimer V, George S, Thompson F, Thomas E, Mullee M, Turnbull J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of nurse telephone consultation in out of hours primary care: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1998;317: 1054-9., 百拇医药(Val Lattimer, Joanne Turn)
Abstract
Objectives To quantify service integration achieved in the national exemplar programme for single call access to out of hours care through NHS Direct, and its effect on the wider health system.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Observational before and after study of demand, activity, and trends in the use of other health services.
Participants 34 general practice cooperatives with NHS Direct partners (exemplars): four were case exemplars; 10 control cooperatives.
Setting England.
Main outcome measures Extent of integration; changes in demand, activity, and trends in emergency ambulance transports; attendances at emergency departments, minor injuries units, and NHS walk-in centres; and emergency admissions to hospital in the first year.
, 百拇医药
Results Of 31 distinct exemplars, 21 (68%) integrated all out of hours call management. Nine (29%) achieved single call access for all patients. In the only case exemplar where direct comparison was possible, a higher proportion of telephone calls were handled by cooperative nurses before integration than by NHS Direct afterwards (2622/6687 (39%) v 2092/7086 (30%): P < 0.0001). Other case exemplars did not achieve 30%. A small but significant downturn in overall demand for care seen in two case exemplars was also seen in the control cooperatives. The number of emergency ambulance transports increased in three of the four case exemplars after integration, reaching statistical significance in two (5%, -0.02% to 10%, P = 0.06; 6%, 1% to 12%, P = 0.02; 7%, 3% to 12%, P = 0.001). This was always accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of calls to the integrated service.
, http://www.100md.com
Conclusion Most exemplars achieved integration of call management but not single call access for patients. Most patients made at least two telephone calls to contact NHS Direct, and then waited for a nurse to call back. Evidence for transfer of demand from case exemplars to 999 ambulance services may be amenable to change, but NHS Direct may not have sufficient capacity to support national implementation of the programme.
Introduction
, http://www.100md.com
The 2000 review of out of hours care in England recommended that patients calling their general practitioner out of hours should be automatically diverted to NHS Direct for initial assessment by telephone (figure).1 One telephone call would lead to effective and timely advice and where necessary a face to face consultation. A national "exemplar programme" was established to enable providers to gain experience of developing integrated services.2 We measured service integration achieved in the programme and its effect on the wider health system.
, http://www.100md.com
Integrated model of out of hours care. Source: Department of Health, 2000
Methods
We carried out an observational before and after study of demand, activity, and trends in use of other health services in 34 English general practice cooperatives with NHS Direct partners ("exemplars"). Of 34 cooperatives, four functioned as a communications "hub," making 31 distinct sites. We selected newly integrating exemplars for in-depth study rather than those with existing arrangements with NHS Direct. Further selection was made on the basis of a patient population of 200 000 or more, availability of computerised records of calls, and readiness to proceed. Eight exemplars met these criteria, from which we selected four "case exemplars" to obtain variety in the approach to integration and geographical location.
, 百拇医药
We defined integration as NHS Direct handling calls and giving advice to a proportion of people, redirecting others as appropriate. We defined single call access as automatic diversion of a call to NHS Direct from the practice or cooperative number. Nineteen cooperatives with more than 100 000 patients were invited to take part as controls. Eleven (58%) agreed and 10 provided data. All had out of hours contact rates within the range described in a previous study of representative English cooperatives.3 We requested data on the extent of integration and single call access from all exemplars. Within the area covered by each case exemplar and control cooperative we collected data for a year before and after integration on out of hours calls to NHS Direct and cooperatives; new attendances at emergency departments, minor injuries units, and NHS walk-in centres; and 999 ambulance transports to hospital. Patterns of data collection in participating NHS organisations meant that data could not be restricted to out of hours periods for all sources.
, 百拇医药
We examined the effects of introduction of case exemplars on use of other services by fitting linear regression models to data reporting the number of contacts per month with each immediate care service. These methods were adapted from those used in the evaluation of the first three NHS Direct pilot sites.4 Integration was achieved at different times for each of the four case exemplars, necessitating separate analysis for each. We used the Durbin-Watson test to detect first order autocorrelation in the residuals of the regression models. Systematic monthly variation in service use was removed by fitting "month" as a fixed effect within each model, with "log monthly count of service contacts" treated as an independent effect. We tested the effect of integration of each case exemplar site by fitting it as a step function (before = 0; after = 1).
, http://www.100md.com
Results are reported as regression coefficients with standard errors and P values, and the percentage difference between observed activity after the integration of the exemplar site and predicted activity based on data before integration (with 95% confidence intervals) for the use of each service. We created a value for total calls by summing 999 ambulance calls, new attendances at emergency departments, calls to general practice cooperatives and, where appropriate, attendances at minor injuries units (but not emergency hospital admissions) and tested for a change in the linear trend in total calls. We analysed pooled control data for each of the case exemplar integration dates to determine whether any estimated changes associated with integration of an exemplar occurred in the control sites. Although none of our case exemplar sites contained an NHS walk-in centre, several of the control sites did: for analysis we combined these data with those for the minor injuries units. All analyses were carried out in SPSS 12.5.
, 百拇医药
Results
Twenty one of 31 sites (68%) integrated all out of hours call management during the study period, but in only nine (29%), all patients achieved access with a single call. Only one case exemplar (02) carried out nurse telephone triage before integration, thus allowing direct comparison: cooperative nurses managed 2622/6687 calls with telephone advice (39%) before integration compared with 2092/7086 (30%) by NHS Direct during the three months of maximum integration (P < 0.0001). None of the other three case exemplars achieved 30%: exemplar 07, 3354/19 555 (17%); exemplar 29, 3582/18 606 (19%); exemplar 30, 2813/12 226 (23%).
, http://www.100md.com
A small but significant downturn in overall demand for care was seen in two case exemplars (07 and 29) in the year after integration (table 1), but this was also seen in pooled data from the control sites (table 2). The number of emergency ambulance transports increased in three case exemplars after integration, reaching statistical significance in two. In each case this was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of calls to the integrated service.
, 百拇医药 Discussion
Observation of the first year of integration of out of hours care in England suggests there are limited efficiencies to be gained from routing all incoming calls through NHS Direct if the workload of general practice providers is insufficiently reduced. This study had a before and after design, with the limitations that imposes, but also included data on 10 control sites to account for secular trends. Most exemplars implemented the integrated model of care and gained valuable experience of building local partnerships. However, most patients still needed to make at least two telephone calls to contact NHS Direct, and then had to wait to be called back by a nurse. NHS Direct completed fewer calls with telephone advice in the case exemplars than expected,5 reflecting the extent of integration achieved.
, http://www.100md.com
Calls to 999 ambulance services increase annually, but we found a further significant upward change in that trend after integration. Decision support software used by NHS Direct may have influenced triage end points, and this may be amenable to change. Alternatively the increase in demand for 999 ambulances may have been a transfer effect, with patients contacting the ambulance service rather than waiting for their return telephone call. NHS Direct may not have the capacity to manage all out of hours demand in the way the 2000 review of out of hours care in England envisaged.1
, http://www.100md.com
What is already known on this topic
NHS Direct did not reduce demand for immediate care services but seemed to reduce slightly the rise in demand for general practitioner out of hours services
The effects on the wider health system of an integrated model of care with general practice out of hours calls diverted to NHS Direct are less well understood
What this study adds
, 百拇医药
Most general practitioner cooperatives and NHS Direct partners working together in a national "exemplar programme" introduced integrated call management within the first year
Few achieved single telephone call access for all patients
Locally organised nurse telephone consultation before integration managed more calls with telephone advice than did NHS Direct after integration
We thank all of those who provided data for this study and Jon Nicholl for advice on the regression analyses.
, 百拇医药
Contributors: VL, SG, KG, and HSmith obtained funding for the study. VL and JT organised data collection. JT collected the data, with assistance from AB and HSurridge. The project group chaired by VL and JL planned and conducted the study. SG, JT, and HSurridge analysed the data. VL, SG, JT, and KG wrote the paper, with contributions from the other authors. SG and VL are guarantors.
Funding: This work was undertaken by the University of Southampton, which received funding from the Department of Health. Views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.
, 百拇医药
Ethical approval: Trent multicentre research ethics committee.
References
Department of Health. Raising standards for patients: new partnerships in out-of-hours care. an independent review of GP out-of-hours services in England. London: Stationery Office, 2000.
Department of Health. Implementing the out-of-hours review: raising standards for patients. new partnerships in out-of-hours care. The "exemplar" programme. London: DoH, 2001.
, http://www.100md.com
Salisbury C, Trivella M, Bruster S. Demand for and supply of out of hours care from general practitioners in England and Scotland: observational study based on routinely collected data. BMJ 2000;320: 618-21.
Munro J, Nicholl J, O'Cathain A, Knowles E. Impact of NHS Direct on demand for immediate care: observational study. BMJ 2000;321: 150-3.
Lattimer V, George S, Thompson F, Thomas E, Mullee M, Turnbull J, et al. Safety and effectiveness of nurse telephone consultation in out of hours primary care: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1998;317: 1054-9., 百拇医药(Val Lattimer, Joanne Turn)