Trends in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease, 1978 to 2000: prospective, population based study of British men
1 Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London NW3 2PF,2 Department of Community Health Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE
Abstract
Objective To examine trends over time in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease among British men, during a period in which mortality due to coronary heart disease has been declining.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Prospective cohort study covering the period 1978-80 to 1998-2000.
Participants 7735 men, aged 40-59 at entry, randomly selected from one general practice in each of 24 British towns.
Main outcome measures Trends in the rates of major coronary events, first diagnosed angina and first diagnosed coronary heart disease (any fatal or non-fatal documented event or diagnosis). Events were ascertained from NHS central registers and reviews of medical records from general practices.
, 百拇医药
Results Over the 20 year period, 1561 major coronary events occurred; 1087 and 1816 men had new diagnoses of angina and coronary heart disease, respectively. The age adjusted annual relative changes were -3.6% (95% confidence interval -4.8% to -2.4%, P < 0.001) for all major coronary events, 2.6% (1.1% to 4.0%, P < 0.001) for first diagnosed angina and -0.8% (-1.8% to 0.3%, P = 0.18) for first diagnosed coronary heart disease. The fall in major coronary events occurred across all categories of event (fatal and non-fatal, first and recurrent). Similarly, first diagnosed angina increased for both uncomplicated angina and angina after myocardial infarction. The age adjusted annual relative change in case fatality at 28 days of first major coronary events was -1.4% (-3.1% to 0.4%, P = 0.12).
, 百拇医药
Conclusions Among British middle aged men, a substantial decline in the rate of major coronary events over the past two decades seems to have been largely offset by an increase in the incidence of diagnosed angina. Overall there was little change in the incidence of first diagnosed coronary heart disease. A continuing need exists for resources and services for coronary heart disease in general, and for new angina in particular.
Introduction
, 百拇医药
Since the late 1970s, rates of coronary heart disease death in the United Kingdom have fallen by more than 50%.1 Data from the monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA) studies2 and a previous report from the British Regional Heart Study3 showed that this trend has been due in part to a fall in the rate of occurrence of new major coronary events. However, despite increasing evidence of falling incidences of myocardial infarction in Britain and other countries, little is known about trends in rates of "lesser" diagnoses, particularly angina, a condition that makes a large contribution to the total incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease.4 In Britain, angina is commonly diagnosed and managed in primary care,5 6 and studies based on cases in patients admitted to hospital may not present a complete picture of medically recognised disease in the population. Using information from general practice medical record reviews we examined trends in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease in the British Regional Heart Study during 20 years of follow-up, from 1978-80 to 1998-2000. In particular we assessed whether trends in the incidence of diagnosed angina and diagnosed coronary heart disease overall have followed a similar pattern to trends observed for rates of major coronary events. Changes in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease have implications for prevention policy and health provision.
, 百拇医药
Methods
The British Regional Heart Study is a prospective study of 7735 men aged 40-59 years at baseline (1978-80), who were randomly selected from one general practice in each of 24 British towns.7 The sample includes all major geographical regions in Britain and is representative of the male population in terms of social class distribution. Information from participants' questionnaires at study entry was used to ascertain diagnoses of pre-existing coronary heart disease.8 Participants were followed over 20 years through NHS central registers and regular reviews of medical records in general practices (including hospital and clinic correspondence) for death due to coronary heart disease, first and recurrent definite myocardial infarctions, first and recurrent possible myocardial infarctions, and first diagnosis of angina.9 About 1% of men have been lost to follow-up.
, 百拇医药
End points
We examined trends in rates of diagnosed (medically recorded) coronary heart disease only. End points are defined in table 1. We considered three main categories: all major coronary events (subdivided into death due to coronary heart disease and non-fatal definite myocardial infarction, and also into first major coronary event and recurrent major coronary events); first diagnosed angina (subdivided into uncomplicated angina, and angina post myocardial infarction); and first diagnosed coronary heart disease (any fatal or non-fatal documented coronary event or diagnosis). Three end points—all major coronary events, non-fatal definite myocardial infarction, and recurrent major coronary events—include multiple recurrent events from individual subjects, whereas the remainder are restricted to the first ever events only.
, http://www.100md.com
Statistical analysis
We ascertained numbers of events and person years at risk during four exact five year follow-up periods from each subject's baseline assessment date: 1978-80 to 1983-5, 1983-5 to 1988-90, 1988-90 to 1993-5, and 1993-5 to 1998-2000. We used Poisson regression to estimate trends in event rates, with date of follow-up period as a continuous covariate and person time of follow-up as an offset. We used quadratic or cubic polynomials as necessary to adjust for age, in order to account for the non-linear association over the age range included in analyses. We used generalised estimating equations with an autoregressive correlation structure to account for recurrent events from individual subjects (using SAS, release 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Accounting for clustering owing to initial town of selection had little effect on standard errors of trend estimates; we present unadjusted results. Trends are expressed as the average annual relative change in event rate with 95% confidence interval. For example, a rate ratio of 0.970 is presented as a relative rate change of -3.0%. We also examined trends in the case fatality of first major coronary events (percentage fatal within 28 days), using Poisson regression (as this provides the risk ratio rather than the odds ratio10), with date of event and age at event as covariates. We used tests of interaction to assess social class differences in trends, with each subject's social class classified as "non-manual" or "manual," according to occupation at entry into the study.
, 百拇医药
Results
The rate of major coronary events fell among men from both manual and non-manual social class groups (annual changes -3.3% for manual and -4.6% for non-manual), and the rate of diagnosed angina increased (annual changes 2.6% and 2.7%, respectively) over the 20 year period. We found no evidence that the magnitude of these trends differed according to social class group (interaction tests: P = 0.31 for major coronary events and P = 0.99 for diagnosed angina).
, http://www.100md.com
Discussion
From 1978 to 2000, while rates of all categories of major coronary events declined among British men, the incidence of diagnosed angina increased, resulting in no apparent change in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease.
Strengths and limitations of the study
The strengths of this population based study include the geographically and socially representative nature of the study sample, the comprehensive ascertainment of coronary heart disease diagnoses from general practice, and the very high rate of follow-up. The limitations include the fact that trends are based on single measures of angina and other coronary heart disease from the medical record reviews. These measures may be subject to inaccuracies because of the original records and the review process. In this study, comparisons between medical record review and participants' self report for coronary heart disease diagnoses show good agreement,11 12 giving support to the validity of these measures. Diagnoses of angina did not require fulfilment of specific objective criteria and therefore reflect diagnosis as it occurred in clinical practice, not necessarily certain confirmed coronary disease. We included "possible" documented cases of angina as the use of investigative tests has probably varied between practices and over time.13 The trend in angina was at least as strong when "possible" cases (which comprised about 12% of the total cases) were removed (average annual change 3.7%, 95% confidence interval 2.1% to 5.3%). The trend estimates presented in this report are driven by data from the middle age groups, and are not necessarily generalisable to other age groups, or to women. The cohort design of the study prohibited investigation of age related heterogeneity in trends.
, 百拇医药
Trends in major coronary heart disease
We previously reported that among middle aged British men the rate of major coronary events fell from 1978-1995 by an average of 2.5% per year.3 These results indicate that the decline in major coronary events has continued just as strongly from the mid 1990s onward. Substantial declines in rates of both first and recurrent myocardial infarction have contributed, indicating both a fall in incidence and an improvement in prognosis of myocardial infarction. These trends in acute event rates are likely to be due both to changes in coronary risk factors in Britain and, perhaps to a lesser extent, improvements in treatment.14-18 In this study, the fall in 28 day case fatality of first major coronary events was modest. A similar pattern of marked declines in both incidence and recurrence of myocardial infarction but a smaller decline in case fatality has been reported for the Finnish MONICA population during the period 1983-97.19 This may indicate that, in these populations, changes in primary and secondary preventive treatments have had a greater role than changes in acute coronary care. However, unless case fatality is restricted to cases in patients admitted to hospital, the impact of improvements in acute care is limited.20 21
, 百拇医药
What is already known on this subject
Death rates due to coronary heart disease have been falling steadily in Britain since the late 1970s
Previous studies have shown that the incidence of major coronary heart disease has also fallen over this period
Much less is known about changes in the incidence of angina; previous studies have only included cases in patients who had been admitted to hospital
, 百拇医药
What this study adds
Although rates of major coronary events fell among British men from 1978 to 2000, the incidence of diagnosed angina (ascertained from general practice record reviews) seems to have increased over this period
The opposing trends in major coronary events and angina resulted in no apparent change in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease
The increase in incidence of diagnosed angina may be a feature of changes in diagnostic practice rather than a real increase in disease incidence
, 百拇医药
These results have implications for resources and services for coronary heart disease, especially those for angina
Opposing trends in angina and major coronary heart disease
Although rates of all categories of major coronary events are continuing to fall among British men, a completely different trend is apparent for diagnosed angina. The rising incidence of diagnosed angina was apparent for uncomplicated angina as well as diagnoses occurring post myocardial infarction, implying that the trend was not solely due to increased survival from previous acute coronary disease. We know of no previous reports of angina incidence trends in Britain based on reviews of medical records from general practices. However, data from the England and Wales general practice morbidity surveys also indicated that secular trends differed for angina compared with myocardial infarction: the rate of consultation for angina increased among men and women in the 1990s compared with the 1980s, while the same statistic for myocardial infarction fell during this time.22 In addition, a study based on emergency admissions to hospital in Scotland found that discharge rates for myocardial infarction fell during the 1990s, while those for acute (unstable) angina and other chest pain increased.23 These results raise the possibility that the pattern of coronary heart disease is shifting from major events to less severe manifestations of disease.
, 百拇医药
Is angina increasing in Britain
Does the increase in the rate of diagnosed angina seen in our study represent a genuine increase in the incidence of angina in Britain, or is it a feature of changes in diagnostic practice Evidence from the British Regional Heart Study implies the latter explanation: the prevalence of angina symptoms (assessed by chest pain questionnaire on four occasions and irrespective of diagnosis) fell from 1978-1996, among men with and without a diagnosis of coronary heart disease.3 This seems to imply a fall in incidence, for angina defined in a standardised way according to symptoms. It is therefore possible that the incidence of angina in the population has genuinely fallen, but that a greater proportion of all angina cases are now formally diagnosed. Such an increase in ascertainment and diagnosis of angina is entirely plausible and may result from general practitioners prioritising the early identification and treatment of coronary heart disease, as well as from an increase in availability of diagnostic investigations for angina-like chest pain.24
, 百拇医药
Conclusions
The continued decline in the rate of major coronary events among British men is encouraging, and shows that favourable changes in both risk factors and treatment have affected the incidence and prognosis of myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, these changes do not seem to have resulted in a fall in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease, because of the increase in the rate of new angina diagnoses. The trend in angina may well be due to diagnostic factors; possibly it will stabilise as diagnosis and investigation of coronary heart disease in Britain reaches a more "optimal" level and the burden of undiagnosed disease falls. Nevertheless, the trend raises concerns from a health service perspective, suggesting that even among middle aged men, resource requirements for angina are not falling. These results emphasise the ongoing need for treatments and services for coronary heart disease, particularly for new angina or suspected angina. They also highlight the need for continued emphasis on the primary prevention of coronary heart disease.
, 百拇医药
Contributors: FCL, PHW, and RWM developed the original idea for the analysis. FCL performed the analysis and drafted the paper. MW, AGS, and PHW contributed to the design and execution of the British Regional Heart Study. All authors contributed to interpretation of data and the final version of the manuscript. FCL is guarantor.
Funding: The British Regional Heart Study is funded by the British Heart Foundation and the Department of Health (England).
, 百拇医药
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: The study was approved at its inception by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Research Council and subsequently by the relevant local and multicentre research ethics committees.
References
Peterson S, Peto V, Rayner M. Coronary heart disease statistics 2004. British Heart Foundation, London, 2004.
Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mahonen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P, for the WHO MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) project. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 1999;353: 1547-57.
, 百拇医药
Lampe FC, Morris RW, Whincup PH, Walker M, Ebrahim S, Shaper AG. Is the prevalence of coronary heart disease falling in British men Heart 2001;86: 499-505.
Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Levy D. Prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease. An investigation of differences in outcome between the sexes according to initial coronary disease presentation. Circulation 1993;88: 2548-55.
Clarke KW, Gray D, Hampton JR. Implication of prescriptions for nitrates: 7 year follow-up of patients treated for angina in general practice. Br Heart J 1994;71: 38-40.
, 百拇医药
Gandhi MM, Lampe FC, Wood DA. Management of angina pectoris in general practice: a questionnaire survey of general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 1995;45: 11-3.
Shaper AG, Pocock SJ, Walker M, Cohen NM, Wale CJ, Thomson AG. British Regional Heart Study: cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men in 24 towns. BMJ 1981;283: 179-86.
Shaper AG, Cook DG, Walker M, Macfarlane PW. Recall of diagnosis by men with ischaemic heart disease. Br Heart J 1984;51: 606-11.
, http://www.100md.com
Walker M, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Whincup PH. Twenty year follow-up of a cohort based in general practice in 24 British towns. J Public Health Med 2000;22: 479-85.
Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159: 702-6.
Walker M, Whincup PH, Shaper AG, Lennon LT, Thomson AG. Validation of patient recall of doctor-diagnosed heart attack and stroke: a postal questionnaire and record review comparison. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148: 355-61.
, 百拇医药
Lampe FC, Walker M, Lennon LT, Whincup PH, Ebrahim S. Validity of a self-reported history of doctor-diagnosed angina. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52: 73-81.
Gill D, Mayou R, Dawes M, Mant D. Presentation, management and course of angina and suspected angina in primary care. J Psychosomat Res 1999;46: 349-58.
Salomaa V, Rosamond W, Mahonen M. Decreasing mortality from acute myocardial infarction: effect of incidence and prognosis. J Cardiovascular Risk 1999;6: 69-75.
, http://www.100md.com
Kuulasmaa K, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Dobson A, Fortmann S, Sans S, Tolonen H, et al, for the WHO MONICA Project. Estimation of contribution of changes in classic risk factors to trends in coronary-event rates across the WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 2000;355: 675-87.
Tunstall-Pedoe H, Vanuzzo D, Hobbs M, Mahonen M, Cepaitis Z, Kuulasmaa K, et al, for the WHO MONICA Project. Estimation of contribution of changes in coronary care to improving survival, event rats, and coronary heart disease mortality across the WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 2000;355: 688-700.
, 百拇医药
Critchley JA, Capewell S, Unal B. Life-years gained from coronary heart disease mortality reduction in Scotland. Prevention or treatment J Clin Epidemiol 2003;56: 583-90.
Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in England and Wales between 1981 and 2000. Circulation 2004;109: 1101-7.
Salomaa V, Ketonen M, Koukkunen H, Immonen-Raiha P, Jerkkola T, Karja-Koskenkari P, et al. Trends in coronary events in Finland during 1983-1997; the FINAMI study. Eur Heart J 2003;24: 311-9.
, 百拇医药
Chambless L, Keil U, Dobson A, Mahonen M, Kuulasmaa K, Rajakangas A, et al, for the WHO MONICA Project. Population versus clinical view of case fatality from acute coronary heart disease. Results from the WHO MONICA Project 1985-1990. Circulation 1997;96: 3849-59.
Capewell S, MacIntyre K, Stewart S, Chalmers JWT, Boyd J, Finlayson A, et al. Age, sex, and social trends in out-of-hospital cardiac deaths in Scotland 1986-95: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2001;358: 1213-7.
, 百拇医药
Office for National Statistics. Morbidity statistics from general practice, fourth national study, 1991-1992. London: HMSO, 1995.
Murphy NF, MacIntyre K, Capewell S, Stewart S, Pell J, Chalmers J, et al. Hospital discharge rates for suspected acute coronary syndromes between 1990 and 2000: population based analysis. BMJ 2004;328: 1413-4.
Wood D, Timmis A, Halinen M. Rapid assessment of chest pain. BMJ 2001;323: 586-7., 百拇医药(Fiona C Lampe, Richard W )
Abstract
Objective To examine trends over time in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease among British men, during a period in which mortality due to coronary heart disease has been declining.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Prospective cohort study covering the period 1978-80 to 1998-2000.
Participants 7735 men, aged 40-59 at entry, randomly selected from one general practice in each of 24 British towns.
Main outcome measures Trends in the rates of major coronary events, first diagnosed angina and first diagnosed coronary heart disease (any fatal or non-fatal documented event or diagnosis). Events were ascertained from NHS central registers and reviews of medical records from general practices.
, 百拇医药
Results Over the 20 year period, 1561 major coronary events occurred; 1087 and 1816 men had new diagnoses of angina and coronary heart disease, respectively. The age adjusted annual relative changes were -3.6% (95% confidence interval -4.8% to -2.4%, P < 0.001) for all major coronary events, 2.6% (1.1% to 4.0%, P < 0.001) for first diagnosed angina and -0.8% (-1.8% to 0.3%, P = 0.18) for first diagnosed coronary heart disease. The fall in major coronary events occurred across all categories of event (fatal and non-fatal, first and recurrent). Similarly, first diagnosed angina increased for both uncomplicated angina and angina after myocardial infarction. The age adjusted annual relative change in case fatality at 28 days of first major coronary events was -1.4% (-3.1% to 0.4%, P = 0.12).
, 百拇医药
Conclusions Among British middle aged men, a substantial decline in the rate of major coronary events over the past two decades seems to have been largely offset by an increase in the incidence of diagnosed angina. Overall there was little change in the incidence of first diagnosed coronary heart disease. A continuing need exists for resources and services for coronary heart disease in general, and for new angina in particular.
Introduction
, 百拇医药
Since the late 1970s, rates of coronary heart disease death in the United Kingdom have fallen by more than 50%.1 Data from the monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease (MONICA) studies2 and a previous report from the British Regional Heart Study3 showed that this trend has been due in part to a fall in the rate of occurrence of new major coronary events. However, despite increasing evidence of falling incidences of myocardial infarction in Britain and other countries, little is known about trends in rates of "lesser" diagnoses, particularly angina, a condition that makes a large contribution to the total incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease.4 In Britain, angina is commonly diagnosed and managed in primary care,5 6 and studies based on cases in patients admitted to hospital may not present a complete picture of medically recognised disease in the population. Using information from general practice medical record reviews we examined trends in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease in the British Regional Heart Study during 20 years of follow-up, from 1978-80 to 1998-2000. In particular we assessed whether trends in the incidence of diagnosed angina and diagnosed coronary heart disease overall have followed a similar pattern to trends observed for rates of major coronary events. Changes in rates of different forms of diagnosed coronary heart disease have implications for prevention policy and health provision.
, 百拇医药
Methods
The British Regional Heart Study is a prospective study of 7735 men aged 40-59 years at baseline (1978-80), who were randomly selected from one general practice in each of 24 British towns.7 The sample includes all major geographical regions in Britain and is representative of the male population in terms of social class distribution. Information from participants' questionnaires at study entry was used to ascertain diagnoses of pre-existing coronary heart disease.8 Participants were followed over 20 years through NHS central registers and regular reviews of medical records in general practices (including hospital and clinic correspondence) for death due to coronary heart disease, first and recurrent definite myocardial infarctions, first and recurrent possible myocardial infarctions, and first diagnosis of angina.9 About 1% of men have been lost to follow-up.
, 百拇医药
End points
We examined trends in rates of diagnosed (medically recorded) coronary heart disease only. End points are defined in table 1. We considered three main categories: all major coronary events (subdivided into death due to coronary heart disease and non-fatal definite myocardial infarction, and also into first major coronary event and recurrent major coronary events); first diagnosed angina (subdivided into uncomplicated angina, and angina post myocardial infarction); and first diagnosed coronary heart disease (any fatal or non-fatal documented coronary event or diagnosis). Three end points—all major coronary events, non-fatal definite myocardial infarction, and recurrent major coronary events—include multiple recurrent events from individual subjects, whereas the remainder are restricted to the first ever events only.
, http://www.100md.com
Statistical analysis
We ascertained numbers of events and person years at risk during four exact five year follow-up periods from each subject's baseline assessment date: 1978-80 to 1983-5, 1983-5 to 1988-90, 1988-90 to 1993-5, and 1993-5 to 1998-2000. We used Poisson regression to estimate trends in event rates, with date of follow-up period as a continuous covariate and person time of follow-up as an offset. We used quadratic or cubic polynomials as necessary to adjust for age, in order to account for the non-linear association over the age range included in analyses. We used generalised estimating equations with an autoregressive correlation structure to account for recurrent events from individual subjects (using SAS, release 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Accounting for clustering owing to initial town of selection had little effect on standard errors of trend estimates; we present unadjusted results. Trends are expressed as the average annual relative change in event rate with 95% confidence interval. For example, a rate ratio of 0.970 is presented as a relative rate change of -3.0%. We also examined trends in the case fatality of first major coronary events (percentage fatal within 28 days), using Poisson regression (as this provides the risk ratio rather than the odds ratio10), with date of event and age at event as covariates. We used tests of interaction to assess social class differences in trends, with each subject's social class classified as "non-manual" or "manual," according to occupation at entry into the study.
, 百拇医药
Results
The rate of major coronary events fell among men from both manual and non-manual social class groups (annual changes -3.3% for manual and -4.6% for non-manual), and the rate of diagnosed angina increased (annual changes 2.6% and 2.7%, respectively) over the 20 year period. We found no evidence that the magnitude of these trends differed according to social class group (interaction tests: P = 0.31 for major coronary events and P = 0.99 for diagnosed angina).
, http://www.100md.com
Discussion
From 1978 to 2000, while rates of all categories of major coronary events declined among British men, the incidence of diagnosed angina increased, resulting in no apparent change in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease.
Strengths and limitations of the study
The strengths of this population based study include the geographically and socially representative nature of the study sample, the comprehensive ascertainment of coronary heart disease diagnoses from general practice, and the very high rate of follow-up. The limitations include the fact that trends are based on single measures of angina and other coronary heart disease from the medical record reviews. These measures may be subject to inaccuracies because of the original records and the review process. In this study, comparisons between medical record review and participants' self report for coronary heart disease diagnoses show good agreement,11 12 giving support to the validity of these measures. Diagnoses of angina did not require fulfilment of specific objective criteria and therefore reflect diagnosis as it occurred in clinical practice, not necessarily certain confirmed coronary disease. We included "possible" documented cases of angina as the use of investigative tests has probably varied between practices and over time.13 The trend in angina was at least as strong when "possible" cases (which comprised about 12% of the total cases) were removed (average annual change 3.7%, 95% confidence interval 2.1% to 5.3%). The trend estimates presented in this report are driven by data from the middle age groups, and are not necessarily generalisable to other age groups, or to women. The cohort design of the study prohibited investigation of age related heterogeneity in trends.
, 百拇医药
Trends in major coronary heart disease
We previously reported that among middle aged British men the rate of major coronary events fell from 1978-1995 by an average of 2.5% per year.3 These results indicate that the decline in major coronary events has continued just as strongly from the mid 1990s onward. Substantial declines in rates of both first and recurrent myocardial infarction have contributed, indicating both a fall in incidence and an improvement in prognosis of myocardial infarction. These trends in acute event rates are likely to be due both to changes in coronary risk factors in Britain and, perhaps to a lesser extent, improvements in treatment.14-18 In this study, the fall in 28 day case fatality of first major coronary events was modest. A similar pattern of marked declines in both incidence and recurrence of myocardial infarction but a smaller decline in case fatality has been reported for the Finnish MONICA population during the period 1983-97.19 This may indicate that, in these populations, changes in primary and secondary preventive treatments have had a greater role than changes in acute coronary care. However, unless case fatality is restricted to cases in patients admitted to hospital, the impact of improvements in acute care is limited.20 21
, 百拇医药
What is already known on this subject
Death rates due to coronary heart disease have been falling steadily in Britain since the late 1970s
Previous studies have shown that the incidence of major coronary heart disease has also fallen over this period
Much less is known about changes in the incidence of angina; previous studies have only included cases in patients who had been admitted to hospital
, 百拇医药
What this study adds
Although rates of major coronary events fell among British men from 1978 to 2000, the incidence of diagnosed angina (ascertained from general practice record reviews) seems to have increased over this period
The opposing trends in major coronary events and angina resulted in no apparent change in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease
The increase in incidence of diagnosed angina may be a feature of changes in diagnostic practice rather than a real increase in disease incidence
, 百拇医药
These results have implications for resources and services for coronary heart disease, especially those for angina
Opposing trends in angina and major coronary heart disease
Although rates of all categories of major coronary events are continuing to fall among British men, a completely different trend is apparent for diagnosed angina. The rising incidence of diagnosed angina was apparent for uncomplicated angina as well as diagnoses occurring post myocardial infarction, implying that the trend was not solely due to increased survival from previous acute coronary disease. We know of no previous reports of angina incidence trends in Britain based on reviews of medical records from general practices. However, data from the England and Wales general practice morbidity surveys also indicated that secular trends differed for angina compared with myocardial infarction: the rate of consultation for angina increased among men and women in the 1990s compared with the 1980s, while the same statistic for myocardial infarction fell during this time.22 In addition, a study based on emergency admissions to hospital in Scotland found that discharge rates for myocardial infarction fell during the 1990s, while those for acute (unstable) angina and other chest pain increased.23 These results raise the possibility that the pattern of coronary heart disease is shifting from major events to less severe manifestations of disease.
, 百拇医药
Is angina increasing in Britain
Does the increase in the rate of diagnosed angina seen in our study represent a genuine increase in the incidence of angina in Britain, or is it a feature of changes in diagnostic practice Evidence from the British Regional Heart Study implies the latter explanation: the prevalence of angina symptoms (assessed by chest pain questionnaire on four occasions and irrespective of diagnosis) fell from 1978-1996, among men with and without a diagnosis of coronary heart disease.3 This seems to imply a fall in incidence, for angina defined in a standardised way according to symptoms. It is therefore possible that the incidence of angina in the population has genuinely fallen, but that a greater proportion of all angina cases are now formally diagnosed. Such an increase in ascertainment and diagnosis of angina is entirely plausible and may result from general practitioners prioritising the early identification and treatment of coronary heart disease, as well as from an increase in availability of diagnostic investigations for angina-like chest pain.24
, 百拇医药
Conclusions
The continued decline in the rate of major coronary events among British men is encouraging, and shows that favourable changes in both risk factors and treatment have affected the incidence and prognosis of myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, these changes do not seem to have resulted in a fall in the overall incidence of diagnosed coronary heart disease, because of the increase in the rate of new angina diagnoses. The trend in angina may well be due to diagnostic factors; possibly it will stabilise as diagnosis and investigation of coronary heart disease in Britain reaches a more "optimal" level and the burden of undiagnosed disease falls. Nevertheless, the trend raises concerns from a health service perspective, suggesting that even among middle aged men, resource requirements for angina are not falling. These results emphasise the ongoing need for treatments and services for coronary heart disease, particularly for new angina or suspected angina. They also highlight the need for continued emphasis on the primary prevention of coronary heart disease.
, 百拇医药
Contributors: FCL, PHW, and RWM developed the original idea for the analysis. FCL performed the analysis and drafted the paper. MW, AGS, and PHW contributed to the design and execution of the British Regional Heart Study. All authors contributed to interpretation of data and the final version of the manuscript. FCL is guarantor.
Funding: The British Regional Heart Study is funded by the British Heart Foundation and the Department of Health (England).
, 百拇医药
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: The study was approved at its inception by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Research Council and subsequently by the relevant local and multicentre research ethics committees.
References
Peterson S, Peto V, Rayner M. Coronary heart disease statistics 2004. British Heart Foundation, London, 2004.
Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mahonen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P, for the WHO MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) project. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 1999;353: 1547-57.
, 百拇医药
Lampe FC, Morris RW, Whincup PH, Walker M, Ebrahim S, Shaper AG. Is the prevalence of coronary heart disease falling in British men Heart 2001;86: 499-505.
Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Levy D. Prognosis after the onset of coronary heart disease. An investigation of differences in outcome between the sexes according to initial coronary disease presentation. Circulation 1993;88: 2548-55.
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