A Summary of Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines
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《动脉硬化血栓血管生物学》
The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) issued an evidence-based set of guidelines on cholesterol management in 2001. Since the publication of ATP III, five major clinical trials of statin therapy with clinical end points have been published. These trials addressed issues that were not examined in previous clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering therapy. An NCEP working group reviewed the results of these recent trials and assessed their implications for cholesterol management. These clinical trials strongly support the ATP III recommendation that LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) should be the primary target of lipid-lowering therapy. The trials confirm the benefit of cholesterol-lowering therapy in high-risk patients and support the ATP III treatment goal of LDL-C <100 mg/dL. In fact, they add to the growing evidence supporting the concept that, for LDL-C in high-risk patients, "the lower, the better" for reducing risk for major cardiovascular events (Figure). Although recent clinical trials focused on drug therapies for LDL lowering, the NCEP update affirms that therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) remain an essential modality in clinical management. TLC has the potential to reduce cardiovascular risk through several mechanisms beyond LDL lowering. Recent clinical trials support the inclusion of patients with diabetes in the high-risk category and confirm the benefits of LDL-lowering therapy in these patients. They further confirm that older persons benefit from therapeutic lowering of LDL-C. The major recommendations for modifications to footnote the ATP III treatment algorithm for LDL lowering are presented in the Table 1 and are summarized in Table 2. In high-risk persons, ATP III established that the recommended LDL-C goal is <100 mg/dL; when triglycerides are high (200 mg/dL), a secondary goal is a non–HDL-C <130 mg/dL. According to the update, when risk is very high, an LDL-C goal of <70 mg/dL is a therapeutic option, ie, a reasonable clinical strategy, based on available clinical trial evidence. This therapeutic option extends also to patients at very high risk who have a baseline LDL-C <100 mg/dL. For those very high risk patients who have a high triglyceride, a level of non–HDL-C of <100 mg/dL corresponds to an LDL-C level of <70 mg/dL. Identifying a very high risk patient depends on clinical judgment. Examples of such patients include those with established cardiovascular disease plus (1) multiple major risk factors (especially diabetes), (2) severe and poorly controlled risk factors (especially continued cigarette smoking), (3) multiple risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (especially high triglyceride 200 mg/dL plus non–HDL-C 130 mg/dL with low HDL-C ) and (4) those with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, when any high-risk patient has high triglyceride or low HDL-C, consideration can be given to combining a fibrate or nicotinic acid with an LDL-lowering drug.
Log-linear relationship between LDL-cholesterol levels and relative risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). This relationship is consistent with a large body of epidemiological data and with data available from clinical trials of LDL-lowering therapy. These data suggest that for every 30 mg/dL change in LDL-C, the relative risk for CHD is changed in proportion by 30%. The relative risk is set at 1.0 for LDL-C=40 mg/dL
TABLE 1. ATP III LDL-Cholesterol Goals and Cut Points for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and Drug Therapy in Different Risk Categories and Proposed Modifications Based on Recent Clinical Trial Evidence
TABLE 2. Recommendations for Modifications to Footnote the ATP III Treatment Algorithm for LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C)
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For moderately high-risk persons (2+ risk factors and 10-year risk 10% to 20%), the recommended LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL; but an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option based on recent trial evidence. The latter option extends also to moderately high risk persons with a baseline LDL-C of 100 to 129 mg/dL. When LDL-lowering drug therapy is used in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is advised that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve at least a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels. Moreover, any person at high risk or moderately high risk who has lifestyle-related risk factors (eg, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglyceride, low HDL-C, or metabolic syndrome) is a candidate for TLC to modify these risk factors regardless of LDL-C level.
Finally, for people in lower-risk categories, recent clinical trials do not modify the goals and cut points of therapy.(Scott M. Grundy; James I.)
Log-linear relationship between LDL-cholesterol levels and relative risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). This relationship is consistent with a large body of epidemiological data and with data available from clinical trials of LDL-lowering therapy. These data suggest that for every 30 mg/dL change in LDL-C, the relative risk for CHD is changed in proportion by 30%. The relative risk is set at 1.0 for LDL-C=40 mg/dL
TABLE 1. ATP III LDL-Cholesterol Goals and Cut Points for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and Drug Therapy in Different Risk Categories and Proposed Modifications Based on Recent Clinical Trial Evidence
TABLE 2. Recommendations for Modifications to Footnote the ATP III Treatment Algorithm for LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C)
See page e149
For moderately high-risk persons (2+ risk factors and 10-year risk 10% to 20%), the recommended LDL-C goal is <130 mg/dL; but an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option based on recent trial evidence. The latter option extends also to moderately high risk persons with a baseline LDL-C of 100 to 129 mg/dL. When LDL-lowering drug therapy is used in high-risk or moderately high-risk persons, it is advised that intensity of therapy be sufficient to achieve at least a 30% to 40% reduction in LDL-C levels. Moreover, any person at high risk or moderately high risk who has lifestyle-related risk factors (eg, obesity, physical inactivity, elevated triglyceride, low HDL-C, or metabolic syndrome) is a candidate for TLC to modify these risk factors regardless of LDL-C level.
Finally, for people in lower-risk categories, recent clinical trials do not modify the goals and cut points of therapy.(Scott M. Grundy; James I.)