Veillonella montpellierensis Endocarditis
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《传染病的形成》
Hpital Nord, Marseille, France
Veillonella spp. rarely cause infections in humans. We report a case of Veillonella endocarditis documented by isolating a slow-growing, gram-negative microbe in blood cultures. This microbe was identified as the newly recognized species Veillonella montpellierensis (100% homology) by 16S RNA gene sequence analysis.
Veillonella are anaerobic, gram-negative cocci, part of the normal flora of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. Veillonella dispar, V. atypica, and V. parvula have been cultured from human specimens. They are infrequently isolated in human infections. Rarely, Veillonella species have been the only etiologic agents identified in serious infections such as meningitis, osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection, pleuropulmonary infection, endocarditis, and bacteremia. A new species, V. montpellierensis, has recently been isolated from the gastric fluid of a newborn and from the amniotic fluid of 2 women (1). Its pathogenic role is still debated.
The Study
A 75-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit with septic shock. She had a history of diabetes mellitus. A cardiac murmur had been noted 8 years earlier but was not investigated further. On physical examination, the patient had aortic and mitral murmur. Reagent strip for urinalysis detected leukocytes and nitrites. After 3 blood cultures and urinalysis, the patient was treated for septic shock secondary to upper urinary tract infection with ceftriaxone, 2 g/day intravenously. The patient's condition rapidly improved with antimicrobial drugs and dopamine. Three days after admission, she was afebrile and hemodynamically stable; she was transferred to the urology department for acute pyelonephritis, which had not been confirmed by computed tomographic (CT) scan. Urine culture yielded Gardnerella vaginalis. Chest radiograph showed a patchy density of the right inferior pulmonary lobe confirmed by chest CT scan that suggested either pneumonia or neoplasia. On day 6, a transesophageal echocardiograph, performed because of the cardiac murmur, showed oscillating intracardiac masses on the aortic and mitral valves. Because the blood cultures were still negative, we determined that the patient had culture-negative endocarditis and replaced ceftriaxone with amoxicillin, 12 g/day for 6 weeks, in addition to gentamicin, 3 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. On day 26, another transesophageal echocardiograph was performed and showed that the vegetation on the aortic valve had disappeared and the mitral vegetation was greatly reduced. The patient was discharged after 42 days of antimicrobial drug treatment, and follow-up was not possible.
On day 14 after sampling, 2 of 3 anaerobic blood cultures (automated blood culture BACTEC 9240 system (Becton Dickinson, Le Pont de Claix, France) yielded a slow-growing, gram-negative microbe. Blood was subcultured onto Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood (Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) under 5% CO2 and anaerobic atmosphere and resulted in small colonies. This slow-growing microbe was lost after 2 subcultures, and no isolate is available for further description. The isolate retrieved in the blood culture was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The template DNA was prepared from a few colonies that were isolated on the blood agar incubated anaerobically. DNA was extracted by using Fastprep DNA extraction kit (Ozyme, St Quentin en Yvelines, France) according to the manufacturer's recommendations and was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene as previously described (2). Sequencing the PCR product (2) showed a 1,531-nucleotide sequence. This sequence shared 100% homology with that of V. montpellierensis (GenBank accession no. AY244769) and was already reported (GenBank accession no. AY244769) in a previous article (3). In this article, the isolated Veillonella strain (that was isolated from our patient) was first identified as "candidatus V. atypica" since the sequencing of the amplicon disclosed 94% sequence similarity with that of V. atypica (3). V. montpellierensis had not yet been described. PCR contamination was unlikely since this organism had never been amplified in our laboratory and negative controls remained negative.
Conclusions
According to the modified Duke criteria (4), our patient had definite endocarditis. Anaerobic microbes do not commonly cause endocarditis (5). Most cases of anaerobic endocarditis are caused by anaerobic cocci, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacteroides fragilis group (5). We describe the seventh reported case of well-documented infectious endocarditis in which a Veillonella species was the sole pathogen and the first due to V. montpellierensis. Characteristics of the 7 Veillonella endocarditis patients are summarized in the Table. Five of them fulfilled the Duke modified criteria for definite endocarditis; the 2 others were possible endocarditis. All previously reported cases of Veillonella endocarditis were due to either V. dispar (9,10), V. parvula (11), or V. alcalescens (6–8), currently considered V. parvula (12). One patient had no history of fever (7), and 1 patient had no preexisting valvular disease (8). Five patients had an infected mitral valve; 4 of the 5 had prosthetic valves. Our patient had mitral and aortic endocarditis. All patients had positive blood culture except 2, for whom the diagnosis was made by culturing the valve (6,11). Veillonella spp. had also been isolated from intravenous drug users with polymicrobial endocarditis (13); V. parvula was isolated from a lung abscess in a patient with echocardiographic vegetations, but blood cultures were negative (14). We could not test the susceptibility of the organism because the bacterium was lost on subculture. In treating infections with Veillonella species, penicillin has been the antimicrobial agent of choice (10). However, recent studies found a notably high resistance to penicillin G (MIC ≥2 μg/mL) (15). These penicillin G–resistant isolates showed generally reduced susceptibility to ampicillin or amoxicillin but remained susceptible to amoxicillin and clavulanate (15). We treated our patient for culture-negative endocarditis with amoxicillin. As the clinical state of our patient improved, we did not change antimicrobial agents.
Our isolate has recently been compared with 3 other isolates and classified as a new Veillonella species named V. montpellierensis by Jumas-Bilak et al. (1). We demonstrate here that V. montpellierensis is pathogenic for humans and may be included as a new agent of endocarditis caused by fastidious pathogens.
We report here the seventh case of endocarditis due to Veillonella spp. identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA gene and the first case of endocarditis due to V. montpellierensis. This case reemphasizes the usefulness of molecular methods in identifying fastidious microorganisms and in describing new clinical entities (3).
Acknowledgments
We thank Richard J. Birtles for his English review of the manuscript.
Dr. Rovery is a physician, who specializes in infectious disease and tropical medicine in Marseille. Her research interests include rickettsial diseases and emerging pathogens.
References
Jumas-Bilak E, Carlier JP, Jean-Pierre H, Teyssier C, Gay B, Campos J. Veillonella montpellierensis sp. nov., a novel, anaerobic, gram-negative coccus isolated from clinical samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:1311–6.
Drancourt M, Bollet C, Carlioz A, Martelin R, Gayral JP, Raoult D. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:3623–30.
Drancourt M, Berger P, Raoult D. Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical clinical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2197–202.
Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VGJ, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:633–8.
Brook I. Endocarditis due to anaerobic bacteria. Cardiology. 2002;98:1–5.
Zussa C, Ius P, Cesari F, Valfre C, Totis E, Canova C, et al. Fortuitous detection of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by an uncommon etiologic agent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:1167–8.
Greaves WL, Kaiser AB. Endocarditis due to Veillonella alcalescens. South Med J. 1984;77:1211–2.
Loewe L, Rosenblatt P, Alture-Werber E. A refractory case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Veillonella gazogenes clinically arrested by a combination of penicillin, sodium paraaminohippurate, and heparin. Am Heart J. 1946;32:327–38.
Houston SD, Taylor D, Rennie R. Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Veillonella dispar: successful medical treatment following penicillin desensitization. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1013–4.
Loughrey AC, Chew EW. Endocarditis caused by Veillonella dispar. J Infect. 1990;21:319–21.
Boo TW, Cryan B, O'Donnell A, Fahy G. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Veillonella parvula. J Infect. 2005;50:81–3.
Mays TD, Holdeman LV, Moore WEC, Rogosa M, Johnson JL. Taxonomy of the genus Veillonella Prevot. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1982;32:28–36.
Levine D, Hadley WK, Mills J. Sextuplibacterial endocarditis: a new world's record South Med J. 1988;81:1592–3.
Sanchez MP, Inchaustegui BL, Ruiz DL. Infective endocarditis and pulmonary abscess in an intravenous drug addict caused by Veillonella parvula. Rev Clin Esp. 1991;188:382–3.
Nyfors S, Knnen E, Bryk A, Syrjnen R, Jousimies-Somer H. Age-related frequency of penicillin resistance of oral Veillonella. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;46:279–83.(Clarisse Rovery, Anne Eti)
Veillonella spp. rarely cause infections in humans. We report a case of Veillonella endocarditis documented by isolating a slow-growing, gram-negative microbe in blood cultures. This microbe was identified as the newly recognized species Veillonella montpellierensis (100% homology) by 16S RNA gene sequence analysis.
Veillonella are anaerobic, gram-negative cocci, part of the normal flora of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal tract. Veillonella dispar, V. atypica, and V. parvula have been cultured from human specimens. They are infrequently isolated in human infections. Rarely, Veillonella species have been the only etiologic agents identified in serious infections such as meningitis, osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection, pleuropulmonary infection, endocarditis, and bacteremia. A new species, V. montpellierensis, has recently been isolated from the gastric fluid of a newborn and from the amniotic fluid of 2 women (1). Its pathogenic role is still debated.
The Study
A 75-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit with septic shock. She had a history of diabetes mellitus. A cardiac murmur had been noted 8 years earlier but was not investigated further. On physical examination, the patient had aortic and mitral murmur. Reagent strip for urinalysis detected leukocytes and nitrites. After 3 blood cultures and urinalysis, the patient was treated for septic shock secondary to upper urinary tract infection with ceftriaxone, 2 g/day intravenously. The patient's condition rapidly improved with antimicrobial drugs and dopamine. Three days after admission, she was afebrile and hemodynamically stable; she was transferred to the urology department for acute pyelonephritis, which had not been confirmed by computed tomographic (CT) scan. Urine culture yielded Gardnerella vaginalis. Chest radiograph showed a patchy density of the right inferior pulmonary lobe confirmed by chest CT scan that suggested either pneumonia or neoplasia. On day 6, a transesophageal echocardiograph, performed because of the cardiac murmur, showed oscillating intracardiac masses on the aortic and mitral valves. Because the blood cultures were still negative, we determined that the patient had culture-negative endocarditis and replaced ceftriaxone with amoxicillin, 12 g/day for 6 weeks, in addition to gentamicin, 3 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks. On day 26, another transesophageal echocardiograph was performed and showed that the vegetation on the aortic valve had disappeared and the mitral vegetation was greatly reduced. The patient was discharged after 42 days of antimicrobial drug treatment, and follow-up was not possible.
On day 14 after sampling, 2 of 3 anaerobic blood cultures (automated blood culture BACTEC 9240 system (Becton Dickinson, Le Pont de Claix, France) yielded a slow-growing, gram-negative microbe. Blood was subcultured onto Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood (Merieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) under 5% CO2 and anaerobic atmosphere and resulted in small colonies. This slow-growing microbe was lost after 2 subcultures, and no isolate is available for further description. The isolate retrieved in the blood culture was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The template DNA was prepared from a few colonies that were isolated on the blood agar incubated anaerobically. DNA was extracted by using Fastprep DNA extraction kit (Ozyme, St Quentin en Yvelines, France) according to the manufacturer's recommendations and was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene as previously described (2). Sequencing the PCR product (2) showed a 1,531-nucleotide sequence. This sequence shared 100% homology with that of V. montpellierensis (GenBank accession no. AY244769) and was already reported (GenBank accession no. AY244769) in a previous article (3). In this article, the isolated Veillonella strain (that was isolated from our patient) was first identified as "candidatus V. atypica" since the sequencing of the amplicon disclosed 94% sequence similarity with that of V. atypica (3). V. montpellierensis had not yet been described. PCR contamination was unlikely since this organism had never been amplified in our laboratory and negative controls remained negative.
Conclusions
According to the modified Duke criteria (4), our patient had definite endocarditis. Anaerobic microbes do not commonly cause endocarditis (5). Most cases of anaerobic endocarditis are caused by anaerobic cocci, Propionibacterium acnes, and Bacteroides fragilis group (5). We describe the seventh reported case of well-documented infectious endocarditis in which a Veillonella species was the sole pathogen and the first due to V. montpellierensis. Characteristics of the 7 Veillonella endocarditis patients are summarized in the Table. Five of them fulfilled the Duke modified criteria for definite endocarditis; the 2 others were possible endocarditis. All previously reported cases of Veillonella endocarditis were due to either V. dispar (9,10), V. parvula (11), or V. alcalescens (6–8), currently considered V. parvula (12). One patient had no history of fever (7), and 1 patient had no preexisting valvular disease (8). Five patients had an infected mitral valve; 4 of the 5 had prosthetic valves. Our patient had mitral and aortic endocarditis. All patients had positive blood culture except 2, for whom the diagnosis was made by culturing the valve (6,11). Veillonella spp. had also been isolated from intravenous drug users with polymicrobial endocarditis (13); V. parvula was isolated from a lung abscess in a patient with echocardiographic vegetations, but blood cultures were negative (14). We could not test the susceptibility of the organism because the bacterium was lost on subculture. In treating infections with Veillonella species, penicillin has been the antimicrobial agent of choice (10). However, recent studies found a notably high resistance to penicillin G (MIC ≥2 μg/mL) (15). These penicillin G–resistant isolates showed generally reduced susceptibility to ampicillin or amoxicillin but remained susceptible to amoxicillin and clavulanate (15). We treated our patient for culture-negative endocarditis with amoxicillin. As the clinical state of our patient improved, we did not change antimicrobial agents.
Our isolate has recently been compared with 3 other isolates and classified as a new Veillonella species named V. montpellierensis by Jumas-Bilak et al. (1). We demonstrate here that V. montpellierensis is pathogenic for humans and may be included as a new agent of endocarditis caused by fastidious pathogens.
We report here the seventh case of endocarditis due to Veillonella spp. identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA gene and the first case of endocarditis due to V. montpellierensis. This case reemphasizes the usefulness of molecular methods in identifying fastidious microorganisms and in describing new clinical entities (3).
Acknowledgments
We thank Richard J. Birtles for his English review of the manuscript.
Dr. Rovery is a physician, who specializes in infectious disease and tropical medicine in Marseille. Her research interests include rickettsial diseases and emerging pathogens.
References
Jumas-Bilak E, Carlier JP, Jean-Pierre H, Teyssier C, Gay B, Campos J. Veillonella montpellierensis sp. nov., a novel, anaerobic, gram-negative coccus isolated from clinical samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:1311–6.
Drancourt M, Bollet C, Carlioz A, Martelin R, Gayral JP, Raoult D. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38:3623–30.
Drancourt M, Berger P, Raoult D. Systematic 16S rRNA gene sequencing of atypical clinical isolates identified 27 new bacterial species associated with humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:2197–202.
Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VGJ, Ryan T, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:633–8.
Brook I. Endocarditis due to anaerobic bacteria. Cardiology. 2002;98:1–5.
Zussa C, Ius P, Cesari F, Valfre C, Totis E, Canova C, et al. Fortuitous detection of prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by an uncommon etiologic agent. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:1167–8.
Greaves WL, Kaiser AB. Endocarditis due to Veillonella alcalescens. South Med J. 1984;77:1211–2.
Loewe L, Rosenblatt P, Alture-Werber E. A refractory case of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Veillonella gazogenes clinically arrested by a combination of penicillin, sodium paraaminohippurate, and heparin. Am Heart J. 1946;32:327–38.
Houston SD, Taylor D, Rennie R. Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Veillonella dispar: successful medical treatment following penicillin desensitization. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1013–4.
Loughrey AC, Chew EW. Endocarditis caused by Veillonella dispar. J Infect. 1990;21:319–21.
Boo TW, Cryan B, O'Donnell A, Fahy G. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Veillonella parvula. J Infect. 2005;50:81–3.
Mays TD, Holdeman LV, Moore WEC, Rogosa M, Johnson JL. Taxonomy of the genus Veillonella Prevot. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1982;32:28–36.
Levine D, Hadley WK, Mills J. Sextuplibacterial endocarditis: a new world's record South Med J. 1988;81:1592–3.
Sanchez MP, Inchaustegui BL, Ruiz DL. Infective endocarditis and pulmonary abscess in an intravenous drug addict caused by Veillonella parvula. Rev Clin Esp. 1991;188:382–3.
Nyfors S, Knnen E, Bryk A, Syrjnen R, Jousimies-Somer H. Age-related frequency of penicillin resistance of oral Veillonella. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;46:279–83.(Clarisse Rovery, Anne Eti)