Buruli Ulcer Distribution in Benin
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《传染病的形成》
Programme National de Lutte contre I'Ulcere e Buruli, Cotonou, Benin
Institut Regional de Sante Publique (IRSP), Ouidah, Benin
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Medecins sans Frontieres-Luxembourg, Cotonou, Benin
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
Universite d'Abomey, Calavi, Benin
To the Editor: Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, commonly called Buruli ulcer, is an emerging infectious disease in West Africa (1,2). Several forms of Buruli ulcer exist; large, chronic ulcerations or indurated plaques of the skin are the most frequent manifestations of the disease (1), and bone is sometimes involved (3). Little is known about the focal epidemiology of Buruli ulcer; incidence, prevalence, and other data are usually reported at the national or district level (4). These data convey the importance of the disease but do not show the wide variations that occur at the village level within a given district. In 2002, we investigated the disease in an arrondissement (Gnizounme) in an area in which Buruli ulcer is endemic, the commune of Lalo in Benin. Prevalence rates of Buruli ulcer varied from 0.58 to 32.62 per 1,000 inhabitants of villages in the same arrondissement. For Gnizounme Arrondissement, the overall prevalence was 10.70 per 1,000 inhabitants. These results confirmed that distribution of Buruli ulcer must be determined at geopolitical divisions lower than district or national levels, as is frequently assumed to be the case.
An inverse relationship exists between the prevalence of Buruli ulcer and distance from the Couffo River, which drains the arrondissement of Gnizounme. A comparison of the relevant data for Assogbahoue and Tandji villages shows that the number of patients per 1,000 inhabitants increases gradually from 0.58 to 32.62 as the distance from the river decreases from 10 to 1 km.
Recently, aquatic insects have been considered potential vectors of M. ulcerans (5,6). These aquatic insects can fly many kilometers from their source (7). This finding may partially explain how patients who live farther distances from their source of water become infected, but not as often as those who live closer. Some water bugs obtained from water collection points along the Couffo River in the village of Tandji were found to be positive for M. ulcerans by using PCR with specific insertion sequence 2404 as a target (8).
If we consider domestic water sources in the arrondissement of Gnizounme, only Tandji (32.62 Buruli ulcer patients per 1,000 inhabitants) used water directly from the Couffo River. Other villages employed protected water sources for domestic purposes (boreholes, cisterns, or piped water from artesian wells). These results are similar to Barker's findings in Uganda, which showed that families who used unprotected sources of water for domestic purposes had higher prevalence rates of Buruli ulcer than those who used boreholes (9). Consequently, besides the possible influence of distance from the river on disease prevalence through potential vectors, such as insects or other factors, we hypothesize that the use of river water for domestic purposes may also play a role in the elevated prevalence of the disease in Tandji village. If this hypothesis is confirmed, preventive public health programs based on strategies that provide protected water supply systems to villages must be developed to reduce the frequency of the disease.
Determining the complex relationship between distance from the Couffo River and the numbers of cases and level of protection of water supply is difficult. Our findings argue for the need to perform additional epidemiologic studies to understand more completely the key factors that determine the distribution of the disease in the entire commune of Lalo.
References
Asiedu K, Scherpbier R, Raviglione M. Buruli ulcer—Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, Zinsou C, Meyers WM, Guedenon A, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital, southern Benin, 1997–2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1391–8.
Portaels F, Zinsou C, Aguiar J, Debacker M, de Biurrun E, Guedenon A, et al. Les atteintes osseuses dans l'ulcere de Buruli: a propos de 73 cas. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre-Mer. 2003;43:161–90.
Amofah GK, Bonsu F, Tetteh C, Okrah J, Asamoa K, Asiedu K, et al. Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:167–70.
Portaels F, Elsen P, Guimaraes-Peres A, Fonteyne PA, Meyers WM. Insects in the transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Lancet. 1999;353:986.
Marsollier L, Robert R, Aubry J, Saint-Andre JP, Kouakou H, Legras P, et al. Aquatic insect as a vector for Mycobacterium ulcerans. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:4623–8.
Menke AS. The semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey; Volume 21. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1979.
Kotlowski R, Martin A, Ablordey A, Chemlal A, Fonteyne PA, Portaels F. One-tube cell lysis and DNA extraction procedure for PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in aquatic insects, mollusks and fish. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:5679–81.
Barker DJP, Carswell JW. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection among tsetse control workers in Uganda. Int J Epid. 1973;2:161–5.(Roch Christian Johnson, M)
Institut Regional de Sante Publique (IRSP), Ouidah, Benin
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Medecins sans Frontieres-Luxembourg, Cotonou, Benin
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
Universite d'Abomey, Calavi, Benin
To the Editor: Mycobacterium ulcerans disease, commonly called Buruli ulcer, is an emerging infectious disease in West Africa (1,2). Several forms of Buruli ulcer exist; large, chronic ulcerations or indurated plaques of the skin are the most frequent manifestations of the disease (1), and bone is sometimes involved (3). Little is known about the focal epidemiology of Buruli ulcer; incidence, prevalence, and other data are usually reported at the national or district level (4). These data convey the importance of the disease but do not show the wide variations that occur at the village level within a given district. In 2002, we investigated the disease in an arrondissement (Gnizounme) in an area in which Buruli ulcer is endemic, the commune of Lalo in Benin. Prevalence rates of Buruli ulcer varied from 0.58 to 32.62 per 1,000 inhabitants of villages in the same arrondissement. For Gnizounme Arrondissement, the overall prevalence was 10.70 per 1,000 inhabitants. These results confirmed that distribution of Buruli ulcer must be determined at geopolitical divisions lower than district or national levels, as is frequently assumed to be the case.
An inverse relationship exists between the prevalence of Buruli ulcer and distance from the Couffo River, which drains the arrondissement of Gnizounme. A comparison of the relevant data for Assogbahoue and Tandji villages shows that the number of patients per 1,000 inhabitants increases gradually from 0.58 to 32.62 as the distance from the river decreases from 10 to 1 km.
Recently, aquatic insects have been considered potential vectors of M. ulcerans (5,6). These aquatic insects can fly many kilometers from their source (7). This finding may partially explain how patients who live farther distances from their source of water become infected, but not as often as those who live closer. Some water bugs obtained from water collection points along the Couffo River in the village of Tandji were found to be positive for M. ulcerans by using PCR with specific insertion sequence 2404 as a target (8).
If we consider domestic water sources in the arrondissement of Gnizounme, only Tandji (32.62 Buruli ulcer patients per 1,000 inhabitants) used water directly from the Couffo River. Other villages employed protected water sources for domestic purposes (boreholes, cisterns, or piped water from artesian wells). These results are similar to Barker's findings in Uganda, which showed that families who used unprotected sources of water for domestic purposes had higher prevalence rates of Buruli ulcer than those who used boreholes (9). Consequently, besides the possible influence of distance from the river on disease prevalence through potential vectors, such as insects or other factors, we hypothesize that the use of river water for domestic purposes may also play a role in the elevated prevalence of the disease in Tandji village. If this hypothesis is confirmed, preventive public health programs based on strategies that provide protected water supply systems to villages must be developed to reduce the frequency of the disease.
Determining the complex relationship between distance from the Couffo River and the numbers of cases and level of protection of water supply is difficult. Our findings argue for the need to perform additional epidemiologic studies to understand more completely the key factors that determine the distribution of the disease in the entire commune of Lalo.
References
Asiedu K, Scherpbier R, Raviglione M. Buruli ulcer—Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, Zinsou C, Meyers WM, Guedenon A, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital, southern Benin, 1997–2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1391–8.
Portaels F, Zinsou C, Aguiar J, Debacker M, de Biurrun E, Guedenon A, et al. Les atteintes osseuses dans l'ulcere de Buruli: a propos de 73 cas. Bull Seances Acad R Sci Outre-Mer. 2003;43:161–90.
Amofah GK, Bonsu F, Tetteh C, Okrah J, Asamoa K, Asiedu K, et al. Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national case search. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:167–70.
Portaels F, Elsen P, Guimaraes-Peres A, Fonteyne PA, Meyers WM. Insects in the transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Lancet. 1999;353:986.
Marsollier L, Robert R, Aubry J, Saint-Andre JP, Kouakou H, Legras P, et al. Aquatic insect as a vector for Mycobacterium ulcerans. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:4623–8.
Menke AS. The semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera of California. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey; Volume 21. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1979.
Kotlowski R, Martin A, Ablordey A, Chemlal A, Fonteyne PA, Portaels F. One-tube cell lysis and DNA extraction procedure for PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in aquatic insects, mollusks and fish. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:5679–81.
Barker DJP, Carswell JW. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection among tsetse control workers in Uganda. Int J Epid. 1973;2:161–5.(Roch Christian Johnson, M)