Classifying Escherichia coli
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《传染病的形成》
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
Instituto Adolfo Lutz, So Paulo, Brazil
Universidade Federal de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), another DEC pathotype, is identified by the characteristic aggregative pattern of adherence (AA) in HeLa/HEp-2 cells; bacteria attach in aggregates to cell surfaces as well as around cells (1,3). EAEC colonizes the intestinal mucosa, forming a thick biofilm that favors prolonged colonization and induces malnutrition (1–3). Actually, this pathotype is heterogeneous regarding the presence of putative virulence genes and has recently been subgrouped into typical and atypical EAEC, which carry and lack AggR (a global regulator of EAEC virulence), respectively (1,3).
We recently conducted a study at the Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martago Gesteria in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the etiology of diarrhea affecting children of low socioeconomic status (V.B.C. Giro et al., unpub. data). In the study, all E. coli isolates were analyzed regarding their adherence patterns in HeLa cells and the presence of specific virulence genes of the DEC pathotypes, according to previously reported methods (4,5). Among 481 children (<2 years old) with diarrhea who were examined, 16 (3.3%) carried E. coli strains that co-expressed LA and AA (LA/AA), a phenotype not found among strains of 99 control children without diarrhea at the same hospital. The LA/AA phenotype was confirmed in individual colonies of each strain as well as in HEp-2 cells. In both cell lineages, prolonged assays (6 hours) showed that a mature biofilm that masked the LA phenotype had developed.
Although LA/AA co-expression in some human E. coli has been previously reported by Bouzari et al. (6), further information on these isolates is lacking. Moreover, since the expression of LA and AA is used to classify fecal E. coli as typical EPEC and EAEC (1,3), respectively, the classification of such strains within the DEC pathotypes is difficult. To determine their most appropriate classification, we further characterized the 16 LA/AA strains of our collection (Table). Colony hybridization assays used to search for additional E. coli virulence genes (bfpA, perA, E-hly, daaC, cdt, cnf, hly, aggR, aggC, aafC, aap, shf, irp2, pet, pic, astA, pap, afa, sfa, efa, paa, saa, enfA) (1,3–5,7) showed that all strains carried eae, bfpA, and perA, and 13 also carried the EAF sequence (a cryptic pEAF marker). Less commonly found genes were paa, shf, irp2, astA, and efa, and the remaining genes were absent. BFP expression was confirmed in all strains by immunoblot, and positivity in the fluorescent actin staining assay (8) demonstrated that they can produce attaching/effacing lesions. PCR analysis of 4 (α, β, γ, and δ) (9) of at least 10 recognized intimin subtypes (1) showed that subtype δ was the most frequent. Serotyping (5) identified at least 10 distinct serotypes among the 16 strains, which demonstrated that they do not make up a single clone. Two serotypes (O119:H6 and O142:H6) are commonly found among typical EPEC (2). Certain typical and atypical EPEC serotypes have been associated with distinct intimin subtypes (9). Likewise, our LA/AA strains of the same serotype carried the same intimin subtype. Recently, Carvalho et al. (10) detected LA/AA expression in 4 of 21 eae-positive E. coli strains isolated from monkeys with diarrhea. All 4 strains expressed BFP and lacked the EAF sequence; as in our study, 1 belonged to serotype O142:H6 and carried intimin α.
E. coli classification within the DEC pathotypes has epidemiologic and clinical implications for managing diarrheal diseases. However, finding E. coli isolates that co-express LA/AA reiterates the difficulty of assigning bacteria to groups on the basis of their adherence phenotype or genotype (particularly when based on mobile genetic elements). Since our analysis with molecular methods showed that these strains carry more characteristics of typical EPEC and lack the AggR regulon, we propose that they be classified as typical EPEC. Typical EPEC are recognized as pathogens, whereas atypical EAEC are not (3). In addition, the ability to simultaneously induce attaching/effacing lesions and biofilm production may increase the potential of these strains to cause diarrhea and prolong bacterial residence in the intestines, thus worsening malnutrition in the patient.
Acknowledgment
We thank Mnica A. Midolli Vieira for her assistance in the colony blot experiments.
This study was supported by grants from Fundao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP) (02/03900-8 and 04/11926-2) and Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência-PRONEX MCT/CNPq/FAPESP.
References
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HLT. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2:123–40.
Trabulsi LR, Keller R, Gomes TA. Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:508–13.
Nataro JP. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21:4–8.
Vieira MAM, Andrade JRC, Trabulsi LR, Rosa ACP, Dias AMG, Ramos SRTS, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Escherichia coli strains of non-enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serogroups that carry eae and lack the EPEC adherence factor and shiga toxin DNA probe sequences. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:762–72.
Gomes TAT, Irino K, Giro DM, Giro VBC, Guth BEC, Vaz TMI, et al. Emerging enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1851–5.
Bouzari S, Jafari A, Farhoudi-Moghaddam AA, Shokouhi F, Parsi M. Adherence of non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HeLa cells. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:95–7.
Monteiro-Neto V, Bando SY, Moreira-Filho CA, Giron JA. Characterization of an outer membrane protein associated with haemagglutination and adhesive properties of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O111:H12. Cell Microbiol. 2003;5:533–47.
Knutton S, Baldwin T, Williams PH, McNeish AS. Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue cultures cells: basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1290–8.
Adu-Bobie J, Frankel G, Bain C, Gonalves AG, Trabulsi LR, Douce G, et al. Detection of intimin alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, four intimin derivatives expressed by attaching and effacing microbial pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:662–8.
Carvalho VM, Gyles CL, Ziebell K, Ribeiro MA, Cato-Dias JL, Sinhorini IL, et al. Characterization of monkey enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and human typical and atypical EPEC serotype isolates from neotropical nonhuman primates. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:1225–34.(Dennys M. Giro, Valeria B)
Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
Instituto Adolfo Lutz, So Paulo, Brazil
Universidade Federal de So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), another DEC pathotype, is identified by the characteristic aggregative pattern of adherence (AA) in HeLa/HEp-2 cells; bacteria attach in aggregates to cell surfaces as well as around cells (1,3). EAEC colonizes the intestinal mucosa, forming a thick biofilm that favors prolonged colonization and induces malnutrition (1–3). Actually, this pathotype is heterogeneous regarding the presence of putative virulence genes and has recently been subgrouped into typical and atypical EAEC, which carry and lack AggR (a global regulator of EAEC virulence), respectively (1,3).
We recently conducted a study at the Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martago Gesteria in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on the etiology of diarrhea affecting children of low socioeconomic status (V.B.C. Giro et al., unpub. data). In the study, all E. coli isolates were analyzed regarding their adherence patterns in HeLa cells and the presence of specific virulence genes of the DEC pathotypes, according to previously reported methods (4,5). Among 481 children (<2 years old) with diarrhea who were examined, 16 (3.3%) carried E. coli strains that co-expressed LA and AA (LA/AA), a phenotype not found among strains of 99 control children without diarrhea at the same hospital. The LA/AA phenotype was confirmed in individual colonies of each strain as well as in HEp-2 cells. In both cell lineages, prolonged assays (6 hours) showed that a mature biofilm that masked the LA phenotype had developed.
Although LA/AA co-expression in some human E. coli has been previously reported by Bouzari et al. (6), further information on these isolates is lacking. Moreover, since the expression of LA and AA is used to classify fecal E. coli as typical EPEC and EAEC (1,3), respectively, the classification of such strains within the DEC pathotypes is difficult. To determine their most appropriate classification, we further characterized the 16 LA/AA strains of our collection (Table). Colony hybridization assays used to search for additional E. coli virulence genes (bfpA, perA, E-hly, daaC, cdt, cnf, hly, aggR, aggC, aafC, aap, shf, irp2, pet, pic, astA, pap, afa, sfa, efa, paa, saa, enfA) (1,3–5,7) showed that all strains carried eae, bfpA, and perA, and 13 also carried the EAF sequence (a cryptic pEAF marker). Less commonly found genes were paa, shf, irp2, astA, and efa, and the remaining genes were absent. BFP expression was confirmed in all strains by immunoblot, and positivity in the fluorescent actin staining assay (8) demonstrated that they can produce attaching/effacing lesions. PCR analysis of 4 (α, β, γ, and δ) (9) of at least 10 recognized intimin subtypes (1) showed that subtype δ was the most frequent. Serotyping (5) identified at least 10 distinct serotypes among the 16 strains, which demonstrated that they do not make up a single clone. Two serotypes (O119:H6 and O142:H6) are commonly found among typical EPEC (2). Certain typical and atypical EPEC serotypes have been associated with distinct intimin subtypes (9). Likewise, our LA/AA strains of the same serotype carried the same intimin subtype. Recently, Carvalho et al. (10) detected LA/AA expression in 4 of 21 eae-positive E. coli strains isolated from monkeys with diarrhea. All 4 strains expressed BFP and lacked the EAF sequence; as in our study, 1 belonged to serotype O142:H6 and carried intimin α.
E. coli classification within the DEC pathotypes has epidemiologic and clinical implications for managing diarrheal diseases. However, finding E. coli isolates that co-express LA/AA reiterates the difficulty of assigning bacteria to groups on the basis of their adherence phenotype or genotype (particularly when based on mobile genetic elements). Since our analysis with molecular methods showed that these strains carry more characteristics of typical EPEC and lack the AggR regulon, we propose that they be classified as typical EPEC. Typical EPEC are recognized as pathogens, whereas atypical EAEC are not (3). In addition, the ability to simultaneously induce attaching/effacing lesions and biofilm production may increase the potential of these strains to cause diarrhea and prolong bacterial residence in the intestines, thus worsening malnutrition in the patient.
Acknowledgment
We thank Mnica A. Midolli Vieira for her assistance in the colony blot experiments.
This study was supported by grants from Fundao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de So Paulo (FAPESP) (02/03900-8 and 04/11926-2) and Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência-PRONEX MCT/CNPq/FAPESP.
References
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HLT. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2:123–40.
Trabulsi LR, Keller R, Gomes TA. Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:508–13.
Nataro JP. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli pathogenesis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2005;21:4–8.
Vieira MAM, Andrade JRC, Trabulsi LR, Rosa ACP, Dias AMG, Ramos SRTS, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Escherichia coli strains of non-enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) serogroups that carry eae and lack the EPEC adherence factor and shiga toxin DNA probe sequences. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:762–72.
Gomes TAT, Irino K, Giro DM, Giro VBC, Guth BEC, Vaz TMI, et al. Emerging enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1851–5.
Bouzari S, Jafari A, Farhoudi-Moghaddam AA, Shokouhi F, Parsi M. Adherence of non-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HeLa cells. J Med Microbiol. 1994;40:95–7.
Monteiro-Neto V, Bando SY, Moreira-Filho CA, Giron JA. Characterization of an outer membrane protein associated with haemagglutination and adhesive properties of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O111:H12. Cell Microbiol. 2003;5:533–47.
Knutton S, Baldwin T, Williams PH, McNeish AS. Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue cultures cells: basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1989;57:1290–8.
Adu-Bobie J, Frankel G, Bain C, Gonalves AG, Trabulsi LR, Douce G, et al. Detection of intimin alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, four intimin derivatives expressed by attaching and effacing microbial pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:662–8.
Carvalho VM, Gyles CL, Ziebell K, Ribeiro MA, Cato-Dias JL, Sinhorini IL, et al. Characterization of monkey enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and human typical and atypical EPEC serotype isolates from neotropical nonhuman primates. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:1225–34.(Dennys M. Giro, Valeria B)