Mother to child transmission of HIV in China
http://www.100md.com
《英国医生杂志》
The numbers are small but rising, and two provinces have worrying HIV prevalence rates in pregnant women
As the number of people with HIV infection increases in China, the potential for the epidemic to spread from high risk groups to the general population, including children, is a concern. An estimated 840 000 adults and children (a prevalence of 0.1%) were living with HIV in China in 2003.1 That number may approach 10 million by 2010 if the current trends persist.2 An HIV prevalence of over 1% among pregnant women has been considered an indicator of a generalised epidemic.3 Whether that rate is currently being seen in any parts of China is of great public health importance. Here we review the current state of mother to child transmission in China.
The most common modes of HIV transmission have been sharing of contaminated needles among intravenous drug users in southern and western China, unsafe blood collection in central China, and unsafe sexual practices among commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, and migrant workers.4 The potential for HIV infection to spread from commercial sex workers to their clients and then to the clients' steady partners is highlighted by a report on chlamydial infection in the general Chinese population.5 6 The heterosexual transmission of HIV from infected blood donors and infected blood recipients to their steady partners may also fuel the epidemic.7 Thus, many women may become infected with HIV with the potential for subsequent mother to child transmission.
In 1995, the first case of mother to child transmission was reported to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Yunnan province. Since then, data from China HIV and AIDS case reports have shown a small number of cases: 3-4 in 1997-9, 10 in 2000, 32 in 2001, and 41 in 2002.8 However, the proportion of reported cases of HIV and AIDS attributed to transmission from mother to child has increased from 0.1% in 1997 to 0.4% in 2002. Studies have shown a high prevalence (30-38%) of HIV infection among children born to HIV infected mothers in certain areas of China.9 10
In 1995, China's government established a national sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in HIV and AIDS in four target groups: clients of sexually transmitted infection clinics, commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users, and truck drivers. In 1997, the first sentinel site for pregnant women was set up in Yining city, Xinjiang province. Since then, additional national and provincial sentinel sites have been established.
To obtain the most recent estimate of HIV prevalence among pregnant women in China, we ed information from HIV sentinel surveillance reports from the eight provinces with national and provincial sentinel sites. As of 2003, 18 national sentinel sites for pregnant women were set up in eight provinces. The geographic distribution of reported HIV/AIDS cases and national sentinel sites in pregnant women in China are depicted in the figure. In 2003 the average HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the eight provinces of China with national and provincial sentinel sites was 0.4% with a range from 0% to 1.4% (see table on bmj.com).
As two provinces in China have HIV prevalence in pregnant women of over 1%, preventing further HIV infections through heterosexual transmission is an urgent priority. Pilot interventions have been developed by the ministry of public security and the ministry of health to promote the use of condoms at places of entertainment.8
Prevention of mother to child transmission is also an imperative, especially since use of antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and for the infant after birth is an effective measure. Efforts to prevent transmission in China are under way, and China's government has mandated that they be scaled up rapidly. In 2002, the ministry of health and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention joined with Unicef to conduct a programme in Henan province. Voluntary counselling and testing were provided by the health ministry in other areas to facilitate pilot work.8 In addition, under the guidance of the ministry of health, the division of maternal and child health (affiliated with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention) are enrolling women from Guang-dong, Guangxi, Henan, Xinjiang, and Yunnan provinces to find effective strategies.11 In 2004 the ministry of health published guidelines to prevent mother to child transmission, addressing issues of testing for HIV infection, provision of antiretroviral treatment, and infant feeding.12 13
China currently has few HIV cases related to mother to child transmission and an overall low prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women. However, two provinces in China have HIV prevalence rates in pregnant women in excess of 1%, a rate that is indicative of a generalised epidemic. Efforts to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV and mother to child transmission are underway in areas of increasing HIV prevalence in adults. The course of the HIV epidemic in China should be easier to discern over the next few years.
Katherine T Chen, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology and epidemiology
College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA (ktc10@columbia.edu)
Han-Zhu Qian, doctoral graduate student
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1530 Third Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Sentinel surveillance data of HIV infection in pregnant women in China and a map are on bmj.com
Competing interests: None declared.
References
UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance. UNAIDS 2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic 2004. Table of country-specific HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2003. www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/GAR2004_pdf/GAR2004_table_countryestimates_en.pdf (accessed 18 Sep 2004).
National Intelligence Council. The next wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, and China. ICA 2002-04 D. September 2002. www.fas.org/irp/nic/hiv-aids.html (accessed 5 Nov 2004).
Cohen J. Asia and Africa: on different trajectories? Science 2004;304: 1932-8.
Zhang KL, Ma SJ. Epidemiology of HIV in China. BMJ 2002;324: 803-4.
Parish WL, Laumann EO, Cohen MS, Pan S, Zheng H, Hoffman I, et al. Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic. JAMA 2003;289: 1265-73.
Beyrer C. Hidden epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in China: crisis and opportunity. JAMA 2003;289: 1303-5.
Hesketh T, Xing ZW, Lin D. Editorial on epidemiology of HIV in China was misleading. BMJ 2002;325: 493.
China Ministry of Health and UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China. A joint assessment of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in China. www.unchina.org/unaids (accessed 3 Sep 2004).
Li GH, Cheng HH, He Y, Sun F, Zhou ZA, Mei S, et al. An investigation on HIV-1 transmission from mothers to children in selected areas of China. J China STD/AIDS Prevent Control 2002;8: 204-7.
Zhuang K, Gui X, Su B, Tien P, Chen Z, Zhang L. High prevalence of HIV infection among women and their children in Henan Province, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33: 649-50.
Jia GU. Prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV: a new programme in China. Chin Med J 2003;116: 1292.
China Ministry of Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Working guidelines to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. November 2004. www.chinaids.org.cn (accessed 27 March 2005).
Ministry of Health, National Center AIDS, Division of Treatment and Care. China Free ART Manual. August 2004. www.chinaids.org.cn (accessed 27 March 2005).
As the number of people with HIV infection increases in China, the potential for the epidemic to spread from high risk groups to the general population, including children, is a concern. An estimated 840 000 adults and children (a prevalence of 0.1%) were living with HIV in China in 2003.1 That number may approach 10 million by 2010 if the current trends persist.2 An HIV prevalence of over 1% among pregnant women has been considered an indicator of a generalised epidemic.3 Whether that rate is currently being seen in any parts of China is of great public health importance. Here we review the current state of mother to child transmission in China.
The most common modes of HIV transmission have been sharing of contaminated needles among intravenous drug users in southern and western China, unsafe blood collection in central China, and unsafe sexual practices among commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men, and migrant workers.4 The potential for HIV infection to spread from commercial sex workers to their clients and then to the clients' steady partners is highlighted by a report on chlamydial infection in the general Chinese population.5 6 The heterosexual transmission of HIV from infected blood donors and infected blood recipients to their steady partners may also fuel the epidemic.7 Thus, many women may become infected with HIV with the potential for subsequent mother to child transmission.
In 1995, the first case of mother to child transmission was reported to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Yunnan province. Since then, data from China HIV and AIDS case reports have shown a small number of cases: 3-4 in 1997-9, 10 in 2000, 32 in 2001, and 41 in 2002.8 However, the proportion of reported cases of HIV and AIDS attributed to transmission from mother to child has increased from 0.1% in 1997 to 0.4% in 2002. Studies have shown a high prevalence (30-38%) of HIV infection among children born to HIV infected mothers in certain areas of China.9 10
In 1995, China's government established a national sentinel surveillance system to monitor trends in HIV and AIDS in four target groups: clients of sexually transmitted infection clinics, commercial sex workers, intravenous drug users, and truck drivers. In 1997, the first sentinel site for pregnant women was set up in Yining city, Xinjiang province. Since then, additional national and provincial sentinel sites have been established.
To obtain the most recent estimate of HIV prevalence among pregnant women in China, we ed information from HIV sentinel surveillance reports from the eight provinces with national and provincial sentinel sites. As of 2003, 18 national sentinel sites for pregnant women were set up in eight provinces. The geographic distribution of reported HIV/AIDS cases and national sentinel sites in pregnant women in China are depicted in the figure. In 2003 the average HIV prevalence among pregnant women in the eight provinces of China with national and provincial sentinel sites was 0.4% with a range from 0% to 1.4% (see table on bmj.com).
As two provinces in China have HIV prevalence in pregnant women of over 1%, preventing further HIV infections through heterosexual transmission is an urgent priority. Pilot interventions have been developed by the ministry of public security and the ministry of health to promote the use of condoms at places of entertainment.8
Prevention of mother to child transmission is also an imperative, especially since use of antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and for the infant after birth is an effective measure. Efforts to prevent transmission in China are under way, and China's government has mandated that they be scaled up rapidly. In 2002, the ministry of health and Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention joined with Unicef to conduct a programme in Henan province. Voluntary counselling and testing were provided by the health ministry in other areas to facilitate pilot work.8 In addition, under the guidance of the ministry of health, the division of maternal and child health (affiliated with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention) are enrolling women from Guang-dong, Guangxi, Henan, Xinjiang, and Yunnan provinces to find effective strategies.11 In 2004 the ministry of health published guidelines to prevent mother to child transmission, addressing issues of testing for HIV infection, provision of antiretroviral treatment, and infant feeding.12 13
China currently has few HIV cases related to mother to child transmission and an overall low prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women. However, two provinces in China have HIV prevalence rates in pregnant women in excess of 1%, a rate that is indicative of a generalised epidemic. Efforts to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV and mother to child transmission are underway in areas of increasing HIV prevalence in adults. The course of the HIV epidemic in China should be easier to discern over the next few years.
Katherine T Chen, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology and epidemiology
College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA (ktc10@columbia.edu)
Han-Zhu Qian, doctoral graduate student
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1530 Third Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Sentinel surveillance data of HIV infection in pregnant women in China and a map are on bmj.com
Competing interests: None declared.
References
UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS and STI Surveillance. UNAIDS 2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic 2004. Table of country-specific HIV/AIDS estimates and data, end 2003. www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/GAR2004_pdf/GAR2004_table_countryestimates_en.pdf (accessed 18 Sep 2004).
National Intelligence Council. The next wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, and China. ICA 2002-04 D. September 2002. www.fas.org/irp/nic/hiv-aids.html (accessed 5 Nov 2004).
Cohen J. Asia and Africa: on different trajectories? Science 2004;304: 1932-8.
Zhang KL, Ma SJ. Epidemiology of HIV in China. BMJ 2002;324: 803-4.
Parish WL, Laumann EO, Cohen MS, Pan S, Zheng H, Hoffman I, et al. Population-based study of chlamydial infection in China: a hidden epidemic. JAMA 2003;289: 1265-73.
Beyrer C. Hidden epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases in China: crisis and opportunity. JAMA 2003;289: 1303-5.
Hesketh T, Xing ZW, Lin D. Editorial on epidemiology of HIV in China was misleading. BMJ 2002;325: 493.
China Ministry of Health and UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China. A joint assessment of HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in China. www.unchina.org/unaids (accessed 3 Sep 2004).
Li GH, Cheng HH, He Y, Sun F, Zhou ZA, Mei S, et al. An investigation on HIV-1 transmission from mothers to children in selected areas of China. J China STD/AIDS Prevent Control 2002;8: 204-7.
Zhuang K, Gui X, Su B, Tien P, Chen Z, Zhang L. High prevalence of HIV infection among women and their children in Henan Province, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33: 649-50.
Jia GU. Prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV: a new programme in China. Chin Med J 2003;116: 1292.
China Ministry of Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Working guidelines to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. November 2004. www.chinaids.org.cn (accessed 27 March 2005).
Ministry of Health, National Center AIDS, Division of Treatment and Care. China Free ART Manual. August 2004. www.chinaids.org.cn (accessed 27 March 2005).