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A big BiP on the radar screen
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     But John Kearney (University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL) had been working with pre–B cell hybridomas that only produced heavy chains yet suffered no toxic effect, so he questioned the toxicity idea. He started by making a BiP antibody. The unexpected endpoint would be the competitive area of chaperone biology.

    A hybridoma expert, Kearney, along with graduate student David Bole, immunized rats with the mouse BiP-heavy chain complex and made a monoclonal antibody that recognized both free BiP and BiP bound to its target molecule. The team, eventually joined by postdoc Linda Hendershot, used the antibody to follow BiP in two cell lines—a nonsecretor and a secretor—to see how it interacted with Ig molecules at different stages of completion. In the cell line that produced only nonsecreted Ig heavy chains, BiP was stably associated with the heavy chains. But in the cell line that secreted completed Ig complexes of two light and two heavy chains, BiP dissociated from the Ig complex once heavy chains became associated with light chains (Bole et al., 1986). Furthermore, in the secreting line, BiP stayed associated with all of the Ig intermediates until the last light chain was added. They concluded that BiP prevented the premature secretion of incomplete Ig molecules.

    The group also localized BiP to the rough ER. This, along with the lab's unpublished observations that BiP was showing up in every imaginable cell type and in all species tested (even lobsters with no immune system), catapulted the immunologists into a raging cell biology debate about protein transport from the ER. Did receptors carry proteins forward, or was there bulk flow with a retention mechanism for unfolded proteins?

    BiP association (top) disappears once light chain shows up (bottom).

    KEARNEY

    "Here," says Hendershot, now at St. Jude's Children's Hospital (Memphis, TN), "we had an ER protein that associated with every intermediate, but not with the completely assembled complex," thus bolstering the idea of retention coupled with bulk flow. She recalls it being a very intimidating time for the "outsider" lab that had identified what soon turned out to be the first mammalian ER chaperone protein. They had lost the unstable anti-BiP hybridomas, so Hendershot was giving the antibody out in "dribs and drabs" to the "Who's Who of cell biologists" requesting it. She remembers a few investigators "just stopping by" Birmingham to drop in on the lab.

    Just a few months later, the cloning of BiP from rat liver revealed its homology to the heat–shock proteins (Munro and Pelham, 1986)—a group of proteins that both Hugh Pelham and John Ellis had suggested might be involved in regulating protein folding and oligomeric assembly (Pelham, 1986; Ellis, 1987). The term "molecular chaperone" had been used as early 1978 to describe nucleoplasmin's role in overseeing histone–histone interactions. But Ellis expanded its use in 1987 to encompass this emerging family of proteins and their ability to supervise "improper interactions" between incompletely folded proteins.

    Henderson continued to pursue BiP. She and colleagues showed that deletion of the BiP binding site on heavy chains resulted in secretion of intermediate Ig complexes (Hendershot et al., 1987), which "nailed down the idea of retaining proteins." At the same time, sequence mutations of BiP and other resident ER proteins defined the KDEL retention signal (Munro and Pelham, 1987).

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