1999年全国硕士学位研究生入学考试
http://www.100md.com
2001年10月4日
1999年
Part One:
l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion
about economic
recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.
[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being
2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year
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than automo-
bile accidents.
[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times
3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life
and on the vague
changes __ place in our ever-changing world.
[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken
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4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are
being discov-
ered almost daily.
[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through
5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves
the active
participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.
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[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It
6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend
__ such
short notice.
[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on
7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else
is expensive.
[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where
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8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small
children and get
along __ to spend most of their time together.
[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough
9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments
to his
political leaders .
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[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid
10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying
of digital informa-
tion than __ in traditional media.
[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist
11. Your math instructor would have been[A] happy to give you a makeup
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examination had you gone[B] and explained[C] that your parents
had been[D] ill at the time.
12. As the children become financially[A] independent of[B] the
family, the emphasis on[C] family financial security will shift from
protection to save[D] for the retirement years.
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13. Were[A] the Times Co. to purchase another major media
company, there is no doubt that it could[B] dramatically transform a
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family-ran [C]enterprise that still gets 90% of its[D] revenues
from newspapers .
14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A]of subjects from
[B] overfishing to physical and environment[C] factors that affect the
populations[D] of different species.
15 . Convenation calls for a[A] willingness to alternate the role of
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speaker with one[B] of listener[C] , and it calls for occasional
' digestive pauses' by[D] both.
16. If two theories are equal to[A] their ability to account for[B]
a body of data, the theory that does so[C] with the smaller nomber of
assumptions is to be preferred[D].
17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring[A] the seven automakers
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selling[B] the most cars in the state making[C] 2 percent of those
vehicles emissions-free[D] by 1998.
18. As long as[A] poor people, who in general are colored, are in
conflict with[B] richer people, who in general are lighter[C] skin[D],
there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.
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19 . All those left undone[A] may sound greatly[B] in theory,
but even the trust believer[C] has great difficulty when[D] it
comes to specifics.
20 . Even if[A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on[B]
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alternative fuels[C], the cars won' t catch on in a big way when[D]
drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further
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research and fur-
ther thinking about a particular topic.
[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate
22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number
of important practi-
cal __.
[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations
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23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the
bread-winner' s
death .
[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of
24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that
con-
tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .
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[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment
25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth
generat-
ed by American capitalism.
[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial
26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded
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conditions in
certain areas, it is more visible there.
[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental
27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living
in __ popu-
lated areas.
[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly
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28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning
lady
to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across
29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest
his savings
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in stock market .
[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down
30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced
medical
__ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction
, 百拇医药 31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the
__ of high-
er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.
[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope
32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system
will drag
down the economy.
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[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness
33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species.
.
[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline
34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.
[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link
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35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every
chance
to improve my English.
[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify
36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas
that __ disease
resistance in neighboring plants.
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[ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe
37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees
and mem-
bers as well as upon the general pubtic.
[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted
38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which
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was __
from one new moon to the next.
[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed
39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it
was __ to
the issue at hand.
[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant
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40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down
the largest
models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightened
Part two: Cloze Test
Industrial safety
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their safety
programs, work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep
them 42 and active. When the
work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established
_44__ time lost due to injuries
is kept at a minimum.
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Successful safety programs
may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects
of the program.
Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress
safe work practices by _46__ rules
or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal
, http://www.100md.com to the worker. But, there are certain basic
ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are
to be obtained.
There can be no question about
the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone,
safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the
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workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-
erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.
41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with
42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse
43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement
44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless
45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish
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46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying
47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still
48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up
49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations
50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profit
Part three:
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It's a rough world out there.
Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door-
mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily,
if the doormat or stove
failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate
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you for your troubles. Or
so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began
holding more companies liable
for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened , companies
responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to
anticipate every possibLe accident. Today, stepladders carry labels
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several inches long that warn ,
among other things, that you might-surprise! --fall off. The label
on a child ' s Batman cape
cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly. "
While warnings are often appropriate
and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for
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example--and many are required by state or federal regulations,
it isn't clear that they actually
protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer
is injured. About 50 percent of
the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be
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turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some
courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases
where a warning label probably
wouldn't have changed anything. In May , Julie Nimmons, president
of Schutt Sports in Illinois,
successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was
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paralyzed in a game while wear-
ing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed
, but helmets aren' t designed to
prevent those kinds of injuries , " says Nimmons. The jury agreed
that the nature of the game, not
the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same
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time, the American Law Insti-
tute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations
carry substantial
weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies
need not warn customers of ob-
vious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
" Important information can
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get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell
law School who helped draft the
new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its
way, the information on prod-
ucts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and
not as protection against legal lia-
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bility. .
51 . What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C]Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D]Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies
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promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to__
[A]satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B]become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C]make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D]feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern
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53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__
[A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B]helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C]product labels would eventually be discarded
[D]some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be__
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[A] biased [ B] indifferent [ C] puzzling [D]objective
Passage 2
In the first year or so of
Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to
tap
the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more
than a fashion, companies
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have started to buy and sell products and services with one another.
Such business-to-business
sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product
they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies
still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia-
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bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between
them and the supplier, " says
senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies
are limiting the risk by con-
ducting online transactions only with established business partners
who are given access to the
company ' s private internet .
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Another major shift in the
model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for
marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused
on strategies to "pull" cus-
tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies
have developed tools that allow
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companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting
marketing messages di-
rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network
uses a screen saver to deliver a
continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers'
computer monitors. Sub-
scribers can customize the information they want to receive and
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proceed directly to a company ' s
Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting
to use similar technologies to
push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings,
or other events. But push tech-
nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture
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thinks highly of the notion
that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific
request. Once commercial
promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between
the Web and television
fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable
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that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies
to
make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other
pioneers show that a
Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of
interactivity, hospitality, and se-
curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing
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power continues to free fall,
which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
People looking back 5 or 10
years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online
plunge.
55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__
[A] has been striving to expand its market
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[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion
[C]tried but in vain to control the market
[D]has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the
author implies that__
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
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[C]there is a radical change in strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists,__
[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture
[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web
[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set
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[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that __
[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online
customers
[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
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[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing
power
Passage 3
An invisible border divides
those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu-
dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom
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radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have
explored this distinction-in-
deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with
the campaign to put comput-
ers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting
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a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus-
tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally
required by law. It is not
simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are
legally required to attend school into
their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American
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citizen, a character who is in-
complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and
happiness are affected by things
outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it
was legally required for all children
to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that
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some were just not equipped by
nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic
of all industrialized coun-
tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education
advocates forsake
this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise
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cheery outlook. Banking on the
confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing
computers into schools, com-
puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates
over their educational achieve-
ment .
There are some good arguments
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for a technical education given the right kind of student.
Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training
early on in order to make
sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want
to join. It is, however, pre-
sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so
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many scientists, so many business-
men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the
needed number of every kind
of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy
is spread over so many states
and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students,
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professional training might be the way to go since well-
developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference
between having a job and not.
Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very
simple. It does not take a lifelong
acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted
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to become a computer engineer ,
that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer
skills take--at the very longest-a
couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are
only complementary to the host
of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.
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It should be observed, of
course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion
over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom
is__
[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory
[ D] radically reformatory
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60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__
[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers
[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates
[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s
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country the European model of pro-
fessional training is__
[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates
[B]worth trying in various social sections
[C]of little practical value
[D] attractive to every kind of professional
62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__
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[A] included as an auxiliary course in school
[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
[ C]mastered through a life-long course
[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwise
Passage 4
When a Scottish research team
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an
adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he
was opposed to using this unusual animal
husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds
not be used for such an experiment-
although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent
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panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton
President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90
days with recommendations for a na-
tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics
Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has
been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting
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on 17 May, members agreed on a
near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton
' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in-
definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members
are planning to word the recom-
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mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves
the cloning of human DNA
or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached
agreement on a crucial ques-
tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make
it a crime for private funding
to be used for human cloning.
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In a draft preface to the recommendations,
discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug-
gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would
be "morally unacceptable to at-
tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro
explained during the meeting
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that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the
health of the child. The panel
then informally accepted several general conclusions , although
some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued
ban on federal government funding for any attempt to
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clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal
law already forbids the use of fed-
eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring
before birth) for research or to
knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on
embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated
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that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics
not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they
were divided on whether to go
further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete
ban on human cloning. Shapiro
and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in
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a phone interview, he said this is-
sue was still "up in the air. "
63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__
[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
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[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__
[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning
[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
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65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__
[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research
[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__
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[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC'
s appeal
[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Passage 5
Science, in practice, depends
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far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness
of the
minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly
discovered gravity through
the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for
centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton
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for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion
of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they
fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the
earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been
asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon
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How many men would have considered
the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton
did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His
mind was ready for the
unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature
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of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t
have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their
cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is
filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scienlists,
particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression
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that they find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative
thought . I've attended research
conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about
the advisability of continuing a
certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs,
and said "the data are still
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inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have
said, "but what do you
think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?"
The scientist has been
shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course,
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is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ-
ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that
he not only believes them him-
self, but has convinced industrial and business management that
they are true. If experiments are
planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports
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in the science journals indi-
cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research
to produce results measurable
in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to
believe that scientists who know ex-
actly where they are going and how they will get there should not
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be distracted by the necessity of
keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the
microscope. Nor, if regularity
and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist
as the writing of his papers
would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating
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against the "odd balls a-
mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work
well with the team. "
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that
__
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
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[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68 . The author asserts that sclentists __
[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
, 百拇医药
[D]should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists__
[A]have a keen interest in prediction
[B]often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D]stick to "scientific method"
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__
, 百拇医药
[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B]can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D]are mostly underestimated by management
Part IV: English-Chinese Translation
71) While there are almost
as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern
, 百拇医药
practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt
to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own
time and place, each generation of
historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.
In thls search the evidence found
, 百拇医药
is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial
or partisan. The irony of the histo-
rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts
are but contributions to an un-
ending process .
72) Interest in historical
methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity
, 百拇医药
of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels
among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,
the emerging social sciences
seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons
and providing rewarding ap-
, http://www.100md.com
proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies
had to be adapted to a dis-
cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than
the imperatives of the contempo-
rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical
methods were augmented by additional
, http://www.100md.com
methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in
the historical study.
Methodology is a term that
remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 )
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts
peculiar to historical work in
, 百拇医药
general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various
branches of historical inquiry. His-
torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests
that they have been accused of "tun-
nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy.
" Also common in the natural sci-
, http://www.100md.com
ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline
as a whole with certain parts of its
technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional
historians who view history as only
the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science
historians who equate their ac-
, 百拇医药
tivity with specific techniques.
Part V Writing (15 points)
76 . Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at
least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
, 百拇医药
l . effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
2 . possible reason for the effect
3 . your suggestion for wildlife protection
答案:
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C IO. A
11. D, were 12. D, saving
13. C, family-run 14. C, environmental
, 百拇医药
15. B, that 16. A, in
17. C, to make 18. D, skinned
19. B, great 20. D, until
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A
26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C
31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C
36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B
41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B
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46. C 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D
51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. A
56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D
61. C 62. A 63. B 64. C 65. D
66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. A
71.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史
学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外
, http://www.100md.com
界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研
究方法。
74.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适
用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外
部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。, 百拇医药
Part One:
l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion
about economic
recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.
[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being
2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year
, http://www.100md.com
than automo-
bile accidents.
[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times
3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life
and on the vague
changes __ place in our ever-changing world.
[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken
, 百拇医药
4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are
being discov-
ered almost daily.
[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through
5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves
the active
participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.
, 百拇医药
[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It
6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend
__ such
short notice.
[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on
7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else
is expensive.
[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where
, 百拇医药
8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small
children and get
along __ to spend most of their time together.
[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough
9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments
to his
political leaders .
, http://www.100md.com
[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid
10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying
of digital informa-
tion than __ in traditional media.
[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist
11. Your math instructor would have been[A] happy to give you a makeup
, http://www.100md.com
examination had you gone[B] and explained[C] that your parents
had been[D] ill at the time.
12. As the children become financially[A] independent of[B] the
family, the emphasis on[C] family financial security will shift from
protection to save[D] for the retirement years.
, 百拇医药
13. Were[A] the Times Co. to purchase another major media
company, there is no doubt that it could[B] dramatically transform a
, http://www.100md.com
family-ran [C]enterprise that still gets 90% of its[D] revenues
from newspapers .
14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range [A]of subjects from
[B] overfishing to physical and environment[C] factors that affect the
populations[D] of different species.
15 . Convenation calls for a[A] willingness to alternate the role of
, http://www.100md.com
speaker with one[B] of listener[C] , and it calls for occasional
' digestive pauses' by[D] both.
16. If two theories are equal to[A] their ability to account for[B]
a body of data, the theory that does so[C] with the smaller nomber of
assumptions is to be preferred[D].
17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring[A] the seven automakers
, 百拇医药
selling[B] the most cars in the state making[C] 2 percent of those
vehicles emissions-free[D] by 1998.
18. As long as[A] poor people, who in general are colored, are in
conflict with[B] richer people, who in general are lighter[C] skin[D],
there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.
, 百拇医药
19 . All those left undone[A] may sound greatly[B] in theory,
but even the trust believer[C] has great difficulty when[D] it
comes to specifics.
20 . Even if[A] automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on[B]
, 百拇医药
alternative fuels[C], the cars won' t catch on in a big way when[D]
drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further
, 百拇医药
research and fur-
ther thinking about a particular topic.
[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate
22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number
of important practi-
cal __.
[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations
, http://www.100md.com
23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the
bread-winner' s
death .
[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of
24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that
con-
tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .
, http://www.100md.com
[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment
25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth
generat-
ed by American capitalism.
[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial
26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded
, 百拇医药
conditions in
certain areas, it is more visible there.
[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental
27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living
in __ popu-
lated areas.
[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly
, 百拇医药
28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning
lady
to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.
[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across
29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest
his savings
, http://www.100md.com
in stock market .
[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down
30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced
medical
__ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction
, 百拇医药 31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the
__ of high-
er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.
[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope
32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system
will drag
down the economy.
, 百拇医药
[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness
33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species.
.
[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline
34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.
[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link
, 百拇医药
35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every
chance
to improve my English.
[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify
36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas
that __ disease
resistance in neighboring plants.
, 百拇医药
[ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe
37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees
and mem-
bers as well as upon the general pubtic.
[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted
38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which
, 百拇医药
was __
from one new moon to the next.
[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed
39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it
was __ to
the issue at hand.
[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant
, 百拇医药
40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down
the largest
models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.
[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightened
Part two: Cloze Test
Industrial safety
, 百拇医药 does not just happen.Companies _41__ low accident rates plan
their safety
programs, work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep
them 42 and active. When the
work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established
_44__ time lost due to injuries
is kept at a minimum.
, 百拇医药
Successful safety programs
may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects
of the program.
Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress
safe work practices by _46__ rules
or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal
, http://www.100md.com to the worker. But, there are certain basic
ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are
to be obtained.
There can be no question about
the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone,
safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the
, 百拇医药
workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-
erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.
41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with
42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse
43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement
44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless
45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish
, 百拇医药
46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying
47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still
48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up
49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations
50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profit
Part three:
, 百拇医药 Passage l
It's a rough world out there.
Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door-
mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily,
if the doormat or stove
failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate
, 百拇医药
you for your troubles. Or
so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began
holding more companies liable
for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened , companies
responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to
anticipate every possibLe accident. Today, stepladders carry labels
, 百拇医药
several inches long that warn ,
among other things, that you might-surprise! --fall off. The label
on a child ' s Batman cape
cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly. "
While warnings are often appropriate
and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for
, 百拇医药
example--and many are required by state or federal regulations,
it isn't clear that they actually
protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer
is injured. About 50 percent of
the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be
, http://www.100md.com
turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some
courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases
where a warning label probably
wouldn't have changed anything. In May , Julie Nimmons, president
of Schutt Sports in Illinois,
successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was
, http://www.100md.com
paralyzed in a game while wear-
ing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed
, but helmets aren' t designed to
prevent those kinds of injuries , " says Nimmons. The jury agreed
that the nature of the game, not
the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same
, http://www.100md.com
time, the American Law Insti-
tute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations
carry substantial
weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies
need not warn customers of ob-
vious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
" Important information can
, http://www.100md.com
get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell
law School who helped draft the
new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its
way, the information on prod-
ucts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and
not as protection against legal lia-
, 百拇医药
bility. .
51 . What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
[C]Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
[D]Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies
, http://www.100md.com
promised.
52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to__
[A]satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
[B]become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
[C]make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
[D]feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern
, http://www.100md.com
53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__
[A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law
[B]helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
[C]product labels would eventually be discarded
[D]some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be__
, 百拇医药
[A] biased [ B] indifferent [ C] puzzling [D]objective
Passage 2
In the first year or so of
Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to
tap
the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more
than a fashion, companies
, 百拇医药
have started to buy and sell products and services with one another.
Such business-to-business
sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product
they're looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies
still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia-
, 百拇医药
bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between
them and the supplier, " says
senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies
are limiting the risk by con-
ducting online transactions only with established business partners
who are given access to the
company ' s private internet .
, 百拇医药
Another major shift in the
model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for
marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused
on strategies to "pull" cus-
tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies
have developed tools that allow
, 百拇医药
companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting
marketing messages di-
rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network
uses a screen saver to deliver a
continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers'
computer monitors. Sub-
scribers can customize the information they want to receive and
, http://www.100md.com
proceed directly to a company ' s
Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting
to use similar technologies to
push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings,
or other events. But push tech-
nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture
, http://www.100md.com
thinks highly of the notion
that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific
request. Once commercial
promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between
the Web and television
fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable
, 百拇医药
that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies
to
make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other
pioneers show that a
Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of
interactivity, hospitality, and se-
curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing
, 百拇医药
power continues to free fall,
which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
People looking back 5 or 10
years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online
plunge.
55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__
[A] has been striving to expand its market
, 百拇医药
[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion
[C]tried but in vain to control the market
[D]has been booming for one year or so
56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the
author implies that__
[A] the technology is popular with many Web users
[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
, 百拇医药
[C]there is a radical change in strategy
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners
57. In the view of Net purists,__
[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture
[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web
[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set
, http://www.100md.com
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests
58. We learn from the last paragraph that __
[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online
customers
[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
, http://www.100md.com
[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing
power
Passage 3
An invisible border divides
those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu-
dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom
, 百拇医药 for broader reasons of
radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have
explored this distinction-in-
deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with
the campaign to put comput-
ers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting
, 百拇医药
a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus-
tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally
required by law. It is not
simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are
legally required to attend school into
their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American
, http://www.100md.com
citizen, a character who is in-
complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and
happiness are affected by things
outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it
was legally required for all children
to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that
, 百拇医药
some were just not equipped by
nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic
of all industrialized coun-
tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education
advocates forsake
this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise
, 百拇医药
cheery outlook. Banking on the
confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing
computers into schools, com-
puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates
over their educational achieve-
ment .
There are some good arguments
, 百拇医药
for a technical education given the right kind of student.
Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training
early on in order to make
sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want
to join. It is, however, pre-
sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so
, 百拇医药
many scientists, so many business-
men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the
needed number of every kind
of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy
is spread over so many states
and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students,
, 百拇医药
professional training might be the way to go since well-
developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference
between having a job and not.
Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very
simple. It does not take a lifelong
acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted
, 百拇医药
to become a computer engineer ,
that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer
skills take--at the very longest-a
couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are
only complementary to the host
of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.
, 百拇医药
It should be observed, of
course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion
over its purpose.
59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom
is__
[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory
[ D] radically reformatory
, 百拇医药
60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__
[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers
[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates
[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s
, http://www.100md.com
country the European model of pro-
fessional training is__
[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates
[B]worth trying in various social sections
[C]of little practical value
[D] attractive to every kind of professional
62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__
, 百拇医药
[A] included as an auxiliary course in school
[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
[ C]mastered through a life-long course
[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwise
Passage 4
When a Scottish research team
, 百拇医药 startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned
an
adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he
was opposed to using this unusual animal
husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds
not be used for such an experiment-
although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent
, 百拇医药
panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton
President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90
days with recommendations for a na-
tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics
Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has
been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting
, 百拇医药
on 17 May, members agreed on a
near-final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton
' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in-
definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members
are planning to word the recom-
, 百拇医药
mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves
the cloning of human DNA
or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached
agreement on a crucial ques-
tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make
it a crime for private funding
to be used for human cloning.
, 百拇医药
In a draft preface to the recommendations,
discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro sug-
gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would
be "morally unacceptable to at-
tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro
explained during the meeting
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that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the
health of the child. The panel
then informally accepted several general conclusions , although
some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued
ban on federal government funding for any attempt to
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clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal
law already forbids the use of fed-
eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring
before birth) for research or to
knowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on
embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated
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that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics
not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they
were divided on whether to go
further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete
ban on human cloning. Shapiro
and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in
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a phone interview, he said this is-
sue was still "up in the air. "
63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__
[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
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[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning
64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__
[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning
[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
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65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__
[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning
[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research
[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law
66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__
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[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC'
s appeal
[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Passage 5
Science, in practice, depends
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far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness
of the
minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly
discovered gravity through
the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for
centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton
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for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion
of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they
fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the
earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been
asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon
, 百拇医药 and the planets.
How many men would have considered
the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton
did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His
mind was ready for the
unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature
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of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t
have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their
cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is
filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scienlists,
particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression
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that they find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative
thought . I've attended research
conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about
the advisability of continuing a
certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs,
and said "the data are still
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inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have
said, "but what do you
think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?"
The scientist has been
shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course,
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is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ-
ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that
he not only believes them him-
self, but has convinced industrial and business management that
they are true. If experiments are
planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports
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in the science journals indi-
cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research
to produce results measurable
in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to
believe that scientists who know ex-
actly where they are going and how they will get there should not
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be distracted by the necessity of
keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the
microscope. Nor, if regularity
and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist
as the writing of his papers
would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating
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against the "odd balls a-
mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work
well with the team. "
67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that
__
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
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[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
68 . The author asserts that sclentists __
[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
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[D]should be confident about their research findings
69. It seems that some young scientists__
[A]have a keen interest in prediction
[B]often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D]stick to "scientific method"
70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__
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[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected
[B]can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D]are mostly underestimated by management
Part IV: English-Chinese Translation
71) While there are almost
as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern
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practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt
to recreate and explain the
significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own
time and place, each generation of
historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.
In thls search the evidence found
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is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial
or partisan. The irony of the histo-
rian' s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts
are but contributions to an un-
ending process .
72) Interest in historical
methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity
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of
history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels
among historians themselves.
While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy,
the emerging social sciences
seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questtons
and providing rewarding ap-
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proaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies
had to be adapted to a dis-
cipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than
the imperatives of the contempo-
rary world. 73) During this transfer , traditional historical
methods were augmented by additional
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methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in
the historical study.
Methodology is a term that
remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74 )
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts
peculiar to historical work in
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general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various
branches of historical inquiry. His-
torians, especially those so blinded by their research interests
that they have been accused of "tun-
nel method , " frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy.
" Also common in the natural sci-
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ences , the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline
as a whole with certain parts of its
technical implementation. 75 ) It applies equally to traditional
historians who view history as only
the external and intemal criticism of sources, and to social science
historians who equate their ac-
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tivity with specific techniques.
Part V Writing (15 points)
76 . Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at
least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
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l . effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
2 . possible reason for the effect
3 . your suggestion for wildlife protection
答案:
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. A
6. D 7. B 8. D 9. C IO. A
11. D, were 12. D, saving
13. C, family-run 14. C, environmental
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15. B, that 16. A, in
17. C, to make 18. D, skinned
19. B, great 20. D, until
21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A
26. C 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. C
31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. C
36. B 37. A 38. B 39. D 40. B
41. D 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. B
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46. C 47. D 48. C 49. A 50. D
51. B 52. C 53. A 54. D 55. A
56. C 57. D 58. B 59. B 60. D
61. C 62. A 63. B 64. C 65. D
66. A 67. A 68. B 69. D 70. A
71.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史
学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
72.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外
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界并不认为历史是一门学问。
73.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研
究方法。
74.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适
用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。
75.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外
部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。, 百拇医药