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酸损伤所致的兔食管缩短和功能改变
http://www.100md.com 2001年4月15日 《世界华人消化杂志》 2001年第4期
     中国人民解放军第四军医大学唐都医院胸外科陕西省西安市710038

    韩勇, 男, 1970-02-03生, 山东省兖州市人,汉族. 1993年上海第二军医大学医疗系本科毕业,1999年第四军医大学胸外科硕士, 现为博士生. 主要从事肺癌及食管功能研究. 发表论文5篇.

    项目负责人
韩勇,710038,陕西省西安市长乐西路17号,中国人民解放军第四军医大学唐都医院胸外科.

    Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China

    Correspondence to
Yong Han, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an

    710038, Shaanxi Province, China

    Tel. 0086-29-3577736

    Email. np1409@fmmu.edu.cn

    Received2001-01-06Accepted2001-01-11

    

    Effect of acid perfusion on length and function of esophagus in rabbits

    Yong Han, Yun-Jie Wang and Kun Liu

    

    Abstract


    AIM To observe the effect of acid perfusion on the length and function of esophagus in rabbits.

    METHODS Using acid perfusion in the rabbit esophageal lumen (n=10), we established the model. After 30min perfusions of 0.1mol·L-1 HCl 5cm above the LES on four consecutive days, pressure of LES and the length of esophagus were measured, and the change in the esophageal LES mucosa after esophagitis was analysed.

    RESULTS Significant inflammatory changes appeared after the acid perfusions, significant changes of mucosa with hyperplasia of basal cells, severe neutrophils infiltration at lamina propria, hyperemia and dilation of blood vessel in submucosa, and swelling of mitochondria and dilation of endoplasmic reticulum were shown in the structure of LES smooth muscle cells. LES pressure dropped from 1.40±0.14 kPa to 0.71±0.12 kPa (P<0.001). No significant changes in the control group: 1.25±0.14 kPa and 1.36±0.12 kPa respectively (P>0.05), and the esophagus shortening was found after 2 and 4 days perfusion with 0.41cm±0.12cm and 0.69cm±0.22cm, respectively (P<0.05), it reversed partially 30min after perfusion in the 2nd day, but not in the 4th day . No significant changes were found in the control group.

    CONCLUSION Acid perfusions caused the shortening of esophagus and drop of LES pressure, and might play a role in the forming of hiatus hernia.

    Subject headings acids/adverse effect; burns, chemical/pathology; burns, chemical/physiopathology; esophagus/pathology; esophagus/physiopathology; hernia, hiatal

    Han Y, Wang YJ, Liu K. Effect of acid perfusion on length and function of esophagus in rabbits. 

    Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi, 2001;9(4):372-375

    

    摘要


    目的 观察酸灌注损伤对兔食管长度及功能的影响.

    方法 采用食管腔内灌注方法,用0.1mol·L-1 HCl 以1mL·min-1的速度,行兔(n=10)食管灌注,每天30min连续4d,测定食管下括约肌(LES)的压力及食管长度的变化,结合食管灌注后病理改变进行分析.

    结果 酸灌注后LES粘膜产生明显的炎症改变,光镜下可见,实验组家兔食管粘膜基底细胞层明显增生,固有层中性粒细胞增生,粘膜下层内血管扩张,充血,电镜下可见平滑肌细胞内线粒体肿大,嵴溶解,周围肌浆网明显扩张,肌丝部分溶解减少. LES的压力在0.1mol·L-1 HCl灌注4d时明显下降. 灌注前后LES的平均压力分别为:1.40kPa±0.14kPa及0.71kPa±0.12kPa (P<0.001). 对照组压力未见显著改变. 生理盐水灌注组灌注前后LES的平均压力分别为:1.25kPa±0.14kPa及1.36kPa±0.12kPa (P>0.05). 食管长度明显缩短d2及d4缩短分别为0.41cm±0.12cm及0.69cm±0.22cm (P<0.05),其中d2实验组于灌注后30min食管长度可恢复正常,而于d4 30min后仍不能恢复正常. 对照组均无明显变化(P>0.05).

    结论 酸灌注可以影响食管LES压力及平滑肌细胞的结构功能,同时导致食管长度缩短,这可能是导致食管裂孔疝形成的原因.

    主题词 酸类/副作用;烧伤,化学/病理学;烧伤,化学/病理生理学;食管/病理学;食管/病理生理学;疝,食管破裂/病因学

    韩勇, 王云杰, 刘锟. 酸损伤所致的兔食管缩短和功能改变. 世界华人消化杂志,2001;9(4):372-375

    0 引言

    胃食管反流病[1-6]是食管过多过久地暴露于胃液中引起的粘膜受损的一种慢性疾病,可以引起食管炎、Barrett食管[7-10]等,甚至癌变[11-15]. 其发病机制为多因素共同作用的结果,目前普遍认为反流的产生与胃酸等反流物质对食管粘膜的损害, 食管的功能障碍及食管对反流物质清除能力的削弱等有关[16-19]. 食管裂孔疝多为先天性,后天亦可发生. 其原因尚不清楚,通常认为由于腹腔压力高于胸腔,同时食管裂孔周围结构异常、薄弱而导致食管胃接合部进入胸腔[20-22]. 这两种疾病经常共同存在,但其之间的关系尚不明确. 目前国内对此研究尚少,国外报道证实,这两种疾病的共同存在并非巧合[23,24],1989年Shirazi et al[25]在负鼠模型上行短期酸灌注后发现LES位置改变,提示酸损伤可能影响食管的长度. 为进一步研究,我们采用建立的酸灌注兔食管炎模型[26],通过4d灌注观察LES的压力及食管长度的变化及其影响因素,初步研究胃食管反流病与食管裂孔疝两者之间的相互影响.

    1 材料和方法

    1.1 材料
家兔20只,雌雄不拘,体质量2kg~3kg. 购于我院实验动物中心,实验前于我科实验室正规饲养1wk. 速眠新(农牧大学军事兽医研究所). 压力测定仪采用北京航天医学工程研究所和西安医科大学联合研制的SGY-2型消化道测压仪.

    1.2 方法 酸灌注兔食管炎模型的建立:取家兔20只随机分为2组. 分别为实验组,对照组. 实验组于术前禁食12h. 用速眠新0.2mL·kg-1 im麻醉. 插入胃管至贲门LES处,LES位置的确定采用食管灌注测压的方法,根据LES处的特定波形来定位,定位后测量距门齿的长度,向后拉出至贲门上3cm~5cm. 灌注0.1mol·L-1 HCl (1mL·min-1)共30min, 以此方法连续灌注4d,同时于灌注前后测定LES的压力. 4d后于家兔耳静脉注入空气约20mL,致家兔死亡后剖腹立即取出食管及贲门,在胃贲门与食管相连处有一呈壶腹状膨大且粘膜增厚,肌纤维呈环形排列的节段,该节段即LES. 剥去浆膜, 环形切取带有粘膜的LES约0.8cm,固定后制备光镜及电镜标本. 以同样的步骤方法灌注生理盐水4d为对照组. 兔食管长度的测量:将带有刻度的胃管插入至贲门LES处(LES位置的确定采用食管灌注测压的方法,根据LES处的特定波形来定位), 记录距门齿的长度为食管长度,分别在灌注前及灌注后10min及30min 测量.食管改变长度=灌注前食管长度-灌注后食管长度.

    统计学处理数据均采用x±s表示, 统计采用t检验方法,数据分析软件为SPSS软件.

    2 结果

    2.1 家兔LES形态学特征
应用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法,在正常家兔LES横切片上观察到:LES由外侧纵肌、中间的粗大环肌与内侧的粘膜构成. LES的环肌、纵肌完全由平滑肌细胞构成. LES与食管相接处,环肌层渐薄,可见掺杂少许横纹肌纤维(图1). 实验组家兔LES粘膜明显发红,部分粘膜可见上皮脱落、表面溃疡. 光镜下可见,实验组家兔食管粘膜基底细胞层明显增生占粘膜全层15%以上,固有层中性粒细胞增生,粘膜下层内血管扩张,充血,部分鳞状上皮固缩脱落(图2),食管肌层未出现纤维化(图3). 对照组未见明显异常. 电子显微镜下可见, 连续灌注4d之实验组平滑肌细胞内线粒体肿大,嵴溶解,周围肌浆网明显扩张,肌丝部分溶解减少(图4, 5). 对照组未见异常.

    图1 正常食管LES的平滑肌掺杂少许横纹肌纤维. HE×40

    2 酸灌注后兔食管粘膜出现明显的炎性光镜改变. HE×40

    3 酸灌注后兔食管肌层未出现纤维化. HE×40

    4 酸灌注后兔LES平滑肌细胞的电镜下改变. TEM×10000

    5 酸灌注后兔LES平滑肌细胞的电镜下改变. TEM×30000

    2.2 LES的压力改变 LES的压力在0.1mol·L-1 HCl灌注4d时明显下降. 灌注前LES的平均压力为(1.40±0.14)kPa及(0.71±0.12)kPa (P<0.001). 对照组压力未见显著改变. 生理盐水灌注组灌注前后LES的平均压力分别为(1.25±0.14)kPa及(1.36±0.12)kPa (P>0.05).

    2.3食管长度的改变 分别测量灌注2d及4d,灌注后10min与30min食管长度缩短明显(P<0.05,见表1),其中2d灌注后30min,食管长度可恢复正常(P>0.05),而于4d 30min后实验组仍不能恢复正常(P<0.05). 对照组均无明显变化(P>0.05). 

    表1 酸灌注后食管长度的改变(n=10, x±s, cm)
分组灌注后时间t/d
24
实验组10min0.41±0.120.69±0.22
30min0.25±0.210.46±0.14
对照组10min 0.15±0.170.19±0.21
30min 0.13±0.180.16±0.20


    3 讨论

    胃食管反流病与食管裂孔疝经常共同存在[28-30],约有60%的反流性疾病伴有食管裂孔疝,但其之间的因果关系许多年来一直存有争议[31-34]. 起初,人们认为食管裂孔疝是导致抗反流屏障受损的主要原因,但随着食管LES功能研究的发展,食管裂孔疝的作用受到了怀疑[35-38]. 近年来,食管裂孔疝又重新引起人们的兴趣,食管裂孔疝破坏了膈食管膜的完整性,损伤了LES压力屏障. 同时,食管裂孔疝导致的反流物质的储存削弱了食管对反流物质的清除能力,从而加重胃食管反流的发生. 临床资料表明,食管裂孔疝的大小与反流性食管炎的严重程度呈正相关[39].

    食管裂孔疝的形成原因尚不清楚,通常认为由于腹腔压力高于胸腔而导致食管胃接合部被“推入”胸腔. 先天性或随着年龄的增长导致食管裂孔周围肌肉薄弱和(或)某种原因导致的腹腔压力增高,被认为是食管裂孔疝形成的主要原因. 虽然这一理论已被广为接受,但尚没有得到直接的实验证据. 另一种可能则是由于食管本身的改变,食管胃接合部被“拉入”胸腔,形成食管裂孔疝. 目前对此研究尚少. 我们在临床上发现许多先天性短食管的患者大多伴有食管胃接合部上移及食管裂孔疝,同时,对于后天性的食管裂孔疝人们作了较多的研究[40-42],Shepherd et al[43]在研究儿童胃食管反流病时观察到,许多胃食管反流病的儿童并没有明显的食管裂孔疝,随着年龄的增加,反流的加重,逐渐出现食管裂孔疝,提示胃食管反流病可能在食管裂孔疝的形成,以及发展中起着重要的作用,但是对其机制及食管本身的早期变化尚缺乏进一步研究.

    近来人们从许多方面探讨了酸损伤对食管细胞结构及功能的影响,但主要集中在食管压力及粘膜改变[44-47]. Morris et al[48]提出细胞外pH下降可使细胞的疏水性明显降低,H+会损伤食管细胞的前上皮屏障,从而影响细胞对酸性作用的抵抗能力. 我们研究组发现早期酸损伤后,电镜下发现上皮的细胞间隙增宽,而晚期除粘膜的抵抗力及PD的进一步下降外,尚可出现细胞坏死,水肿,及棘突层内囊泡形成[49],提示酸损伤改变细胞上皮的通透性,造成渗透压的改变而导致细胞坏死[50]. 目前对其平滑肌所受到的影响的研究比较少,Higgs et al[51]报道发生食管炎的猫食管平滑肌细胞未受明显影响. 我们发现平滑肌细胞内线粒体肿大,且周围肌浆网明显扩张,肌丝部分溶解减少. 证实了酸损伤影响了平滑肌细胞,从而可能影响其肌肉的收缩功能. 这些形态学改变成为其功能改变的基础.

    我们的研究表明,酸灌注后食管LES产生明显的炎症改变,LES压力降低,食管明显缩短. 通常认为食管炎所致的食管缩短是由于长期食管炎症浸透至食管肌层,使组织变厚、变脆,附近淋巴结增大,导致食管壁纤维化,瘢痕性改变,从而导致食管变短. 而我们发现在酸损伤早期就出现食管缩短,此时食管尚未出现纤维化及瘢痕性改变,因此,这种缩短是食管对于酸损伤的一种反应. 食管肌层由外层的纵形肌及内层的环形肌组成,当外层的纵形肌收缩时食管缩短,而当内层的环形肌收缩时食管腔变狭窄,同时,食管的粘膜肌层也呈纵形排列,因此,酸损伤导致的食管收缩是通过纵形肌的收缩导致的. 目前,造成食管缩短的机制尚不明确,其可能原因是食管受到酸性物质等的炎性刺激,引起神经递质如P物质等的释放,导致食管纵形肌的收缩. 另外,食管收缩出现较早,可能与食管粘膜损伤后释放的炎性递质有关,Barclay et al[52]发现,在急性酸损伤后食管腔内组胺的含量升高,提示5-HT及组胺等可能起着十分重要的作用,炎性递质对食管平滑肌和神经支配功能的影响有待进一步研究. 虽然,本实验未进行更长时间的研究,但灌注2d时食管的缩短在30min后可恢复,而4d时灌注后30min仍不能恢复正常,证实食管炎症导致食管的缩短,较长时间的食管炎症导致的食管收缩短时间内不能完全恢复. 反复长期的炎性刺激通过某种信号导致食管的持续收缩,可能会继发永久性的缩短,当然食管壁纤维化,瘢痕性改变也会随之发生,随着这种缩短的加重,食管胃接合部上移,被“拉入”胸腔,导致食管裂孔疝的发生. 酸损伤、反流性食管炎可能是导致食管裂孔疝的形成的原因.

    酸灌注后LES的压力明显下降,证实酸侵害可以造成食管功能下降. Murthy et al[53]证实LES收缩及张力的维持与细胞内Ca2+有密切的关系. 我们的前期工作发现[54],酸灌注后LES的功能障碍可能与酸侵害造成了平滑肌细胞内钙离子的贮存与释放功能损伤及信号转导途径的改变有关. 同时食管的缩短会破坏膈食管膜的完整性,导致His角的改变[55-57],进一步影响LES压力的产生,抗反流屏障的破坏,从而加重酸性物质的损伤,促进食管裂孔疝的发展,形成恶性循环.

    本研究证实酸灌注可以导致食管长度明显缩短,虽然缩短的程度较小,但其病理基础存在,由于人类的食管远远长于兔的食管,其临床意义更加明显. 长期慢性的酸损伤可能是食管裂孔疝形成的原因,这将对胃食管反流病与食管裂孔疝的基础、临床研究提供较大的帮助.

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