Effect of Cardiac Resynchronization on Myocardial Efficiency and Regional Oxidative Metabolism
From the Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (H.U., R.S.B.B., I.B., R.A.d.K., A.S.L.T.); Divisions of Cardiology (E.F.) and Nuclear Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (C.N.); and Heart Failure Research, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, Minn (M.R.S.H.).v.*x|0, 百拇医药
Abstractv.*x|0, 百拇医药
Background— Recent studies have demonstrated increased left ventricular contractility with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using atriobiventricular stimulation. This study evaluated the effect of CRT on myocardial oxidative metabolism and efficiency.v.*x|0, 百拇医药
Methods and Results— Eight patients with New York Heart Association functional class III-IV congestive heart failure were studied during atrial pacing (control) and atriobiventricular stimulation at the same rate. The monoexponential clearance rate of [11C]acetate (kmono) was measured with positron emission tomography to assess myocardial oxidative metabolism in the left and right ventricles (LV and RV, respectively). Myocardial efficiency was measured using the work metabolic index (WMI). Stroke volume index improved by 10% (P=0.011) with CRT, although both global LV and RV kmono were unchanged compared with control. Septal kmono increased by 15% (P=0.04), and the septal/lateral wall kmono ratio increased by 22% (P=0.01). WMI increased by 13% (P=0.024) with CRT.
Conclusions— CRT improves LV function without increasing global LV oxidative metabolism, resulting in improved myocardial efficiency. Oxidative metabolism of the interventricular septum increases relative to the lateral wall, which suggests successful resynchronization.9^6, 百拇医药
Key Words: heart failure • pacemakers • oxygen • metabolism • tomography9^6, 百拇医药
Introduction9^6, 百拇医药
Despite major advances in pharmacological treatment, mortality and morbidity of patients with advanced heart failure (HF) (New York Heart Association functional class III-IV) remain high.1,2 Furthermore, quality of life is poor and the annual hospitalization rate is over 15%.3 A subgroup of HF patients exhibit a prolonged QRS complex (ie, delayed ventricular activation) and asynchronous ventricular contraction, which further impairs cardiac pump function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an attractive therapy that simultaneously stimulates both ventricles and improves HF symptoms and ventricular function.4,5 Therapies that improve left ventricular (LV) function, however, may do so at the expense of increasing global myocardial oxygen consumption,6,7 which can be deleterious in long-term treatment.8 This study was designed to evaluate the effect of CRT on both global and regional oxidative metabolism and on myocardial efficiency in patients with advanced HF.
Methods@l, 百拇医药
Eight patients with a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (all male, age 63±8 years, 6 with ischemic etiology) and New York Heart Association functional class III-IV congestive HF were implanted with an atriobiventricular pacemaker (Medtronic InSync) for CRT.9 Detailed patient characteristics are in@l, 百拇医药
fig.ommitted@l, 百拇医药
Patient Characteristics@l, 百拇医药
We used [11C]acetate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to measure oxidative metabolism and an echocardiographic examination to measure LV volumes and stroke work. These measurements were obtained when the cardiac resynchronization device was programmed to atrial pacing (control) at 10 bpm above sinus rate with natural atrioventricular conduction (control) and during atriobiventricular stimulation at the same rate. The device was programmed to the setting at least 2 hours before the PET and echocardiographic studies. The PET and echocardiographic examinations were performed 58±26 weeks after CRT implantation. The protocol was approved by the institutional ethic review boards of McMaster University Medical Center and University of Ottawa Heart Institute and was carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines.
Patients were positioned in a whole body PET scanner (Siemens ART), and [11C]acetate PET imaging was performed as previously described.7#v;/g, 百拇医药
The reconstructed dynamic PET images were analyzed by applying 5 regions of interest (ROI) covering the septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, whole LV myocardium ("horseshoe" ROI), and free wall of the right ventricle (RV), respectively, in 3 to 5 midventricular transaxial planes. A monoexponential function was fitted to the myocardial time-activity data, and monoexponential clearance rates (kmono) were determined for each ROI and averaged across planes.10#v;/g, 百拇医药
Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed using a cardiac ultrasound system (Hewlett Packard 2500 or 5500). Stroke volume (SV) was assessed using Doppler11 and stroke work index (SWI) was calculated as7,10 SWI=SVI x SBP, where SVI is the SV indexed for body surface area and SBP is the systolic blood pressure. LV volumes were calculated using the method of discs.12 Mitral regurgitation (MR) was quantified by measuring the largest regurgitant jet area on Doppler color flow imaging.13
Myocardial efficiency was assessed using the concept of work metabolic index7,10 WMI=SWI x HR/kmono, where HR is heart rate. All PET and echocardiographic data were analyzed blinded to the patient’s treatment arm and clinical data.cp, 百拇医药
Statistical Analysiscp, 百拇医药
Data are expressed as mean±SD. Comparisons were performed using a paired t test and univariate repeated measurements ANOVA where applicable.cp, 百拇医药
Resultscp, 百拇医药
indicates the hemodynamic results. The HR and SBP were similar between groups. Diastolic BP was higher with CRT. CRT was associated with a decreased LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), a 10% higher SVI and a 15% higher LV ejection fraction (LVEF). There was a trend for increased SWI and decreased MR with reduction of MR jet area with CRT.cp, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedcp, 百拇医药
Hemodynamic Resultscp, 百拇医药
The mean rate of myocardial oxidative metabolism was similar with and without CRT. This phenomenon was observed for both the LV (kmono 0.042±0.003 versus 0.041±0.006 per minute, P=0.86) and RV (kmono 0.040±0.009 versus 0.039±0.011 per minute, P=0.62)
fig.ommittedcn, 百拇医药
A, Myocardial oxidative metabolism index kmono in the LV and RV ventricle. B, Regional oxidative metabolism in the anterior, lateral, or septal walls with and without CRT.cn, 百拇医药
CRT increased septal kmono by 15% (0.045±0.007 versus 0.040±0.005, P=0.04) . However, there were no statistically significant changes in anterior or lateral walls (0.040±0.008 versus 0.038±0.008, P=0.38 and 0.042±0.006 versus 0.046±0.011, P=0.23, respectively). Furthermore, the septal/lateral wall kmono ratio increased by 22% (0.913±0.237 to 1.113±0.249 per minute, P=0.01).cn, 百拇医药
The WMI was 13% higher during CRT compared with control (6.68±3.45 versus 5.91±3.01x106 mm Hg · L · m-2, P=0.024; .cn, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedcn, 百拇医药
WMI with and without (control) CRT. Group mean=39 (); individual values=41 ().cn, 百拇医药
Discussioncn, 百拇医药
Cardiac resynchronization therapy did not have any effect on global LV or RV oxidative metabolism, which suggests that metabolic demand does not increase with CRT. CRT caused an increase in LV stroke volume, ejection fraction, and stroke work, however, resulting in a 13% enhancement of LV myocardial efficiency.
Previous studies have demonstrated favorable acute hemodynamic effects of multisite pacing in HF patients with conduction disturbances, including decrease in LVEDVI, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, MR severity, and increase in SV.14,15 A mild decrease in LVEDVI and MR severity and increase in SV were also observed in this study.k, 百拇医药
RV apex pacing causes an activation pattern similar to left bundle-branch block (LBBB), and it reduces mechanical work in the septum by 50% but increases LV free wall work by 50%.16 In our patients, regional oxidative metabolism was not significantly different during intrinsic ventricular conduction. CRT increased septal oxidative metabolism, however, whereas oxidative metabolism remained unchanged in both the LV anterior and lateral walls. The increase in oxidative metabolism of the septum after a more synchronized LV contraction reflects increased septal workload as it contracts against a greater LV load and actively contributes to LV ejection. The role of the septum in global LV function has been recognized earlier in patients with HF.17 There are no data on regional efficiency in isolated LBBB. Impaired septal glucose uptake but not oxidative metabolism has been reported in patients with isolated LBBB.18
The oxidative metabolism in the RV is also high relative to the LV in this study, which indicates increased RV work.10 RV oxidative metabolism did not change with CRT. The effect of CRT on RV myocardial efficiency cannot be determined from this data because RV work was not measured.l8)', 百拇医药
In acute setting, LV pacing has been reported to increase pulse pressure and dP/dTmax and decrease global myocardial oxygen consumption in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, LBBB, and very mild MR.19 These findings suggest increased myocardial efficiency, although efficiency was not specifically reported. Most of our patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy and moderate to severe MR. Part of the observed increase in SV is likely due to the reduction of MR. However, the increase in forward SV did not result in increase in oxidative metabolism, although this would have been expected with the higher afterload in the aorta (versus left atrium). Therefore, a 13% improvement in efficiency with CRT is not due to the decrease in MR severity but is due to more efficient LV contraction.
In the current study, the observed improvements in left ventricular SVI and LVEF with CRT were somewhat less than in previous reports.15,20 Because the resynchronization device was implanted before the study (median 380 days), CRT may have already had a benefit, and the acute effects may have been underestimated in the current study.&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Conclusions&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves LV function without increasing global LV oxidative metabolism, hence improving LV efficiency. Oxidative metabolism of the interventricular septum increased relative to the lateral wall, likely reflecting enhanced work of the septum as a result of successful resynchronization. These results support the use of cardiac resynchronization to improve LV function in advanced HF patients with ventricular dyssynchrony.&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Acknowledgments&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
The project was supported by grants from Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada and Medtronic Inc. Dr Ukkonen was supported by the International Fellowship Program at the University of Ottawa, the Academy of Finland, and the Finnish Medical Foundation. Dr Beanlands is a Research Scientist supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Ottawa, Canada). Drs Tang and Beanlands were co-primary investigators. The authors thank Erin Niven, MSc, Patricia Theoret-Patrick, RN, Clare Carey, RN, and Karen Hay for technical assistance and Sherri Nipius for her help in preparing the manuscript.
Referenceshzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Eng J Med. 1999; 34: 709–717.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1651–1658.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Eng J Med. 2001; 345: 1667–1675.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Saxon LA, De Marco T, Schafer J, et al. Effects of long-term biventricular stimulation for resynchronization on echocardiographic measures of remodeling. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1304–1310.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Eng J Med. 2001; 344: 873–880.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Wins W, Essmri B, et al. Hemodynamic and mechanical determinants of myocardial O2 consumption in normal heart: effects of dobutamine. Am J Physiol. 1993; 265: H1884–H1892.
Beanlands R, Bach D, Raylman R, et al. Acute effects of dobutamine on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency measured using C-11 acetate kinetics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 1389–1398.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Katz A. Potential deleterious effects of inotropic agents in the therapy of chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1986; 73: 184–190.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congestive heart failure: preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc In Sync Study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998; 21: 2249–2255.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Ukkonen H, Saraste M, Akkila J, et al. Myocardial efficiency during levosimendan infusion in congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 68: 522–531.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Lewis JF, Kuo LC, Nelson JG, et al. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output: clinical validation of two new methods using the apical window. Circulation. 1984; 69: 425–431.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Schiller N, Shah PM, Crawford MH, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989; 2: 358–367.
Spain M, Smith M, Grayburn PA, et al. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by doppler color flow imaging: angiographic and hemodynamic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989; 13: 585–590.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Stellbrink C, Breithardt OA, Franke A, et al. Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy using hemodynamically optimized pacing on left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure and ventricular conduction disturbances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1957–1965.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Le Breton H, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1825–1831.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT, et al. Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1735–1742.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Horne SG, Anderson RN, Burwash I, et al. Differences in ventricular septal motion between subgroups of patients with heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2000; 16: 1377–1384.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Zanco P, Desideri A, Mobilia G, et al. Effects of left bundle branch block on myocardial FDG PET in patients without significant coronary artery stenoses. J Nucl Med. 2000; 41: 973–977.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Nelson GS, Berger RD, Fetics BJ, et al. Left ventricular or biventricular pacing improves cardiac function at diminished energy cost in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle-branch block. Circulation. 2000; 102: 3053–3059.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Kerwin WF, Botvinick EH, O’Connell JW, et al. Ventricular contraction abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy: effect of biventricular pacing to correct interventricular dyssonynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1221–1227.(Heikki Ukkonen MD Rob S.B. Beanlands MD Ian G. Burwash MD Robert A. de Kemp PhD Claude Nahmias PhD E)
Abstractv.*x|0, 百拇医药
Background— Recent studies have demonstrated increased left ventricular contractility with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using atriobiventricular stimulation. This study evaluated the effect of CRT on myocardial oxidative metabolism and efficiency.v.*x|0, 百拇医药
Methods and Results— Eight patients with New York Heart Association functional class III-IV congestive heart failure were studied during atrial pacing (control) and atriobiventricular stimulation at the same rate. The monoexponential clearance rate of [11C]acetate (kmono) was measured with positron emission tomography to assess myocardial oxidative metabolism in the left and right ventricles (LV and RV, respectively). Myocardial efficiency was measured using the work metabolic index (WMI). Stroke volume index improved by 10% (P=0.011) with CRT, although both global LV and RV kmono were unchanged compared with control. Septal kmono increased by 15% (P=0.04), and the septal/lateral wall kmono ratio increased by 22% (P=0.01). WMI increased by 13% (P=0.024) with CRT.
Conclusions— CRT improves LV function without increasing global LV oxidative metabolism, resulting in improved myocardial efficiency. Oxidative metabolism of the interventricular septum increases relative to the lateral wall, which suggests successful resynchronization.9^6, 百拇医药
Key Words: heart failure • pacemakers • oxygen • metabolism • tomography9^6, 百拇医药
Introduction9^6, 百拇医药
Despite major advances in pharmacological treatment, mortality and morbidity of patients with advanced heart failure (HF) (New York Heart Association functional class III-IV) remain high.1,2 Furthermore, quality of life is poor and the annual hospitalization rate is over 15%.3 A subgroup of HF patients exhibit a prolonged QRS complex (ie, delayed ventricular activation) and asynchronous ventricular contraction, which further impairs cardiac pump function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an attractive therapy that simultaneously stimulates both ventricles and improves HF symptoms and ventricular function.4,5 Therapies that improve left ventricular (LV) function, however, may do so at the expense of increasing global myocardial oxygen consumption,6,7 which can be deleterious in long-term treatment.8 This study was designed to evaluate the effect of CRT on both global and regional oxidative metabolism and on myocardial efficiency in patients with advanced HF.
Methods@l, 百拇医药
Eight patients with a dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (all male, age 63±8 years, 6 with ischemic etiology) and New York Heart Association functional class III-IV congestive HF were implanted with an atriobiventricular pacemaker (Medtronic InSync) for CRT.9 Detailed patient characteristics are in@l, 百拇医药
fig.ommitted@l, 百拇医药
Patient Characteristics@l, 百拇医药
We used [11C]acetate positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to measure oxidative metabolism and an echocardiographic examination to measure LV volumes and stroke work. These measurements were obtained when the cardiac resynchronization device was programmed to atrial pacing (control) at 10 bpm above sinus rate with natural atrioventricular conduction (control) and during atriobiventricular stimulation at the same rate. The device was programmed to the setting at least 2 hours before the PET and echocardiographic studies. The PET and echocardiographic examinations were performed 58±26 weeks after CRT implantation. The protocol was approved by the institutional ethic review boards of McMaster University Medical Center and University of Ottawa Heart Institute and was carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines.
Patients were positioned in a whole body PET scanner (Siemens ART), and [11C]acetate PET imaging was performed as previously described.7#v;/g, 百拇医药
The reconstructed dynamic PET images were analyzed by applying 5 regions of interest (ROI) covering the septum, anterior wall, lateral wall, whole LV myocardium ("horseshoe" ROI), and free wall of the right ventricle (RV), respectively, in 3 to 5 midventricular transaxial planes. A monoexponential function was fitted to the myocardial time-activity data, and monoexponential clearance rates (kmono) were determined for each ROI and averaged across planes.10#v;/g, 百拇医药
Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed using a cardiac ultrasound system (Hewlett Packard 2500 or 5500). Stroke volume (SV) was assessed using Doppler11 and stroke work index (SWI) was calculated as7,10 SWI=SVI x SBP, where SVI is the SV indexed for body surface area and SBP is the systolic blood pressure. LV volumes were calculated using the method of discs.12 Mitral regurgitation (MR) was quantified by measuring the largest regurgitant jet area on Doppler color flow imaging.13
Myocardial efficiency was assessed using the concept of work metabolic index7,10 WMI=SWI x HR/kmono, where HR is heart rate. All PET and echocardiographic data were analyzed blinded to the patient’s treatment arm and clinical data.cp, 百拇医药
Statistical Analysiscp, 百拇医药
Data are expressed as mean±SD. Comparisons were performed using a paired t test and univariate repeated measurements ANOVA where applicable.cp, 百拇医药
Resultscp, 百拇医药
indicates the hemodynamic results. The HR and SBP were similar between groups. Diastolic BP was higher with CRT. CRT was associated with a decreased LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), a 10% higher SVI and a 15% higher LV ejection fraction (LVEF). There was a trend for increased SWI and decreased MR with reduction of MR jet area with CRT.cp, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedcp, 百拇医药
Hemodynamic Resultscp, 百拇医药
The mean rate of myocardial oxidative metabolism was similar with and without CRT. This phenomenon was observed for both the LV (kmono 0.042±0.003 versus 0.041±0.006 per minute, P=0.86) and RV (kmono 0.040±0.009 versus 0.039±0.011 per minute, P=0.62)
fig.ommittedcn, 百拇医药
A, Myocardial oxidative metabolism index kmono in the LV and RV ventricle. B, Regional oxidative metabolism in the anterior, lateral, or septal walls with and without CRT.cn, 百拇医药
CRT increased septal kmono by 15% (0.045±0.007 versus 0.040±0.005, P=0.04) . However, there were no statistically significant changes in anterior or lateral walls (0.040±0.008 versus 0.038±0.008, P=0.38 and 0.042±0.006 versus 0.046±0.011, P=0.23, respectively). Furthermore, the septal/lateral wall kmono ratio increased by 22% (0.913±0.237 to 1.113±0.249 per minute, P=0.01).cn, 百拇医药
The WMI was 13% higher during CRT compared with control (6.68±3.45 versus 5.91±3.01x106 mm Hg · L · m-2, P=0.024; .cn, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedcn, 百拇医药
WMI with and without (control) CRT. Group mean=39 (); individual values=41 ().cn, 百拇医药
Discussioncn, 百拇医药
Cardiac resynchronization therapy did not have any effect on global LV or RV oxidative metabolism, which suggests that metabolic demand does not increase with CRT. CRT caused an increase in LV stroke volume, ejection fraction, and stroke work, however, resulting in a 13% enhancement of LV myocardial efficiency.
Previous studies have demonstrated favorable acute hemodynamic effects of multisite pacing in HF patients with conduction disturbances, including decrease in LVEDVI, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, MR severity, and increase in SV.14,15 A mild decrease in LVEDVI and MR severity and increase in SV were also observed in this study.k, 百拇医药
RV apex pacing causes an activation pattern similar to left bundle-branch block (LBBB), and it reduces mechanical work in the septum by 50% but increases LV free wall work by 50%.16 In our patients, regional oxidative metabolism was not significantly different during intrinsic ventricular conduction. CRT increased septal oxidative metabolism, however, whereas oxidative metabolism remained unchanged in both the LV anterior and lateral walls. The increase in oxidative metabolism of the septum after a more synchronized LV contraction reflects increased septal workload as it contracts against a greater LV load and actively contributes to LV ejection. The role of the septum in global LV function has been recognized earlier in patients with HF.17 There are no data on regional efficiency in isolated LBBB. Impaired septal glucose uptake but not oxidative metabolism has been reported in patients with isolated LBBB.18
The oxidative metabolism in the RV is also high relative to the LV in this study, which indicates increased RV work.10 RV oxidative metabolism did not change with CRT. The effect of CRT on RV myocardial efficiency cannot be determined from this data because RV work was not measured.l8)', 百拇医药
In acute setting, LV pacing has been reported to increase pulse pressure and dP/dTmax and decrease global myocardial oxygen consumption in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, LBBB, and very mild MR.19 These findings suggest increased myocardial efficiency, although efficiency was not specifically reported. Most of our patients had ischemic cardiomyopathy and moderate to severe MR. Part of the observed increase in SV is likely due to the reduction of MR. However, the increase in forward SV did not result in increase in oxidative metabolism, although this would have been expected with the higher afterload in the aorta (versus left atrium). Therefore, a 13% improvement in efficiency with CRT is not due to the decrease in MR severity but is due to more efficient LV contraction.
In the current study, the observed improvements in left ventricular SVI and LVEF with CRT were somewhat less than in previous reports.15,20 Because the resynchronization device was implanted before the study (median 380 days), CRT may have already had a benefit, and the acute effects may have been underestimated in the current study.&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Conclusions&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves LV function without increasing global LV oxidative metabolism, hence improving LV efficiency. Oxidative metabolism of the interventricular septum increased relative to the lateral wall, likely reflecting enhanced work of the septum as a result of successful resynchronization. These results support the use of cardiac resynchronization to improve LV function in advanced HF patients with ventricular dyssynchrony.&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
Acknowledgments&y*ixw\, 百拇医药
The project was supported by grants from Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada and Medtronic Inc. Dr Ukkonen was supported by the International Fellowship Program at the University of Ottawa, the Academy of Finland, and the Finnish Medical Foundation. Dr Beanlands is a Research Scientist supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Ottawa, Canada). Drs Tang and Beanlands were co-primary investigators. The authors thank Erin Niven, MSc, Patricia Theoret-Patrick, RN, Clare Carey, RN, and Karen Hay for technical assistance and Sherri Nipius for her help in preparing the manuscript.
Referenceshzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Eng J Med. 1999; 34: 709–717.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1651–1658.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Eng J Med. 2001; 345: 1667–1675.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Saxon LA, De Marco T, Schafer J, et al. Effects of long-term biventricular stimulation for resynchronization on echocardiographic measures of remodeling. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1304–1310.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and intraventricular conduction delay. N Eng J Med. 2001; 344: 873–880.hzq7+/, http://www.100md.com
Vanoverschelde J-LJ, Wins W, Essmri B, et al. Hemodynamic and mechanical determinants of myocardial O2 consumption in normal heart: effects of dobutamine. Am J Physiol. 1993; 265: H1884–H1892.
Beanlands R, Bach D, Raylman R, et al. Acute effects of dobutamine on myocardial oxygen consumption and cardiac efficiency measured using C-11 acetate kinetics in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 1389–1398.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Katz A. Potential deleterious effects of inotropic agents in the therapy of chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1986; 73: 184–190.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congestive heart failure: preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc In Sync Study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998; 21: 2249–2255.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Ukkonen H, Saraste M, Akkila J, et al. Myocardial efficiency during levosimendan infusion in congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000; 68: 522–531.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Lewis JF, Kuo LC, Nelson JG, et al. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output: clinical validation of two new methods using the apical window. Circulation. 1984; 69: 425–431.7k(](t0, 百拇医药
Schiller N, Shah PM, Crawford MH, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989; 2: 358–367.
Spain M, Smith M, Grayburn PA, et al. Quantitative assessment of mitral regurgitation by doppler color flow imaging: angiographic and hemodynamic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989; 13: 585–590.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Stellbrink C, Breithardt OA, Franke A, et al. Impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy using hemodynamically optimized pacing on left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure and ventricular conduction disturbances. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 1957–1965.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Leclercq C, Cazeau S, Le Breton H, et al. Acute hemodynamic effects of biventricular DDD pacing in patients with end-stage heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1825–1831.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT, et al. Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1735–1742.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Horne SG, Anderson RN, Burwash I, et al. Differences in ventricular septal motion between subgroups of patients with heart failure. Can J Cardiol. 2000; 16: 1377–1384.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Zanco P, Desideri A, Mobilia G, et al. Effects of left bundle branch block on myocardial FDG PET in patients without significant coronary artery stenoses. J Nucl Med. 2000; 41: 973–977.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
Nelson GS, Berger RD, Fetics BJ, et al. Left ventricular or biventricular pacing improves cardiac function at diminished energy cost in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle-branch block. Circulation. 2000; 102: 3053–3059.z'$(e(}, 百拇医药
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