Phenotypic characterization of the human myeloma cell growth fraction
http://www.100md.com
《血液学杂志》
the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSeRM) UMR601, Departement de Recherche en Cancerologie, Nantes, France
the Central Laboratory of Hematology University Hospital, Nantes, France.
Abstract
In this study we quantified the proliferation rate of normal and malignant plasma cells (PCs) by ex vivo incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; labeling index, LI) using flow cytometry. We show that all bone marrow PCs, either normal or malignant, include a subset of proliferating PCs present within the CD45bright fraction. Indeed, medullary normal and malignant PCs were always heterogeneous for CD45 expression, and proliferation was always restricted primarily to the CD45bright compartment. Moreover, an inverse correlation was found between LI or CD45 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in both malignant and normal PCs, the most proliferating CD45bright PCs have the lowest Bcl-2 expression. We investigated expression of molecules of interest in multiple myeloma (MM)—that is, CD138, CD19, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD56, and CD11a—to further characterize the CD45bright fraction. Among all of these molecules, only CD11a was exclusively expressed by CD45bright proliferating myeloma cells. In conclusion, proliferating myeloma cells are characterized by the specific CD45bright CD11apos Bcl-2low phenotype. (Blood. 2005;105:4845-4848)
Introduction
Multiple myeloma (MM) is primarily conceptualized as an accumulative disease. Indeed, most studies evaluating the labeling index (LI) of plasma cells (PCs) revealed that it rarely exceeded 1%. However, as early as 1981, Drewinko et al1 showed that in vivo myeloma cells were generally nonproliferating, although a small fraction of them could proliferate (growth fraction, GF). Thus, they proposed the concept that this minor GF could give rise to the major nonproliferating fraction.
Myeloma cells either lack or express a weak to intermediate level of CD45.2,3 However, in previous studies we have shown that CD45 and also CD11a are frequently expressed by a subset of myeloma cells only.3 It has been demonstrated that CD45 expression is highly correlated with the proliferation rate of myeloma cells.4,5 With regard to normal counterparts, PCs are heterogeneous in terms of CD45 phenotype. Recently, Medina et al6 confirmed the association of maturity with decreasing CD45 expression.7-9 Generation of PCs from B cells, mainly studied in vitro in humans, is a multistep process that involves both proliferation and maturation/differentiation.10-13 The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation of different types of normal PCs in relation to their phenotype, especially to CD45, to understand the biology of polyclonal and monoclonal PC expansions that are reactive plasmacytoses (RP) and MM, respectively.
Study design
Samples and reagents
Forty-nine consecutive patients with MM (25 at diagnosis, 24 at relapse) were included in this study. Bone marrow and blood samples from healthy donors or patients with reactive plasmacytosis, and tonsil samples were obtained and prepared as described.3,13 Approval was obtained from the Nantes University Hospital Institutional Review Board for these studies. Informed consent was provided according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Antibodies directed against (1) CD11a, CD19, CD45, CD138, Apo2.7 and (2) CD28, CD38, CD56, 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) were from Beckman Coulter (Miami, FL) and BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA), respectively.
Cell staining
Mononuclear cells (MNCs; 0.5-3 x 106) were stained in a 4-color assay with anti-CD45-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC; J33), anti-CD138-phycoerythrin cyanine 5 (PeCy5; B-B4), anti-CD38-APC (HB7) and control-Pe, anti-CD56-Pe (MY31), anti-CD28-allophycocyanin (Pe; L293), anti-CD19-Pe (J4.119), anti-APO2.7-Pe (2.7A6A3), anti-CD11a-Pe (25.3) monoclonal anti-bodies (mAbs) as described.14 To determine CD45-FITC fluorescent staining, MNCs were stained with isotype-FITC, anti-CD38-APC, anti-CD45-PeCy5, and anti-CD138-Pe mAbs. For intracellular Bcl-2 staining, MNCs were first stained with anti-CD38-APC, anti-CD45-PeCy5, and anti-CD138-Pe mAbs, then with anti-Bcl-2-FITC (124; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) or control isotype-FITC mAbs after permeabilization (Intra Prep; Beckman Coulter). For LI, cells were incubated overnight with or without 50 μM BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Sigma, St Louis, MO) at 37°C in culture medium, then stained with anti-CD45-APC, anti-CD38-Pe, and anti-CD138-PeCy5 mAbs (with anti-CD45-APC and anti-CD38-Pe mAbs for tonsil and blood PCs), permeabilized, and stained with anti-BrdU as described.12
Flow cytometry analysis
Data were acquired by means of a Becton Dickinson fluorescence-activated cell sorting FACSCalibur with CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences).14 PCs were identified using a sequential gating strategy (Figure 1).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum, Spearman correlation coefficient, and the sign tests.
Results and discussion
Myeloma cells and bone marrow PCs were heterogeneous: proliferation was restricted to the CD45bright SSChigh compartment
The percentage of BrdU-positive myeloma cells was low, generally around 1% (n = 49 patients). In all patients, myeloma cells were heterogeneous for CD45 expression and SSC, allowing a delineation of 2 compartments: CD45brightSSChigh and CD45int/lowSSClow. The CD45brightSSChigh compartment was always present, representing 12% (median) of myeloma cells (illustrated in Figure 1). The second compartment CD45int/lowSSClow represented the majority of tumor cells (88%). We observed that the LI of the CD45brightSSChigh compartment was always greater than that of the CD45int/lowSSClow compartment and far above 1% (median, 6.8%; n = 49; Table 1). In general, the CD45brightSSChigh compartment had a 6.8 higher proliferative level than the CD45int/lowSSClow compartment (P < .01). As outlined in Table 1, the LI of the CD45bright compartment could reach 40% of myeloma cells, which was similar to what we observed in reactive plasmacytoses,12 suggesting that in these patients, almost all CD45bright myeloma cells were proliferating. Of note, the total LI correlated highly with the LI of the CD45bright compartment (r = 0.81, P < .001) and less with that of the CD45low compartment (r = 0.44, P < .01).
As observed for myeloma cells, 2 compartments of PCs delineated by CD45 and SSC were found in normal bone marrows (n = 11, illustrated in Figure 1). The CD45brightSSChigh compartment, which represented 65% of the PCs, was highly proliferative (LI = 18.4% for BM1). The second CD45lowSSClow compartment included 35% of the PCs with a much lower LI: 2.6% (BM1 and Table 1). A subset of PCs which lacked CD45 expression was observed in 2 cases.
Tonsillar and peripheral PCs were homogeneous and were capable of proliferation
In Figure 2, we show that PCs from both tonsils and blood, the prototypes of immature PCs, were homogeneously CD45bright and capable of proliferation (LI > 10%). Reactive PCs turned out to be similar to blood PCs with higher LI.
BrdU+ myeloma cells expressed lower Bcl-2 levels
Since we have previously observed that Bcl-2 inversely correlates with the LI in both reactive PCs and myeloma cells,16 we looked for a correlation within myeloma and PC subsets (Figures 1, 2). We found that CD45bright myeloma cells always expressed a lower level of Bcl-2 compared with that of CD45low/neg myeloma cells (P < .01). In normal bone marrow (BM), a significant increase in Bcl-2 MFIR (mean of fluorescence intensity ratio) was observed in the CD45low bone marrow PCs in comparison with that of the CD45bright PCs: 7.4 (4.9-13) versus 4.2 (3.1-9), P < .01. Concerning tonsillar and circulating PCs, we found a highly significant negative correlation between Bcl-2 MFIR and the LI (r = -0.854, P < .001). This inverse correlation in PCs is in agreement with data showing that (1) Bcl-2 negatively controls the proliferation of different human cells types,17 and (2) Bcl-2 transgenic mice have increased B-cell memory and PC-producing immunoglobulins.18 Up-regulation of Bcl-2 thus appears to be a critical event during this process of maturation with proliferation decrease and arrest.
Phenotypic characterization of the CD45bright SSChigh proliferating compartment in MM: only CD11a expression was restricted to the CD45bright SSChigh subset
We further characterized the phenotype of the CD45bright myeloma cells using relevant MM markers (CD19, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD56). As illustrated in Figure 3, CD19, CD27, CD28, and CD56 were expressed or not by myeloma cells, and their expression was unrelated to CD45 subsets. However, we found that CD11a overlapped completely with the CD45bright compartment in all the patients studied (Figure 3), while CD45low/neg myeloma cells were negative for CD11a. Ahsmann et al19 have published that lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) (CD11a-CD18) expression correlated with tumor growth in MM. LFA-1 is involved in either homotypic or heterotypic interactions in MM. Indeed, human myeloma cells, like stromal cells, express the 3 ligands of LFA-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102), and ICAM-3 (CD50).3,20 These interactions, restricted to the most proliferative compartment, could have some important consequences for tumor behavior. For example, we have previously observed that ICAM-2/LFA-1 interactions were involved in the (negative) control of myeloma cell growth through CD40.20
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be a survival and growth factor for human myeloma cells.21,22 More recently, it has been demonstrated that IL-6 preferentially stimulates CD45bright myeloma cells to proliferate23,24 through activation of CD45-associated src kinase.24 Of note, CD45bright myeloma cells express more IL-6 receptors.25 IL-6 is also a survival and proliferative factor for nonmalignant PCs.12,13,26 Taken altogether, these data show that CD45bright myeloma cells, like their normal counterparts (CD45bright normal PCs), could be the main target of IL-6 to sustain survival and proliferation.
In conclusion, we have found that all patients with MM have a small proliferative compartment of myeloma cells characterized by a bright expression of CD45 and a specific expression of CD11a as well as a low Bcl-2 expression (sensitive to apoptosis). This CD45brightCD11apos population of myeloma cells could constitute the growth fraction as defined in vivo by Drewinko et al1 more than 20 years ago. Thus, this "to be killed" population could be targeted through CD45- or CD11a-targeted therapies.
Footnotes
Prepublished online as Blood First edition Paper, March 1, 2005; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4700.
Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (equipe labellisee 2004).
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
References
Drewinko B, Alexanian R, Boyer H, Barlogie B, Rubinow SI. The growth fraction of human myeloma cells. Blood. 1981;57: 333-338.
Jackson N, Ling NR, Ball JJ, Bromidge e, Nathan PD, Franklin IM. An analysis of myeloma plasma cell phenotype using antibodies defined at the IIIrd international workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens. Clin exp Immunol. 1988;72: 351-356.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Barille S, Puthier D, et al. Adhesion molecules on human myeloma cells: significant changes in expression related to malignancy, tumor spreading, and immortalization. Cancer Res. 1995;55: 3647-3653.
Pope B, Brown R, Gibson J, Joshua D. The bone marrow plasma cell labeling index by flow cytometry. Cytometry. 1999;38: 286-292.
Fujii R, Ishikawa H, Mahmoud MS, Asaoku H, Kawano MM. MPC-1-CD49e- immature myeloma cells include CD45+ subpopulations that can proliferate in response to IL-6 in human myelomas. Br J Haematol. 1999;105: 131-140.
Medina F, Segundo C, Campos-Caro A, Gonzalez-Garcia I, Brieva JA. The heterogeneity shown by human plasma cells from tonsil, blood, and bone marrow reveals graded stages of increasing maturity, but local profiles of adhesion molecule expression. Blood. 2002;99: 2154-2161.
Terstappen LW, Johnsen S, Segers-Nolten IM, Loken MR. Identification and characterization of plasma cells in normal human bone marrow by high-resolution flow cytometry. Blood. 1990;76: 1739-1747.
Harada Y, Kawano M, Huang N, et al. Identification of early plasma cells in peripheral blood and their clinical significance. Br J Haematol. 1996;92: 184-191.
Ocqueteau M, Orfao A, Almeida J, et al. Immunophenotypic characterization of plasma cells from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients. Am J Pathol. 1998;152: 1655-1665.
Jelinek DF, Lipsky Pe. The role of B cell proliferation in the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in man. J Immunol. 1983;130: 2597-2604.
Arpin C, Banchereau J, Liu YJ. Memory B cells are biased towards terminal differentiation: a strategy that may prevent repertoire freezing. J exp Med. 1997;186: 931-940.
Jego G, Robillard N, Puthier D, et al. Reactive plasmacytoses are expansions of plasmablasts retaining the capacity to differentiate into plasma cells. Blood. 1999;94: 701-712.
Jego G, Bataille R, Pellat-Deceunynck C. Interleukin-6 is a growth factor for nonmalignant human plasmablasts. Blood. 2001;97: 1817-1822.
Robillard N, Avet-Loiseau H, Garand R, et al. CD20 is associated with a small mature plasma cell morphology and t(11;14) in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2003;102: 1070-1071.
Zhang C, Ao Z, Seth A, Schlossman SF. A mitochondrial membrane protein defined by a novel monoclonal antibody is preferentially detected in apoptotic cells. J Immunol. 1996;157: 3980-3987.
Puthier D, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Barille S, et al. Differential expression of Bcl-2 in human plasma cell disorders according to proliferation status and malignancy. Leukemia. 1999;13: 289-294.
Huang D, O'Reilly L, Strasser A, Cory S. The anti-apoptosis function of Bcl-2 can be genetically separated from its inhibitory effect on cell cycle entry. eMBO J. 1997;16: 4628-4638.
Strasser A, Whittingham S, Vaux DL, et al. enforced Bcl-2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 8661-8665.
Ahsmann eJM, Lokhorst HM, Dekker AW, Bloem AC. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 expression on plasma cells correlates with tumor growth in multiple myeloma. Blood. 1992;79: 2068-2075.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Amiot M, Robillard N, Wijdenes J, Bataille R. CD11a-CD18 and CD102 interactions mediate myeloma cell growth arrest induced by CD40 stimulation. Cancer Res. 1996;56: 1909-1916.
Kawano M, Hirano T, Matsuda T, et al. Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature. 1998;332: 83-85.
Klein B, Zhang X-G, Jourdan M, et al. Paracrine rather than autocrine regulation of myeloma-cell growth and differentiation by Interleukin-6. Blood. 1989;73: 517-526.
Mahmoud MS, Ishikawa H, Fujii R, Kawano M. Induction of CD45 expression and proliferation in U-266 myeloma cell line by interleukin-6. Blood. 1988;92: 3887-3897.
Ishikawa H, Tsuyama N, Abroun S, et al. Requirements of src family kinase activity associated with CD45 for myeloma cells proliferation by interleukin-6. Blood. 2002;99: 2172-2176.
Hata H, Xiao H, Petrucci MT, Woodliff J, Chang R, epstein J. Interleukin-6 gene expression in multiple myeloma: a characteristic of immature tumor cells. Blood. 1993;81: 3357-3364.
Kawano MM, Mihara K, Huang N, Tsujimoto T, Kuramoto A. Differentiation of early plasma cells on bone marrow stromal cells requires interleukin-6 for escaping from apoptosis. Blood. 1995;85: 487-494.(Nelly Robillard, Catherin)
the Central Laboratory of Hematology University Hospital, Nantes, France.
Abstract
In this study we quantified the proliferation rate of normal and malignant plasma cells (PCs) by ex vivo incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU; labeling index, LI) using flow cytometry. We show that all bone marrow PCs, either normal or malignant, include a subset of proliferating PCs present within the CD45bright fraction. Indeed, medullary normal and malignant PCs were always heterogeneous for CD45 expression, and proliferation was always restricted primarily to the CD45bright compartment. Moreover, an inverse correlation was found between LI or CD45 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in both malignant and normal PCs, the most proliferating CD45bright PCs have the lowest Bcl-2 expression. We investigated expression of molecules of interest in multiple myeloma (MM)—that is, CD138, CD19, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD56, and CD11a—to further characterize the CD45bright fraction. Among all of these molecules, only CD11a was exclusively expressed by CD45bright proliferating myeloma cells. In conclusion, proliferating myeloma cells are characterized by the specific CD45bright CD11apos Bcl-2low phenotype. (Blood. 2005;105:4845-4848)
Introduction
Multiple myeloma (MM) is primarily conceptualized as an accumulative disease. Indeed, most studies evaluating the labeling index (LI) of plasma cells (PCs) revealed that it rarely exceeded 1%. However, as early as 1981, Drewinko et al1 showed that in vivo myeloma cells were generally nonproliferating, although a small fraction of them could proliferate (growth fraction, GF). Thus, they proposed the concept that this minor GF could give rise to the major nonproliferating fraction.
Myeloma cells either lack or express a weak to intermediate level of CD45.2,3 However, in previous studies we have shown that CD45 and also CD11a are frequently expressed by a subset of myeloma cells only.3 It has been demonstrated that CD45 expression is highly correlated with the proliferation rate of myeloma cells.4,5 With regard to normal counterparts, PCs are heterogeneous in terms of CD45 phenotype. Recently, Medina et al6 confirmed the association of maturity with decreasing CD45 expression.7-9 Generation of PCs from B cells, mainly studied in vitro in humans, is a multistep process that involves both proliferation and maturation/differentiation.10-13 The aim of this study was to evaluate the proliferation of different types of normal PCs in relation to their phenotype, especially to CD45, to understand the biology of polyclonal and monoclonal PC expansions that are reactive plasmacytoses (RP) and MM, respectively.
Study design
Samples and reagents
Forty-nine consecutive patients with MM (25 at diagnosis, 24 at relapse) were included in this study. Bone marrow and blood samples from healthy donors or patients with reactive plasmacytosis, and tonsil samples were obtained and prepared as described.3,13 Approval was obtained from the Nantes University Hospital Institutional Review Board for these studies. Informed consent was provided according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Antibodies directed against (1) CD11a, CD19, CD45, CD138, Apo2.7 and (2) CD28, CD38, CD56, 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) were from Beckman Coulter (Miami, FL) and BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA), respectively.
Cell staining
Mononuclear cells (MNCs; 0.5-3 x 106) were stained in a 4-color assay with anti-CD45-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC; J33), anti-CD138-phycoerythrin cyanine 5 (PeCy5; B-B4), anti-CD38-APC (HB7) and control-Pe, anti-CD56-Pe (MY31), anti-CD28-allophycocyanin (Pe; L293), anti-CD19-Pe (J4.119), anti-APO2.7-Pe (2.7A6A3), anti-CD11a-Pe (25.3) monoclonal anti-bodies (mAbs) as described.14 To determine CD45-FITC fluorescent staining, MNCs were stained with isotype-FITC, anti-CD38-APC, anti-CD45-PeCy5, and anti-CD138-Pe mAbs. For intracellular Bcl-2 staining, MNCs were first stained with anti-CD38-APC, anti-CD45-PeCy5, and anti-CD138-Pe mAbs, then with anti-Bcl-2-FITC (124; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) or control isotype-FITC mAbs after permeabilization (Intra Prep; Beckman Coulter). For LI, cells were incubated overnight with or without 50 μM BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine; Sigma, St Louis, MO) at 37°C in culture medium, then stained with anti-CD45-APC, anti-CD38-Pe, and anti-CD138-PeCy5 mAbs (with anti-CD45-APC and anti-CD38-Pe mAbs for tonsil and blood PCs), permeabilized, and stained with anti-BrdU as described.12
Flow cytometry analysis
Data were acquired by means of a Becton Dickinson fluorescence-activated cell sorting FACSCalibur with CellQuest Pro software (BD Biosciences).14 PCs were identified using a sequential gating strategy (Figure 1).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum, Spearman correlation coefficient, and the sign tests.
Results and discussion
Myeloma cells and bone marrow PCs were heterogeneous: proliferation was restricted to the CD45bright SSChigh compartment
The percentage of BrdU-positive myeloma cells was low, generally around 1% (n = 49 patients). In all patients, myeloma cells were heterogeneous for CD45 expression and SSC, allowing a delineation of 2 compartments: CD45brightSSChigh and CD45int/lowSSClow. The CD45brightSSChigh compartment was always present, representing 12% (median) of myeloma cells (illustrated in Figure 1). The second compartment CD45int/lowSSClow represented the majority of tumor cells (88%). We observed that the LI of the CD45brightSSChigh compartment was always greater than that of the CD45int/lowSSClow compartment and far above 1% (median, 6.8%; n = 49; Table 1). In general, the CD45brightSSChigh compartment had a 6.8 higher proliferative level than the CD45int/lowSSClow compartment (P < .01). As outlined in Table 1, the LI of the CD45bright compartment could reach 40% of myeloma cells, which was similar to what we observed in reactive plasmacytoses,12 suggesting that in these patients, almost all CD45bright myeloma cells were proliferating. Of note, the total LI correlated highly with the LI of the CD45bright compartment (r = 0.81, P < .001) and less with that of the CD45low compartment (r = 0.44, P < .01).
As observed for myeloma cells, 2 compartments of PCs delineated by CD45 and SSC were found in normal bone marrows (n = 11, illustrated in Figure 1). The CD45brightSSChigh compartment, which represented 65% of the PCs, was highly proliferative (LI = 18.4% for BM1). The second CD45lowSSClow compartment included 35% of the PCs with a much lower LI: 2.6% (BM1 and Table 1). A subset of PCs which lacked CD45 expression was observed in 2 cases.
Tonsillar and peripheral PCs were homogeneous and were capable of proliferation
In Figure 2, we show that PCs from both tonsils and blood, the prototypes of immature PCs, were homogeneously CD45bright and capable of proliferation (LI > 10%). Reactive PCs turned out to be similar to blood PCs with higher LI.
BrdU+ myeloma cells expressed lower Bcl-2 levels
Since we have previously observed that Bcl-2 inversely correlates with the LI in both reactive PCs and myeloma cells,16 we looked for a correlation within myeloma and PC subsets (Figures 1, 2). We found that CD45bright myeloma cells always expressed a lower level of Bcl-2 compared with that of CD45low/neg myeloma cells (P < .01). In normal bone marrow (BM), a significant increase in Bcl-2 MFIR (mean of fluorescence intensity ratio) was observed in the CD45low bone marrow PCs in comparison with that of the CD45bright PCs: 7.4 (4.9-13) versus 4.2 (3.1-9), P < .01. Concerning tonsillar and circulating PCs, we found a highly significant negative correlation between Bcl-2 MFIR and the LI (r = -0.854, P < .001). This inverse correlation in PCs is in agreement with data showing that (1) Bcl-2 negatively controls the proliferation of different human cells types,17 and (2) Bcl-2 transgenic mice have increased B-cell memory and PC-producing immunoglobulins.18 Up-regulation of Bcl-2 thus appears to be a critical event during this process of maturation with proliferation decrease and arrest.
Phenotypic characterization of the CD45bright SSChigh proliferating compartment in MM: only CD11a expression was restricted to the CD45bright SSChigh subset
We further characterized the phenotype of the CD45bright myeloma cells using relevant MM markers (CD19, CD20, CD27, CD28, CD56). As illustrated in Figure 3, CD19, CD27, CD28, and CD56 were expressed or not by myeloma cells, and their expression was unrelated to CD45 subsets. However, we found that CD11a overlapped completely with the CD45bright compartment in all the patients studied (Figure 3), while CD45low/neg myeloma cells were negative for CD11a. Ahsmann et al19 have published that lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) (CD11a-CD18) expression correlated with tumor growth in MM. LFA-1 is involved in either homotypic or heterotypic interactions in MM. Indeed, human myeloma cells, like stromal cells, express the 3 ligands of LFA-1: intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102), and ICAM-3 (CD50).3,20 These interactions, restricted to the most proliferative compartment, could have some important consequences for tumor behavior. For example, we have previously observed that ICAM-2/LFA-1 interactions were involved in the (negative) control of myeloma cell growth through CD40.20
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been shown to be a survival and growth factor for human myeloma cells.21,22 More recently, it has been demonstrated that IL-6 preferentially stimulates CD45bright myeloma cells to proliferate23,24 through activation of CD45-associated src kinase.24 Of note, CD45bright myeloma cells express more IL-6 receptors.25 IL-6 is also a survival and proliferative factor for nonmalignant PCs.12,13,26 Taken altogether, these data show that CD45bright myeloma cells, like their normal counterparts (CD45bright normal PCs), could be the main target of IL-6 to sustain survival and proliferation.
In conclusion, we have found that all patients with MM have a small proliferative compartment of myeloma cells characterized by a bright expression of CD45 and a specific expression of CD11a as well as a low Bcl-2 expression (sensitive to apoptosis). This CD45brightCD11apos population of myeloma cells could constitute the growth fraction as defined in vivo by Drewinko et al1 more than 20 years ago. Thus, this "to be killed" population could be targeted through CD45- or CD11a-targeted therapies.
Footnotes
Prepublished online as Blood First edition Paper, March 1, 2005; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4700.
Supported by the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (equipe labellisee 2004).
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
References
Drewinko B, Alexanian R, Boyer H, Barlogie B, Rubinow SI. The growth fraction of human myeloma cells. Blood. 1981;57: 333-338.
Jackson N, Ling NR, Ball JJ, Bromidge e, Nathan PD, Franklin IM. An analysis of myeloma plasma cell phenotype using antibodies defined at the IIIrd international workshop on human leukocyte differentiation antigens. Clin exp Immunol. 1988;72: 351-356.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Barille S, Puthier D, et al. Adhesion molecules on human myeloma cells: significant changes in expression related to malignancy, tumor spreading, and immortalization. Cancer Res. 1995;55: 3647-3653.
Pope B, Brown R, Gibson J, Joshua D. The bone marrow plasma cell labeling index by flow cytometry. Cytometry. 1999;38: 286-292.
Fujii R, Ishikawa H, Mahmoud MS, Asaoku H, Kawano MM. MPC-1-CD49e- immature myeloma cells include CD45+ subpopulations that can proliferate in response to IL-6 in human myelomas. Br J Haematol. 1999;105: 131-140.
Medina F, Segundo C, Campos-Caro A, Gonzalez-Garcia I, Brieva JA. The heterogeneity shown by human plasma cells from tonsil, blood, and bone marrow reveals graded stages of increasing maturity, but local profiles of adhesion molecule expression. Blood. 2002;99: 2154-2161.
Terstappen LW, Johnsen S, Segers-Nolten IM, Loken MR. Identification and characterization of plasma cells in normal human bone marrow by high-resolution flow cytometry. Blood. 1990;76: 1739-1747.
Harada Y, Kawano M, Huang N, et al. Identification of early plasma cells in peripheral blood and their clinical significance. Br J Haematol. 1996;92: 184-191.
Ocqueteau M, Orfao A, Almeida J, et al. Immunophenotypic characterization of plasma cells from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients. Am J Pathol. 1998;152: 1655-1665.
Jelinek DF, Lipsky Pe. The role of B cell proliferation in the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in man. J Immunol. 1983;130: 2597-2604.
Arpin C, Banchereau J, Liu YJ. Memory B cells are biased towards terminal differentiation: a strategy that may prevent repertoire freezing. J exp Med. 1997;186: 931-940.
Jego G, Robillard N, Puthier D, et al. Reactive plasmacytoses are expansions of plasmablasts retaining the capacity to differentiate into plasma cells. Blood. 1999;94: 701-712.
Jego G, Bataille R, Pellat-Deceunynck C. Interleukin-6 is a growth factor for nonmalignant human plasmablasts. Blood. 2001;97: 1817-1822.
Robillard N, Avet-Loiseau H, Garand R, et al. CD20 is associated with a small mature plasma cell morphology and t(11;14) in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2003;102: 1070-1071.
Zhang C, Ao Z, Seth A, Schlossman SF. A mitochondrial membrane protein defined by a novel monoclonal antibody is preferentially detected in apoptotic cells. J Immunol. 1996;157: 3980-3987.
Puthier D, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Barille S, et al. Differential expression of Bcl-2 in human plasma cell disorders according to proliferation status and malignancy. Leukemia. 1999;13: 289-294.
Huang D, O'Reilly L, Strasser A, Cory S. The anti-apoptosis function of Bcl-2 can be genetically separated from its inhibitory effect on cell cycle entry. eMBO J. 1997;16: 4628-4638.
Strasser A, Whittingham S, Vaux DL, et al. enforced Bcl-2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88: 8661-8665.
Ahsmann eJM, Lokhorst HM, Dekker AW, Bloem AC. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 expression on plasma cells correlates with tumor growth in multiple myeloma. Blood. 1992;79: 2068-2075.
Pellat-Deceunynck C, Amiot M, Robillard N, Wijdenes J, Bataille R. CD11a-CD18 and CD102 interactions mediate myeloma cell growth arrest induced by CD40 stimulation. Cancer Res. 1996;56: 1909-1916.
Kawano M, Hirano T, Matsuda T, et al. Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-2/IL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature. 1998;332: 83-85.
Klein B, Zhang X-G, Jourdan M, et al. Paracrine rather than autocrine regulation of myeloma-cell growth and differentiation by Interleukin-6. Blood. 1989;73: 517-526.
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