A PE Protein Expressed by Mycobacterium avium Is an Effective T-Cell Immunogen
http://www.100md.com
感染与免疫杂志 2006年第1期
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
ABSTRACT
Infection of mice with Mycobacterium avium or immunization with a novel PE gene expressed by M. avium (MaPE) showed that a dominant T-cell immune response was elicited. Immunization with an MaPE DNA vaccine protected mice against an aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting that mycobacteria express PE antigens with cross-protective T-cell epitopes.
TEXT
Little is known about the structure, function, or immunological response to the PE proteins encoded by the subfamily of PE genes found throughout the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria (3, 6, 11). These PE genes encode proteins that range in size from 30 to 110 amino acids, and most contain a characteristic Pro-Glu (PE) amino acid motif near the N terminus. Similar sequences are found as the N-terminal domain of the larger subfamily of proteins that contain polymorphic glycine repeat sequences (PE_PGRS) (2, 6). Studies that have used reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and microarray analyses (10, 12, 16, 17) indicate that certain PE genes are expressed by M. tuberculosis. There is also some evidence that the PE 35 gene found in RD1, a multigene region that is absent in Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains, can elicit an immune response (4, 5), but no function has been assigned to this gene. Since the Mycobacterium avium genome contains only a few PE genes and no PE_PGRS genes, we are investigating the PE genes of this mycobacterium. In this report, we describe the immunogenic properties of one PE protein expressed by M. avium (MaPE).
M. avium strain 104, M. tuberculosis Erdman, and M. bovis BCG Pasteur were obtained from Frank Collins (CBER/FDA). Initially, the MaPE gene was identified in the unannotated M. avium genome sequence available from TIGR (http://www.tigr.org) as contig 3273, nucleotides 748277 to 748577. The gene was amplified by PCR from M. avium 104 chromosomal DNA using primers introducing a 5' HindIII site and a 3' BamHI site for cloning into the DNA vaccine vector pJW4303 or a 5' NdeI site and a 3' XhoI site for cloning into the expression vector pET24b, which incorporates a His tag at the C terminus. All constructs were sequenced to verify the nature of the final product. For purification of recombinant His-tagged MaPE, the plasmid carrying the MaPE insert in pET24b was freshly transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)(pLys), and the cells were induced with 1 mM isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Protein was purified using Ni chromatography as described previously (7). MaPE expression was assessed by RT-PCR as described previously (9), using the specific primers 5'-ATGTCGTTCGTGACCACACAGCCGGAG (forward) and 5'-TCAGAGGGCCGCTGCGGCGTTG (reverse). C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were infected intraperitoneally with 5 x 105 mycobacteria, and after 30 or 100 days, splenocytes were used to measure cytokines, following ex vivo restimulation in the presence of primary murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMO), with 5 μg/ml of purified recombinant MaPE. Cytokines were measured as described previously by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA) (15). CD4+ and CD8+ populations were prepared using magnetic beads and enrichment columns (magnetic cell sorting system; Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA immunization with 200 μg DNA per injection per mouse and protection assays with the mouse aerosol challenge model were performed by measuring the colonization of M. tuberculosis in mouse tissue as previously described (15).
A screening of the genomes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (http://www.cbc.umn.edu/ResearchProjects/AGAC/Mptb) and M. avium strain 104 (unannotated; http://www.tigr.org) indicates that these mycobacteria contain six PE genes. One PE gene that was chosen for study, MaPE (Fig. 1), is 89.9% homologous with the amino acid sequences of PE 18 and PE 19, which are found in the ESAT-6 gene cluster region 5 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (6, 13). The sequence of MaPE is also 61% homologous to the PE domain of PE_PGRS 33 found in M. tuberculosis, which has been the focus of our previous studies (1, 8, 9). Using RT-PCR and MaPE-specific primers, mRNA expression by M. avium was demonstrated in vitro and in infected macrophages up to 6 days postinfection (Fig. 1). The identity of the MaPE product was confirmed by sequencing, and the results show that this PE antigen is expressed in antigen-presenting cells infected with M. avium.
To investigate the host immune response against the MaPE antigen, C57BL/6 mice were infected with an intraperitoneal injection of 5 x 105 M. avium 104 organisms, and splenocytes as well as sera were collected at various time points. As shown in Fig. 2, in vitro restimulation with purified MaPE of splenocytes isolated from M. avium-infected mice resulted in a significant secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-) at 100 days postinfection (Fig. 2A) (2 ng per ml). No specific IFN- was released in the culture supernatants when splenocytes were incubated with recombinant PE_PGRS 33 (8) as a control antigen (data not shown). Subsequently, starting with splenocytes collected from mice at 100 days postinfection, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were separated by magnetic immunobeads and stimulated with purified MaPE antigen. As shown in Fig. 2C, CD4+ T cells released significant amounts of IFN- (25 ng per ml). CD8+ T cells also secreted specific IFN- in the presence of MaPE antigen but much less than the CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2D). No reactivity was observed when pooled sera from mice infected with M. avium 104 were used in Western blot analyses against purified recombinant MaPE protein, compared to an anti-His antibody positive control which recognizes the recombinant protein (data not shown). However, we cannot rule out the possibility that a lack of a humoral immune response to MaPE might be due to differences between the recombinant protein used here and native MaPE, which could contain modifications that serve as antibody epitopes. Together, these results indicate that infection of C57BL/6 mice with M. avium 104 elicits a T-cell-mediated immune response to the MaPE antigen.
To investigate the potential of MaPE as an immunogen, a nucleic acid-based vaccine was constructed by inserting the MaPE gene into the vector pJW4303 (7). As was observed for M. avium infection, in C57BL/6 mice there was no production of antibodies to MaPE following three immunizations of 200 μg each of MaPE DNA (data not shown). Similarly, no serological activity with the PE antigen was found when the sera were tested by ELISA (data not shown). Splenocytes were collected from mice immunized with MaPE DNA or with the vector only 3 weeks following the third immunization, and IFN- was measured by cytokine ELISA following stimulation with MaPE. As shown in Fig. 2B, significant amounts of specific IFN- (4 ng per ml) were released by splenocytes from MaPE DNA-immunized mice compared with vector-immunized mice.
Since both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG contain numerous PE genes that are similar to MaPE, infection or vaccination with these organisms could elicit immune responses that are cross-reactive with the M. avium MaPE protein. To investigate this possibility, C57BL/6 mice were aerosol challenged with M. tuberculosis Erdman or infected subcutaneously with M. bovis BCG Pasteur, and splenocytes were collected from the infected animals at 6 and 13 weeks and incubated with MaPE antigen. In the ex vivo assay, a significant IFN- response was elicited by recombinant MaPE in both M. tuberculosis (2.7 ng IFN-/ml)- and M. bovis BCG (2.1 ng IFN-/ml)-infected animals (Fig. 3). These results suggest that both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG express PE antigens containing T-cell epitopes similar to those found in MaPE and that MaPE might elicit T-cell immunity that protects against challenge with virulent mycobacteria. To investigate this, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MaPE DNA as described above and then aerosol challenged with M. tuberculosis Erdman strain 4 weeks after the last immunization. Immunization with MaPE DNA gave significant protection against a low-dose aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis (Table 1). MaPE vaccination resulted in a 0.53 log reduction (P < 0.01) in the number of CFU in the lung 30 days postchallenge and reduced dissemination to the spleen, with a 0.54 log reduction (P < 0.05) in numbers of bacterial colonies compared to those in nonimmunized mice.
In this study, we have focused on one PE protein, MaPE, which is 89.9% identical to both PE 18 and PE 19 found in M. tuberculosis H37Rv (6). Genomic searches suggest that M. avium may contain as few as 6 PE genes, compared to 40 PE genes present in M. tuberculosis (6, 11), and no PE_PGRS genes. This makes M. avium potentially more practical for investigating the properties of the PE family of genes. In this report, we have shown that (i) C57BL/6 mice infected with M. avium for up to 3 months contain both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that respond to stimulation with purified recombinant MaPE by releasing antigen-specific IFN-; (ii) infected mice produce no antibody reactive with recombinant MaPE, as determined by immunoblotting and serum ELISA; and (iii) similar IFN- T-cell-mediated immune responses with no antibody responses were found when C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a nucleic acid-based MaPE vaccine. The T-cell response to MaPE is not limited to M. avium but is observed following M. bovis BCG vaccination of mice or infection of C57BL/6 mice with M. tuberculosis. Since M. bovis and M. tuberculosis have a large number of similar PE genes (6, 11, 14), this is likely due to antigenically cross-reactive T-cell epitopes found within PE proteins. Expression of PE antigens homologous with MaPE by M. tuberculosis would explain the reasonable levels of protection observed in the M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge model following immunization of the mice with MaPE DNA. It will be of interest to evaluate protection against M. avium infection following immunization with the MaPE vaccine and to determine whether MaPE contributes to cross-reactive immunity provided by exposure to environmental mycobacteria, which has implications for the use of both the BCG vaccine and diagnostics such as purified protein derivative. It will also be of interest (i) to investigate the ability of other PE antigens to elicit T-cell-mediated immunity and to protect against tuberculosis and (ii) to determine if they should be included in multiantigenic vaccines for tuberculosis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Steven Derrick and Bo Jeon of CBER, FDA, as well as Giovanni Delogu of the Catholic University of Rome for advice throughout the project.
This work was supported by a grant from the National Vaccine Program Office of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to M.J.B.
Present address: Scientific Review Program, Division of Extramural Activities, NIAID/NIH/DHHS, 6700B Rockledge Drive, Room 3238A, Bethesda, MD 20892.
REFERENCES
1. Brennan, M. J., G. Delogu, Y. Chen, S. Bardarov, J. Kriakov, M. Alavi, and W. R. Jacobs, Jr. 2001. Evidence that mycobacterial PE_PGRS proteins are cell surface constituents that influence interactions with other cells. Infect. Immun. 69:7326-7333.
2. Brennan, M. J., and G. Delogu. 2002. The PE multigene family: a ‘molecular mantra’ for mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 10:246-249.
3. Brennan, M. J., C. Espitia, and N. C. Gey van Pittius. 2005. The PE and PPE multigene families of mycobacteria, p. 513-525. In S. T. Cole, K. D. Eisenach, D. N. McMurray, and W. R. Jacobs, Jr. (ed.), Tuberculosis and the tubercle bacillus. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Brusasca, P. N., R. Colangeli, K. P. Lyashchenko, X. Zhao, M. Vogelstein, J. S. Spencer, D. N. McMurray, and M. L. Gennaro. 2001. Immunological characterization of antigens encoded by the RD1 region of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Scand. J. Immunol. 54:448-452.
5. Cockle, P. J., S. V. Gordon, A. Lalvani, B. M. Buddle, R. G. Hewinson, and M. Vordermeier. 2002. Identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens with potential as diagnostic reagents or subunit vaccine candidates by comparative genomics. Infect. Immun. 70:6996-7003.
6. Cole, S. T., R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, T. Garnier, C. Churcher, D. Harris, S. V. Gordon, K. Eiglmeier, S. Gas, C. E. Barry III, F. Tekaia, K. Badcock, D. Basham, D. Brown, T. Chillingworth, R. Connor, R. Davies, K. Devlin, T. Feltwell, S. Gentles, N. Hamlin, S. Holroyd, T. Hornsby, K. Jagels, and B. G. Barrell. 1998. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 393:537-544.
7. Delogu, G., A. Li, C. Repique, F. Collins, and S. L. Morris. 2002. DNA vaccine combinations expressing either tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence fusion proteins or ubiquitin-conjugated antigens induce sustained protective immunity in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 70:292-302.
8. Delogu, G., C. Pusceddu, A. Bua, G. Fadda, M. J. Brennan, and S. Zanetti. 2004. Rv1818c-encoded PE_PGRS protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is surface exposed and influences bacterial cell structure. Mol. Microbiol. 52:725-733.
9. Dheenadhayalan, V., G. Delogu, and M. J. Brennan. 30 September 2005. Expression of PE-PGRS in Mycobacterium smegmatis triggers necrosis in macrophages and enhanced mycobacterial survival. Microbes Infect. [Online.] 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.021.
10. Fisher, M. A., B. B. Plikaytis, and T. M. Shinnick. 2002. Microarray analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptional response to the acidic conditions found in phagosomes. J. Bacteriol. 184:4025-4032.
11. Fleischmann, R. D., D. Alland, J. A. Eisen, L. Carpenter, O. White, J. Peterson, R. DeBoy, R. Dodson, M. Gwinn, D. Haft, E. Hickey, J. F. Kolonay, W. C. Nelson, L. A. Umayam, M. Ermolaeva, S. L. Salzberg, A. Delcher, T. Utterback, J. Weidman, H. Khouri J. Gill, A. Mikula, W. Bishai, W. R. Jacobs, Jr., J. C. Venter, and C. M. Fraser. 2002. Whole-genome comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical and laboratory strains. J. Bacteriol. 184:5479-5490.
12. Flores, J., and C. Espitia. 2003. Differential expression of PE and PE-PGRS genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Gene 318:75-81.
13. Gey van Pittius, N. C., J. Gamieldien, W. Hide, G. D. Brown, R. J. Siezen, and A. D. Beyers. 19 September 2001, posting date. The ESAT-6 gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other high G + C gram-positive bacteria. Genome Biol. 2:RESEARCH0044.
14. Gordon, S. V., K. Eiglmeier, T. Garnier, R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, B. Barrell, S. T. Cole, and R. G Hewinson. 2001. Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 81:157-163.
15. Parra, M. T. Pickett, G. Delogu, V. Dheenadhayalan, A.-S. Debrie, C. Locht, and M. J. Brennan. 2004. The mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin is a protective antigen in the mouse aerosol challenge model of tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 72:6799-6805.
16. Rodriguez, G. M., M. I. Voskuil, B. Gold, G. K. Schoolnik, and I. Smith. 2002. ideR, an essential gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of IdeR in iron-dependent gene expression, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress response. Infect. Immun. 70:3371-3381.
17. Voskuil, M. I., D. Schnappinger, R. Rutherford, Y. Liu, and G. K. Schoolnik. 2004. Regulation of the PE/PPE genes. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 84:256-262.(Marcela Parra, Nathalie C)
ABSTRACT
Infection of mice with Mycobacterium avium or immunization with a novel PE gene expressed by M. avium (MaPE) showed that a dominant T-cell immune response was elicited. Immunization with an MaPE DNA vaccine protected mice against an aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, suggesting that mycobacteria express PE antigens with cross-protective T-cell epitopes.
TEXT
Little is known about the structure, function, or immunological response to the PE proteins encoded by the subfamily of PE genes found throughout the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria (3, 6, 11). These PE genes encode proteins that range in size from 30 to 110 amino acids, and most contain a characteristic Pro-Glu (PE) amino acid motif near the N terminus. Similar sequences are found as the N-terminal domain of the larger subfamily of proteins that contain polymorphic glycine repeat sequences (PE_PGRS) (2, 6). Studies that have used reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and microarray analyses (10, 12, 16, 17) indicate that certain PE genes are expressed by M. tuberculosis. There is also some evidence that the PE 35 gene found in RD1, a multigene region that is absent in Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains, can elicit an immune response (4, 5), but no function has been assigned to this gene. Since the Mycobacterium avium genome contains only a few PE genes and no PE_PGRS genes, we are investigating the PE genes of this mycobacterium. In this report, we describe the immunogenic properties of one PE protein expressed by M. avium (MaPE).
M. avium strain 104, M. tuberculosis Erdman, and M. bovis BCG Pasteur were obtained from Frank Collins (CBER/FDA). Initially, the MaPE gene was identified in the unannotated M. avium genome sequence available from TIGR (http://www.tigr.org) as contig 3273, nucleotides 748277 to 748577. The gene was amplified by PCR from M. avium 104 chromosomal DNA using primers introducing a 5' HindIII site and a 3' BamHI site for cloning into the DNA vaccine vector pJW4303 or a 5' NdeI site and a 3' XhoI site for cloning into the expression vector pET24b, which incorporates a His tag at the C terminus. All constructs were sequenced to verify the nature of the final product. For purification of recombinant His-tagged MaPE, the plasmid carrying the MaPE insert in pET24b was freshly transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)(pLys), and the cells were induced with 1 mM isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Protein was purified using Ni chromatography as described previously (7). MaPE expression was assessed by RT-PCR as described previously (9), using the specific primers 5'-ATGTCGTTCGTGACCACACAGCCGGAG (forward) and 5'-TCAGAGGGCCGCTGCGGCGTTG (reverse). C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were infected intraperitoneally with 5 x 105 mycobacteria, and after 30 or 100 days, splenocytes were used to measure cytokines, following ex vivo restimulation in the presence of primary murine bone marrow macrophages (BMMO), with 5 μg/ml of purified recombinant MaPE. Cytokines were measured as described previously by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA) (15). CD4+ and CD8+ populations were prepared using magnetic beads and enrichment columns (magnetic cell sorting system; Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA immunization with 200 μg DNA per injection per mouse and protection assays with the mouse aerosol challenge model were performed by measuring the colonization of M. tuberculosis in mouse tissue as previously described (15).
A screening of the genomes of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (http://www.cbc.umn.edu/ResearchProjects/AGAC/Mptb) and M. avium strain 104 (unannotated; http://www.tigr.org) indicates that these mycobacteria contain six PE genes. One PE gene that was chosen for study, MaPE (Fig. 1), is 89.9% homologous with the amino acid sequences of PE 18 and PE 19, which are found in the ESAT-6 gene cluster region 5 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (6, 13). The sequence of MaPE is also 61% homologous to the PE domain of PE_PGRS 33 found in M. tuberculosis, which has been the focus of our previous studies (1, 8, 9). Using RT-PCR and MaPE-specific primers, mRNA expression by M. avium was demonstrated in vitro and in infected macrophages up to 6 days postinfection (Fig. 1). The identity of the MaPE product was confirmed by sequencing, and the results show that this PE antigen is expressed in antigen-presenting cells infected with M. avium.
To investigate the host immune response against the MaPE antigen, C57BL/6 mice were infected with an intraperitoneal injection of 5 x 105 M. avium 104 organisms, and splenocytes as well as sera were collected at various time points. As shown in Fig. 2, in vitro restimulation with purified MaPE of splenocytes isolated from M. avium-infected mice resulted in a significant secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-) at 100 days postinfection (Fig. 2A) (2 ng per ml). No specific IFN- was released in the culture supernatants when splenocytes were incubated with recombinant PE_PGRS 33 (8) as a control antigen (data not shown). Subsequently, starting with splenocytes collected from mice at 100 days postinfection, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were separated by magnetic immunobeads and stimulated with purified MaPE antigen. As shown in Fig. 2C, CD4+ T cells released significant amounts of IFN- (25 ng per ml). CD8+ T cells also secreted specific IFN- in the presence of MaPE antigen but much less than the CD4+ T cells (Fig. 2D). No reactivity was observed when pooled sera from mice infected with M. avium 104 were used in Western blot analyses against purified recombinant MaPE protein, compared to an anti-His antibody positive control which recognizes the recombinant protein (data not shown). However, we cannot rule out the possibility that a lack of a humoral immune response to MaPE might be due to differences between the recombinant protein used here and native MaPE, which could contain modifications that serve as antibody epitopes. Together, these results indicate that infection of C57BL/6 mice with M. avium 104 elicits a T-cell-mediated immune response to the MaPE antigen.
To investigate the potential of MaPE as an immunogen, a nucleic acid-based vaccine was constructed by inserting the MaPE gene into the vector pJW4303 (7). As was observed for M. avium infection, in C57BL/6 mice there was no production of antibodies to MaPE following three immunizations of 200 μg each of MaPE DNA (data not shown). Similarly, no serological activity with the PE antigen was found when the sera were tested by ELISA (data not shown). Splenocytes were collected from mice immunized with MaPE DNA or with the vector only 3 weeks following the third immunization, and IFN- was measured by cytokine ELISA following stimulation with MaPE. As shown in Fig. 2B, significant amounts of specific IFN- (4 ng per ml) were released by splenocytes from MaPE DNA-immunized mice compared with vector-immunized mice.
Since both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG contain numerous PE genes that are similar to MaPE, infection or vaccination with these organisms could elicit immune responses that are cross-reactive with the M. avium MaPE protein. To investigate this possibility, C57BL/6 mice were aerosol challenged with M. tuberculosis Erdman or infected subcutaneously with M. bovis BCG Pasteur, and splenocytes were collected from the infected animals at 6 and 13 weeks and incubated with MaPE antigen. In the ex vivo assay, a significant IFN- response was elicited by recombinant MaPE in both M. tuberculosis (2.7 ng IFN-/ml)- and M. bovis BCG (2.1 ng IFN-/ml)-infected animals (Fig. 3). These results suggest that both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG express PE antigens containing T-cell epitopes similar to those found in MaPE and that MaPE might elicit T-cell immunity that protects against challenge with virulent mycobacteria. To investigate this, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MaPE DNA as described above and then aerosol challenged with M. tuberculosis Erdman strain 4 weeks after the last immunization. Immunization with MaPE DNA gave significant protection against a low-dose aerosol challenge with M. tuberculosis (Table 1). MaPE vaccination resulted in a 0.53 log reduction (P < 0.01) in the number of CFU in the lung 30 days postchallenge and reduced dissemination to the spleen, with a 0.54 log reduction (P < 0.05) in numbers of bacterial colonies compared to those in nonimmunized mice.
In this study, we have focused on one PE protein, MaPE, which is 89.9% identical to both PE 18 and PE 19 found in M. tuberculosis H37Rv (6). Genomic searches suggest that M. avium may contain as few as 6 PE genes, compared to 40 PE genes present in M. tuberculosis (6, 11), and no PE_PGRS genes. This makes M. avium potentially more practical for investigating the properties of the PE family of genes. In this report, we have shown that (i) C57BL/6 mice infected with M. avium for up to 3 months contain both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that respond to stimulation with purified recombinant MaPE by releasing antigen-specific IFN-; (ii) infected mice produce no antibody reactive with recombinant MaPE, as determined by immunoblotting and serum ELISA; and (iii) similar IFN- T-cell-mediated immune responses with no antibody responses were found when C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a nucleic acid-based MaPE vaccine. The T-cell response to MaPE is not limited to M. avium but is observed following M. bovis BCG vaccination of mice or infection of C57BL/6 mice with M. tuberculosis. Since M. bovis and M. tuberculosis have a large number of similar PE genes (6, 11, 14), this is likely due to antigenically cross-reactive T-cell epitopes found within PE proteins. Expression of PE antigens homologous with MaPE by M. tuberculosis would explain the reasonable levels of protection observed in the M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge model following immunization of the mice with MaPE DNA. It will be of interest to evaluate protection against M. avium infection following immunization with the MaPE vaccine and to determine whether MaPE contributes to cross-reactive immunity provided by exposure to environmental mycobacteria, which has implications for the use of both the BCG vaccine and diagnostics such as purified protein derivative. It will also be of interest (i) to investigate the ability of other PE antigens to elicit T-cell-mediated immunity and to protect against tuberculosis and (ii) to determine if they should be included in multiantigenic vaccines for tuberculosis.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Steven Derrick and Bo Jeon of CBER, FDA, as well as Giovanni Delogu of the Catholic University of Rome for advice throughout the project.
This work was supported by a grant from the National Vaccine Program Office of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to M.J.B.
Present address: Scientific Review Program, Division of Extramural Activities, NIAID/NIH/DHHS, 6700B Rockledge Drive, Room 3238A, Bethesda, MD 20892.
REFERENCES
1. Brennan, M. J., G. Delogu, Y. Chen, S. Bardarov, J. Kriakov, M. Alavi, and W. R. Jacobs, Jr. 2001. Evidence that mycobacterial PE_PGRS proteins are cell surface constituents that influence interactions with other cells. Infect. Immun. 69:7326-7333.
2. Brennan, M. J., and G. Delogu. 2002. The PE multigene family: a ‘molecular mantra’ for mycobacteria. Trends Microbiol. 10:246-249.
3. Brennan, M. J., C. Espitia, and N. C. Gey van Pittius. 2005. The PE and PPE multigene families of mycobacteria, p. 513-525. In S. T. Cole, K. D. Eisenach, D. N. McMurray, and W. R. Jacobs, Jr. (ed.), Tuberculosis and the tubercle bacillus. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Brusasca, P. N., R. Colangeli, K. P. Lyashchenko, X. Zhao, M. Vogelstein, J. S. Spencer, D. N. McMurray, and M. L. Gennaro. 2001. Immunological characterization of antigens encoded by the RD1 region of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Scand. J. Immunol. 54:448-452.
5. Cockle, P. J., S. V. Gordon, A. Lalvani, B. M. Buddle, R. G. Hewinson, and M. Vordermeier. 2002. Identification of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens with potential as diagnostic reagents or subunit vaccine candidates by comparative genomics. Infect. Immun. 70:6996-7003.
6. Cole, S. T., R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, T. Garnier, C. Churcher, D. Harris, S. V. Gordon, K. Eiglmeier, S. Gas, C. E. Barry III, F. Tekaia, K. Badcock, D. Basham, D. Brown, T. Chillingworth, R. Connor, R. Davies, K. Devlin, T. Feltwell, S. Gentles, N. Hamlin, S. Holroyd, T. Hornsby, K. Jagels, and B. G. Barrell. 1998. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 393:537-544.
7. Delogu, G., A. Li, C. Repique, F. Collins, and S. L. Morris. 2002. DNA vaccine combinations expressing either tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence fusion proteins or ubiquitin-conjugated antigens induce sustained protective immunity in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 70:292-302.
8. Delogu, G., C. Pusceddu, A. Bua, G. Fadda, M. J. Brennan, and S. Zanetti. 2004. Rv1818c-encoded PE_PGRS protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is surface exposed and influences bacterial cell structure. Mol. Microbiol. 52:725-733.
9. Dheenadhayalan, V., G. Delogu, and M. J. Brennan. 30 September 2005. Expression of PE-PGRS in Mycobacterium smegmatis triggers necrosis in macrophages and enhanced mycobacterial survival. Microbes Infect. [Online.] 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.021.
10. Fisher, M. A., B. B. Plikaytis, and T. M. Shinnick. 2002. Microarray analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptional response to the acidic conditions found in phagosomes. J. Bacteriol. 184:4025-4032.
11. Fleischmann, R. D., D. Alland, J. A. Eisen, L. Carpenter, O. White, J. Peterson, R. DeBoy, R. Dodson, M. Gwinn, D. Haft, E. Hickey, J. F. Kolonay, W. C. Nelson, L. A. Umayam, M. Ermolaeva, S. L. Salzberg, A. Delcher, T. Utterback, J. Weidman, H. Khouri J. Gill, A. Mikula, W. Bishai, W. R. Jacobs, Jr., J. C. Venter, and C. M. Fraser. 2002. Whole-genome comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical and laboratory strains. J. Bacteriol. 184:5479-5490.
12. Flores, J., and C. Espitia. 2003. Differential expression of PE and PE-PGRS genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Gene 318:75-81.
13. Gey van Pittius, N. C., J. Gamieldien, W. Hide, G. D. Brown, R. J. Siezen, and A. D. Beyers. 19 September 2001, posting date. The ESAT-6 gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other high G + C gram-positive bacteria. Genome Biol. 2:RESEARCH0044.
14. Gordon, S. V., K. Eiglmeier, T. Garnier, R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, B. Barrell, S. T. Cole, and R. G Hewinson. 2001. Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 81:157-163.
15. Parra, M. T. Pickett, G. Delogu, V. Dheenadhayalan, A.-S. Debrie, C. Locht, and M. J. Brennan. 2004. The mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin is a protective antigen in the mouse aerosol challenge model of tuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 72:6799-6805.
16. Rodriguez, G. M., M. I. Voskuil, B. Gold, G. K. Schoolnik, and I. Smith. 2002. ideR, an essential gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of IdeR in iron-dependent gene expression, iron metabolism, and oxidative stress response. Infect. Immun. 70:3371-3381.
17. Voskuil, M. I., D. Schnappinger, R. Rutherford, Y. Liu, and G. K. Schoolnik. 2004. Regulation of the PE/PPE genes. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 84:256-262.(Marcela Parra, Nathalie C)