Lower Doses of Estrogen Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
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《动脉硬化血栓血管生物学》
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
To the Editor:
In their interesting study, Koh et al demonstrated that lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) eliminated the adverse effects of conventional dosage of CEE on markers of vascular inflammation and coagulation, in addition to preserving the favorable effects of estrogen on endothelial function.1 Similar to their report, our previous findings demonstrated that CEE at a dosage of 0.625 mg increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid protein A, and interleukin-6, whereas CEE at a dosage of 0.3125 mg did not elevate these markers. Additionally, low-dose CEE has an effect comparable to high-dose CEE on endothelium,2 and low-dose CEE has benefits of plasma triglyceride and the size of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-dose CEE increases plasma concentrations of triglyceride, and this estrogen-induced increase in plasma triglyceride reduces the size of LDL particles that are more susceptible to oxidation. In contrast, plasma triglyceride concentrations and the size of LDL particles are unaffected and the oxidative susceptibility of LDL is inhibited by low-dose CEE administration.3
The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study and the Women’s Health Initiative reported that hormone therapy increased the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women. In contrast, Grodstein et al demonstrated that CEE at a daily dosage of 0.625 mg increases the risk for stroke, whereas 0.3 mg of CEE daily is associated with a reduction in the risk for stroke.4 In addition, Ferrara et al also demonstrated that low dosage but not medium or high dosage estrogen decreased the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic women without a recent MI.5 Thus, low dosage estrogen administration can ameliorate the adverse effects of conventional dosage of estrogen and could have a different effect on clinical outcome. Studies are needed to investigate whether low dosage estrogen therapy is protective against the risk of CHD in postmenopausal women.
References
Koh KK, Shin MS, Sakuma I, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Kim DS, Han SH, Chung WJ, Shin EK. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 1516–1521.
Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 571–576.
Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dose of oral conjugated equine estrogen on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 2003; 108: 808–813.
Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 933–941.
Ferrara A, Quesenberry CP, Karter AJ, Njoroge CW, Jacobson AS, Selby JV; Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995–1998. Circulation. 2003; 107: 43–48.
Kwang Kon Koh; Eak Kyun Shin
Cardiology, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
Ichiro Sakuma
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
In response:
We appreciate Dr. Wakatsuki very much for the concern regarding our article.1
We and others2,3 have demonstrated that low dosages of hormone therapy (HT) ameliorated the adverse effects of conventional HT, which was used in randomized clinical trials, and we have suggested that HT could have a differential effect on clinical outcome. Indeed, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that low dosages of estrogen reduced the risk of stroke or myocardial infarction, compared with conventional or high dosages of estrogen.4,5 In summary, recent epidemiological and mechanistic studies have provided a strong rationale to perform a randomized clinical trial to investigate whether low dosages of HT protect the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. However, we cannot be confident in this intriguing hypothesis until randomized prospective clinical trials have shown evidence. Thus, we agree with Dr. Wakatsuki that now is the time to show the money.
References
Koh KK, Shin M-S, Sakuma I, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Kim DS, Han SH, Ahn TH, Shin EK. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 1516–1521.
Hashimoto M, Miyao M, Akishita M, Hosoi T, Toba K, Kozaki K, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y. Effects of long-term and reduced-dose hormone replacement therapy on endothelial function and intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2002; 9: 58–64.
Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 571–576.
Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 933–941.
Ferrara A, Quesenberry CP, Karter AJ, Njoroge CW, Jacobson AS, Selby JV; Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995–1998. Circulation. 2003; 107: 43–48.(Akihiko Wakatsuki)
To the Editor:
In their interesting study, Koh et al demonstrated that lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) eliminated the adverse effects of conventional dosage of CEE on markers of vascular inflammation and coagulation, in addition to preserving the favorable effects of estrogen on endothelial function.1 Similar to their report, our previous findings demonstrated that CEE at a dosage of 0.625 mg increased inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, serum amyloid protein A, and interleukin-6, whereas CEE at a dosage of 0.3125 mg did not elevate these markers. Additionally, low-dose CEE has an effect comparable to high-dose CEE on endothelium,2 and low-dose CEE has benefits of plasma triglyceride and the size of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). High-dose CEE increases plasma concentrations of triglyceride, and this estrogen-induced increase in plasma triglyceride reduces the size of LDL particles that are more susceptible to oxidation. In contrast, plasma triglyceride concentrations and the size of LDL particles are unaffected and the oxidative susceptibility of LDL is inhibited by low-dose CEE administration.3
The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study and the Women’s Health Initiative reported that hormone therapy increased the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women. In contrast, Grodstein et al demonstrated that CEE at a daily dosage of 0.625 mg increases the risk for stroke, whereas 0.3 mg of CEE daily is associated with a reduction in the risk for stroke.4 In addition, Ferrara et al also demonstrated that low dosage but not medium or high dosage estrogen decreased the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic women without a recent MI.5 Thus, low dosage estrogen administration can ameliorate the adverse effects of conventional dosage of estrogen and could have a different effect on clinical outcome. Studies are needed to investigate whether low dosage estrogen therapy is protective against the risk of CHD in postmenopausal women.
References
Koh KK, Shin MS, Sakuma I, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Kim DS, Han SH, Chung WJ, Shin EK. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 1516–1521.
Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 571–576.
Wakatsuki A, Okatani Y, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dose of oral conjugated equine estrogen on size and oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Circulation. 2003; 108: 808–813.
Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 933–941.
Ferrara A, Quesenberry CP, Karter AJ, Njoroge CW, Jacobson AS, Selby JV; Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995–1998. Circulation. 2003; 107: 43–48.
Kwang Kon Koh; Eak Kyun Shin
Cardiology, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
Ichiro Sakuma
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
In response:
We appreciate Dr. Wakatsuki very much for the concern regarding our article.1
We and others2,3 have demonstrated that low dosages of hormone therapy (HT) ameliorated the adverse effects of conventional HT, which was used in randomized clinical trials, and we have suggested that HT could have a differential effect on clinical outcome. Indeed, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that low dosages of estrogen reduced the risk of stroke or myocardial infarction, compared with conventional or high dosages of estrogen.4,5 In summary, recent epidemiological and mechanistic studies have provided a strong rationale to perform a randomized clinical trial to investigate whether low dosages of HT protect the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. However, we cannot be confident in this intriguing hypothesis until randomized prospective clinical trials have shown evidence. Thus, we agree with Dr. Wakatsuki that now is the time to show the money.
References
Koh KK, Shin M-S, Sakuma I, Ahn JY, Jin DK, Kim HS, Kim DS, Han SH, Ahn TH, Shin EK. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 1516–1521.
Hashimoto M, Miyao M, Akishita M, Hosoi T, Toba K, Kozaki K, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y. Effects of long-term and reduced-dose hormone replacement therapy on endothelial function and intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2002; 9: 58–64.
Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Shinohara K, Watanabe K, Fukaya T. Effect of lower dosage of oral conjugated equine estrogen on inflammatory markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004; 24: 571–576.
Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133: 933–941.
Ferrara A, Quesenberry CP, Karter AJ, Njoroge CW, Jacobson AS, Selby JV; Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Current use of unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin and the risk of acute myocardial infarction among women with diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry, 1995–1998. Circulation. 2003; 107: 43–48.(Akihiko Wakatsuki)