Epitope-tagged P0 Glycoprotein Causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth–like Neuropa
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《细胞学杂志》
a Department of Neurology and Department of Biological and Technological Research (DIBIT), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
b MIA-DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
c University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy 20052
d Hunter College, New York, New York 10021
e Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
f Waisman Center and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
Correspondence to: M. Laura Feltri, Department of Neurology and DIBIT 4A2, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy. Tel:02-26-43-47-82 Fax:02-26-43-47-67
Abstract
In peripheral nerve myelin, the intraperiod line results from compaction of the extracellular space due to homophilic adhesion between extracellular domains (ECD) of the protein zero (P0) glycoprotein. Point mutations in this region of P0 cause human hereditary demyelinating neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth. We describe transgenic mice expressing a full-length P0 modified in the ECD with a myc epitope tag. The presence of the myc sequence caused a dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy similar to two distinct subtypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth, with hypomyelination, altered intraperiod lines, and tomacula (thickened myelin). The tagged protein was incorporated into myelin and was associated with the morphological abnormalities. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that P0myc retained partial adhesive function, and suggested that the transgene inhibits P0-mediated adhesion in a dominant-negative fashion. These mice suggest new mechanisms underlying both the pathogenesis of P0 ECD mutants and the normal interactions of P0 in the myelin sheath.
Key Words: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, myelin protein zero, tomacula, transgenic mice, Myc-tag
Introduction
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT)1 is the most frequent hereditary peripheral neuropathy in humans. The most common variant (CMT1A) is due primarly to the duplication of a large region of chromosome 17 that includes the gene for peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22) (for review see Harding 1995 ). In other cases, CMT1 and the more severe variants Déjérine-Sottas (DSS) syndrome and congenital hypomyelination (CH) are due to point mutations of the PMP-22, GJ?1, myelin protein zero (MPZ), or EGR2 genes (reviewed in Nelis et al. 1999 ; Wrabetz et al. 2001 ). Thus, similar clinical entities are due to mutations of different genes involved in a common pathway that normally results in peripheral nerve myelination. However, different mutations in the same gene give rise to neuropathies of varying severity. For example, mutations in the MPZ gene may cause either CMT1B, DSS, or CH. These mutations are mostly localized in the extracellular domain (ECD) of the protein zero (P0) glycoprotein, which is encoded by MPZ (for review see Nelis et al. 1999 ).
P0, the most abundant protein in the peripheral nerve (Lemke et al. 1988 ), is a single pass transmembrane protein expressed in Schwann cells (SCs) that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. P0 acts as a homotypic adhesion molecule necessary for the formation of the intraperiod line (IPL) as myelin lamellae compact (D'Urso et al. 1990 ; Filbin et al. 1990 ; Schneider-Schaulies et al. 1990 ; Giese et al. 1992 ). Crystallographic analysis revealed that this adhesive function is probably mediated by the interaction of tetramers composed of ECD of P0 molecules emanating from apposing lamellae (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The P0 null mouse supports such a role for P0 and shows hypomyelination, widening and uncompaction of myelin lamellae, and slow nerve conduction velocity (Giese et al. 1992 ; Martini et al. 1995 ). The homozygous P0 null mouse is considered a model of patients with DSS that are homozygous for predicted null mutations (e.g., Gly74 frameshift; Warner et al. 1996 ). The heterozygous P0 null mouse presents a late onset, mild neuropathy and is a model for patients with CMT1B that are heterozygous for P0 loss of function mutations (for review see Martini 1997 ). However, it is likely that the majority of P0 mutations act through gain of function, since, in most cases, they are dominantly inherited and cause a more severe phenotype than that of the heterozygous P0 null mice (for review see Martini 1997 ). Furthermore, the fact that some mutations may act through gain of function, and others through loss of function can explain, in part, the observation that mutations in the MPZ gene may cause either CMT1B, DSS, or CH.
Here, we describe the first transgenic mice that model CMT1B due to a gain of P0 function. These mice were created by adding a randomly inserted P0 transgene to two normal P0 alleles to reveal only gain of function mechanisms. To follow intracellular trafficking of future P0 mutants, normal P0 was first tagged at the mature NH2 terminus in the ECD. Crystallographic studies suggested that the NH2 terminus of P0 was not directly engaged in cis or trans interactions (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). P0myc mice were created in parallel with mice in which overexpression of wild-type (wt) P0 causes a developmental delay in myelination (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Surprisingly, P0myc mice showed clinical and morphological abnormalities that were independent of P0 overexpression. The morphological abnormalities resembled two subtypes of CMT1B patient, and the abnormalities worsened after outcrossing P0myc into the P0 null background. P0myc was detected in abnormal myelin, and P0myc was partially adhesive, as P0myc expressed in P0 null mice produced myelin with only a slight widening of IPLs, and in vitro, P0myc aggregated transfected cells equally to wt P0. These data suggest that P0myc acts by a dominant-negative gain of function and have implications for normal P0 interactions in myelin. P0myc mice support the idea that the pathogenesis of some mutations in the ECD of P0 includes gain of function.
Materials and Methods
Transgenic Mice, Genomic Analysis, Breeding, and Genetic Backgrounds
The transgene derives from mP0TOT (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) that contains the complete P0 gene with 6 kb of promoter, all exons and introns, and the natural polyadenylation site (see Fig 1). In mP0TOT(myc), an oligonucleotide encoding myc tag (5'-CCATTGAGCAAAAGCTCATTTCTGAAGAGGACTTGAATG-3') was inserted in frame into the MscI site in P0 exon 2, corresponding to the NH2 terminus of the mature P0 protein (see Fig 1) and recreated the signal peptide cleavage site. The myc oligonucleotide was first inserted into the plasmid mP05.7 (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) to create mP05.7myc. A 7-kb EcoRI fragment was excised from the plasmid mP0E (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) and ligated into EcoRI-digested mP05.7myc to generate the plasmid mP0TOT(myc). mP0TOT(myc) contains a polymorphic BglII site in exon 3 (amino acid sequence is conserved) that is not present in the endogenous FVB/N P0 alleles. For oocyte injection, the transgene was excised from the vector using XhoI and NotI. Transgenic mice were generated by standard techniques (Brinster et al. 1985 ) using fertilized eggs obtained from the mating of FVB/N mice (Taconic). Transgenic lines were maintained by backcrosses to FVB/N mice (Taconic or Charles River). Founders that transmitted the transgene to progeny were identified by Southern blot and PCR analysis of genomic DNA, which were prepared from tail samples, as described previously (Feltri et al. 1999 ; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). The genetic designations of the three lines that have been maintained from this study are: line 88.1,TgN(Mpzmyc)19Mes; line 88.2,TgN(Mpzmyc)20Mes; and line 88.4, TgN(Mpzmyc)21Mes.
Figure 1. Design of P0myc transgene. A schematic representation of the endogenous Mpz gene, the mP0TOT(myc) transgene, and the mature P0myc protein are shown. ecd, ectodomain; tm, transmembrane domain; icd, intracellular domain. Coding portions of exons are in black; the myc tag is hatched and marked by an asterisk.
P0 null mice (P0 +/- and P0 -/-) were identified by Southern blot and PCR analysis of tail genomic DNA, as described (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). P0 null mice were backcrossed into the FVB/N background. The N5 generation P0+/- was crossed with transgene 88 (P0myc) FVB to obtain N6 P0+/-/ P0myc. Subsequent crosses of N6 P0+/-/P0myc with N6 P0+/- gave rise to the F1N6 generation that was analyzed for rescue, as a consequence of reduced P0 dosage. P0+/-/P0myc and P0-/-/P0myc mice were identified by Southern blot. The presence of a 2.1-kb band identified the null allele (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), whereas the myc transgene was identified after densitometry and PCR analysis by the presence of an intense 1.0-kb band. In P0-/-myc, the 6.8-kb band from the wt Mpz allele was absent (data not shown).
All the experiments involving animals were described in protocols approved by the San Raffaele Scientific Institute Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animals that showed signs of distress due to neuropathy were killed.
Electrophysiologic Analysis
The compound muscle action potential and nerve conduction velocity of transgenic mice and control littermates at postnatal day (P) 42 were measured as described (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ).
Morphology
Transgenic mice and age-matched controls were killed at the ages indicated, and semithin and ultrathin morphological analysis were conducted as previously described (Quattrini et al. 1996 ). To quantitate the amount of abnormal myelin periodicity after crossing into the P0 null background, at least 100 myelinated fibers for each genotype were counted at a magnification of 7,000x in 10 random, independent fields; abnormally compacted fibers were expressed as the percent of total fibers.
Immunohistochemistry and Immunoelectron Microscopy
For cryosections, sciatic nerve segments were fixed for 1 h in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, cryoprotected in 20% sucrose, embedded in OCT (Miles), and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed on transverse and longitudinal cryosections. Cryosections (8-μm thick) were fixed in cold acetone for 2 min, rinsed twice in PBS, and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (Dako). Double staining was performed with a rabbit pAb recognizing P0, (a gift from Dr. D. Colman, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY) (Colman et al. 1982 ), and an mAb recognizing myc (American Type Culture Collection; clone 1-9E10.2), diluted 1:200 and 1:20, respectively. Sections were then treated with FITC- or TRITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc.), and examined with confocal microscopy (MRC 1024; Bio-Rad Laboratories).
For electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, segments of sciatic nerves were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.25% glutaraldehyde in 125 mM PBS, pH 7.4, for 2 h. The samples were infiltrated with polyvinylpyrrolidone and frozen in a 3:1 (vol/vol) mixture of propane and isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin cryosections (50–100-nm thick) were cut using an Ultracut ultramicrotome, which was equipped with a Reichert FC4 cryosectioning apparatus and processed as described previously (Villa et al. 1993 ). In brief, the cryosections were collected over nickel grids and covered with 2% gelatin. After treatment with 125 mM PBS supplemented with 0.1 M glycine, they were double-immunostained with primary antibodies anti-P0 and anti-myc diluted in PBS-glycine buffer. Gold-labeled secondary antibodies (British Biocell International) diluted 1:80 in PBS-glycine buffer recognized P0 (small particles, 5 nm) and myc (large particles, 15 nm). Cryosections were then examined by EM.
Teased Fiber Preparation
Glutaraldehyde-fixed sciatic nerves from 6-mo-old P0myc transgenic mice were osmicated and placed in glycerol. Single fibers were separated with fine forceps, placed on slides, and analyzed with a light microscope (Olympus).
Semiquantitative Reverse Transcribed-PCR
Total RNA isolation and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR were performed, as described previously (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), on sciatic nerves from animals from P28. The RT-PCR assay was performed as a modification of the method by Fiering et al. 1995 . The polymorphic BglII site spans the intron 2/exon 3 boundary, but in the cDNA product its four nucleotide (nt) core, a DpnII site, is still present. The validity of the method for semiquantitative assessments was verified using known amounts of templates, containing or not containing DpnII (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). In the rescue experiments, RT-PCR was used to determine total levels of P0 mRNA in P28 sciatic nerves, as previously described (Feltri et al. 1999 ). In brief, equal volumes of RT products were amplified using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) specific primers (5'-GTATGACTCTACCCACGG-3' and 5'-GTTCAGCTCTGGGATGAC-3') in the presence of 32P-dCTP. Aliquots from the amplification were withdrawn at 22, 24, and 26 cycles, resolved on an acrylamide gel, and visualized by autoradiography. The intensity of the bands was quantified by densitometry (Molecular Dynamics) to verify that amplification was logarithmic and to determine the relative amount of starting cDNA from each sample. Equal amounts of reverse transcribed product, as determined by the GAPDH signal, were amplified using primers specific for P0 (5'-GTCCAGTGAATGGGTCTCAG-3' and 5'-GCTCCCAACACCACCCCATA-3'). The intensity of the bands was quantified by densitometry, and the ratio between P0 and GAPDH was determined.
Western Blot Analysis
Western blot analysis was performed, as described previously (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), on sciatic nerves from P28 transgenic and nontransgenic littermates. To verify equal loading of proteins, membranes were stained with amido black. The primary antibodies used were: anti-myc (clone 1-9E10.2 ATCC), anti-P07 (a gift from Dr. J. Archelos, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Graz, Austria) (Archelos et al. 1993 ). Peroxidase-conjugated second antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich) were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence method (NEN Life Science Products).
Aggregation Assay
To construct the pSJLrP0myc plasmid, a MscI/BstE II fragment from plasmid mP05.7 myc was first cloned into rP0pBSK+ (Filbin and Tennekoon 1990 ). The P0myc cDNA was then cloned into the XhoI site of pSJL (Filbin and Tennekoon 1990 ) to create pSJLP0myc. The hybrid cDNA used in transfection encodes a P0myc with one conservative amino acid change relative to rat (val9ile; residue nine is ile in the mouse and val in rat and human); no mutations have been described at human P0 val9. CHO cell transfection, expression, and adhesion essays were described previously (Filbin et al. 1990 ; Filbin and Tennekoon 1993 ). In brief, a single cell suspension of P0, P0myc, or control cells was allowed to aggregate during rocking at 5 rpm at 37°C. Aggregate formation in samples withdrawn at various times was assessed by microscopic examination and by counting total particle number in a Coulter counter. Reduced total particle number is an indication of aggregate formation. The mixed adhesion assay was carried out as described previously (Wong and Filbin 1996 ).
Image Analysis
Micrographs of morphological samples and radiographic films were digitalized using an AGFA Arcus 2 scanner and figures were prepared using Adobe? Photoshop 5.0.
Results
Transgenic Mice Expressing P0myc Develop a Dysmyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy
The entire Mpz was reconstructed to contain 6 kb of the P0 5' flanking sequence, all exons, the natural polyadenylation signal and 400 flanking nts (mP0TOT vector; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). A derivative of mP0TOT (mP0TOTAnlacZ) was regulated in parallel with P0 during postnatal development and after Wallerian degeneration (Feltri et al. 1999 ). Moreover, mP0TOT was able to produce structurally and functionally normal myelin when expressed in the P0-/- background (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To locate P0 intracellularly, sequence encoding a myc tag was inserted into exon 2 (mP0TOTmyc), downstream of the sequence coding for the signal peptide, to precede the NH2 terminus in the extracellular portion of the mature protein (Fig 1).
We produced four founder P0myc mice, three of which (88.1, 88.2, and 88.4) transmitted the transgene to offspring. Mice from all lines displayed tremors and variable signs of muscle weakness, such as clenching of the paws, dragging of hind limbs, and floppy tail (Fig 2). One line (88.2) manifested self-mutilation, presumably deriving from sensory symptoms. In two of the three lines (88.1 and 88.2), a marked muscular atrophy was evident (Fig 2). All symptoms were most severe in line 88.2, intermediate in line 88.1, and least severe in line 88.4, corresponding to copy number and expression of the transgene, as estimated by Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis (see below and data not shown).
Figure 2. Lines, clinical phenotype, and nerve conduction velocities (ncv) are listed in the table, ncv are in m/s expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 2–4). In the photograph below, a P0myc (Tg 88.2) animal at P160 manifests atrophy in axial and hindlimb muscles compared with a normal age-matched control (non Tg). -, absent; +, mild; ++, medium; and +++, severe.
Since these symptoms are characteristic of a peripheral neuropathy, we measured nerve conduction velocity, which was significantly decreased in both lines tested (Fig 2). These data indicate that the mice suffer from a dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy.
P0myc Mice Resemble Subtypes of CMT1B
Morphological analysis of transgenic sciatic nerves at P28 showed hypomyelination, with thin or absent myelin sheaths on many large caliber axons, both at the light- and electron-microscopic levels (Fig 3B and Fig F). Occasional fibers showed thick and redundant myelin, possibly representing myelin outfolding or tomacula. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the myelin lamellae were widely spaced, in particular, the inner lamellae closer to the axon (Fig 3 H). High magnification of the poorly compacted areas revealed absence of the IPL (inset). Occasionally, the major dense line (MDL) was also uncompacted. Similar packing abnormalities, especially at the innermost part of the myelin sheaths, have been described in several CMT1B patients carrying missense mutations in the ECD of P0 (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). At seven months, the hypomyelination was more pronounced, with most of the large caliber axons showing very thin or absent myelin (Fig 3 C). Several axons were enlarged and completely devoid of myelin (Fig 3C and Fig G), whereas unmyelinated fibers appeared normal. In parallel, tomacula were more frequent (Fig 3 C, inset). In teased fiber analysis or EM, the tomacula appeared to originate from the paranodal region (Fig 3D and Fig E) and contained poorly compacted myelin (Fig 3 I). Axonal caliber was preserved throughout the tomacula (Fig 3 E). Similar tomacula were reported in a different group of CMT1B patients with mutations in the ECD of P0 (Thomas et al. 1994 ; Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Tachi et al. 1997 ; Nagakawa et al. 1999 ; Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ; Sindou et al. 1999 ). Hypomyelination, tomacula, and uncompaction of the myelin sheath were readily observed in all three P0myc lines. Occasionally, demyelinating figures, short internodes suggesting remyelination, and signs of axonal degeneration were observed in older mice (data not shown). In contrast, we never observed the presence of onion bulbs at any age in the P0myc mice. Thus, it appears that the myc tag at the NH2 terminus of the mature P0 protein mimics some of the effects of P0 mutations in the ECD.
Figure 3. P0myc nerves contain abnormal myelin compaction and tomacula. (A–C) Semithin section, (D) teased fiber, and (E–I) ultrastructural analysis of (A) wt, (B–G) P0myc/Tg 88.1, and (H and I) P0myc/Tg 88.2 sciatic nerves showing dysmyelination, tomacula, and widening of myelin lamellae. Transverse semithin sections stained with toluidine blue at (A and B) P28 showed diffuse hypomyelination and few abnormally outfolded myelin sheaths in P0myc mice (tomacula-like). (C) At 7 mo, hypomyelination was still severe and the number of myelin outfolding/tomacula rose (inset). Some axons appear enlarged and devoid of myelin (see also G). Teased fiber and electromicroscopic analysis of longitudinal sections at (D) 12- and (E) 7-mo-old in P0myc showed that tomacula often originate at the paranodal region (arrow), and that the axon caliber is preserved underneath the tomacula. EM showed axons with absent or thin myelin sheaths at (F) P28 and demonstrated (H and inset) widely spaced myelin lamellae in many fibers. In 7-mo-old animals, hypomyelination, (G) enlarged amyelinated axons, and (G and I) myelin outfolding/tomacula containing poorly compacted myelin were prominent, whereas (I, asterisk) unmyelinated fibers appeared normal. Bar (in C): (A–C) 65 μm; (inset) 40 μm. Bar (in I): (D) 25 μm; (E) 3.5 μm; (F) 3 μm; (G) 5 μm; (H) 1 μm; (inset) 0.6 μm; (I) 6 μm.
Since P0myc mice potentially overexpress P0, we compared the morphology of mice expressing P0myc (Tg 88) to mice overexpressing P0wt (Tg 80; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Whereas widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula were present in all three P0myc lines, we never observed them in any P0wt insertion (eight independent insertions were examined for tomacula; of these, four were also examined for widened lamellae). Therefore, the morphological findings of P0myc mice were distinct from those of P0wt overexpressor mice.
The Phenotype of P0myc Mice Is Independent of P0 Overexpression
To determine the levels of mP0TOT(myc) mRNA expression, we used RT-PCR analysis and exploited a DpnII polymorphism present in the transgenes, but not in endogenous Mpz. P0 primers flanking the polymorphism amplify a 326-nt band from reverse transcribed sciatic nerve mRNA. After DpnII digestion, the 326-nt band corresponding to the endogenous P0 remains uncut, whereas the transgenic P0 cDNA is cleaved into two bands of 244 and 82 nt (Fig 4).
Figure 4. mP0TOT(myc) transgene expression in sciatic nerve. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis from P28 sciatic nerves for endogenous Mpz and transgenic mRNA. Total RNA was reverse transcribed and the product amplified by PCR, using a primer pair that recognized identically both endogenous nontransgenic (Tg-) and transgenic (Tg88 and Tg80) P0 cDNA. Due to a polymorphism present only in transgenic P0, it is possible to distinguish bands of endogenous P0 cDNA (326 nt) from transgenic P0 cDNA (244 and 82 nt) after DpnII digestion. The relative proportion of transgenic and endogenous mRNA is shown, and the "-fold overexpression" is the quotient of the transgenic divided by the endogenous signal. This experiment shows that the transgenic mRNA is expressed in all lines. Note that the P0myc/Tg88.4 ratio is similar to P0wt-overexpressing/Tg80.3 line, which expresses below the threshold at which dysmyelination appears.
We have previously shown that at 0.5-fold overexpression of P0 above normal levels in transgenic mice, a dose-dependent dysmyelination appears (hypomyelination and SC developmental delay) (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To confirm that the observed phenotype in P0myc mice was not due to P0 overexpression, we compared P0 expression levels in P0myc and P0wt lines. We chose the P0 line (80.3) that is just at the threshold of 0.5-fold P0 overexpression necessary to cause dysmyelination. After DpnII digestion, the two bands of 244 and 82 nt, corresponding to the transgenic mRNA, were seen in all the P0myc (88) and P0wt (80.3) lines, but not in nontransgenic mice (Fig 4). The 326-nt band corresponding to endogenous P0 mRNA is seen in all samples. Densitometry revealed that P0myc lines 88.1, 88.2, and 88.4 expressed P0myc at 2.5-, 4-, and 0.4-fold above the level of endogenous Mpz, whereas the P0wt line (80.3) expressed 0.3-fold (0.3–0.5-fold in other experiments, data not shown) of endogenous Mpz. Therefore, line 88.4 expresses at levels just at the threshold necessary to reveal an overexpression phenotype, yet it has the more severe phenotype similar to the other P0myc lines. A further reduction of transgene dosage, achieved by outcrossing the P0myc/88.4 line with P0 null mice (to obtain P0myc/P0+/- and P0myc/P0-/-mice) improved the hypomyelination, but not the widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula (see Fig 7, and below). These data, taken together with the presence of morphological signs distinct from P0-overexpressing mice, confirm that the phenotype of P0myc mice is not due to overexpression of P0.
Figure 5. P0myc protein expression in sciatic nerve. Western blot analysis performed on sciatic nerve lysates from P0myc/Tg 88, P0wt/Tg 80.3, and nontransgenic/Tg(-) mice at P28. Anti-myc antibody recognized P0myc only in P0myc/Tg 88 nerve lysates (top), whereas anti-P0 antibody recognized both P0myc and P0wt (bottom). The amount of P0 reflects the effect of transgene overexpression (88.2 > 88.1 > 88.4) counteracted by the loss of P0 due to dysmyelination (88.2 > 88.1 > 88.4). A relative molecular weight of 30 kD is indicated.
Figure 6. P0myc is correctly inserted into myelin sheaths, in parallel with P0wt. (A and B) Merged confocal images and (C) immunoelectron microscopy of P28 P0myc/Tg 88.4 sciatic nerves cut (A and C) transversely or (B) longitudinally, and double stained with anti-myc (TITC or large gold particles) and anti-P0 (FITC or small gold particles) antibodies. (A and B) Almost complete colocalization of the two signals was observed after merge (in yellow). Rare fibers did not stain for myc (e.g., green signal, asterisk). (C) Immunoelectron microscopy showed that P0myc was present in areas containing widened myelin lamellae.
Figure 7. Myelin uncompaction and tomacula are not rescued in the Mpz null background. P0myc/Tg 88.4 was crossed into the Mpz heterozygous and homozygous null background, and sciatic nerves from P28 offspring were analyzed. Semithin sections of (A) Tg 88.4 (P0myc), (B) Tg 88.4/P0-/-, (C) Tg 88.4/P0+/-, (D) Tg 80.4 (P0wt), (E) Tg 80.4/P0-/-, and (F) P0-/- show that, whereas lowering the dosage of P0 rescues dysmyelination in Tg80 (P0wt overexpressor) mice (compare D to E), it exacerbates tomacula in Tg 88 (P0myc) mice (B and C, arrows). EM analysis of the myelin sheaths (in each case, the area of the best "compaction" is shown) of (G) nontransgenic, (H) Tg 88.4/P0+/-, (I) Tg 88.4/P0-/-, (J) P0-/- reveals that when P0myc is expressed (I) alone it can compact myelin lamellae, however in I the space of 10 periods (11 MDL marked by white circles) is larger than that formed by (G) P0wt or a mixture of (H) P0myc and P0wt. 10 periods = 156 ± 2.3 nm (mean ± SEM) in G (n = 9) and 175 ± 4.6 nm in I (n = 8), P < 0.001 by Student's t test, which is equivalent to a 12% increase. Increasing the magnification, such that the double IPLs are visible, shows that this increase is due to a widened space between IPL in I compared with G (data not shown). Note that in contrast to what was reported previously in P0-/- mice on an inbred mixed 129Sv/C57BL/6J background (Giese et al. 1992 ), in (J) P0-/- FVB congenic mice, most fibers do not form either IPL or MDL. (K) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis from P28 sciatic nerves shows that total levels of P0 mRNA are reduced in Tg 88.4/P0+/- compared with nontransgenic or P0myc/Tg 88.4 nerves. Relative expression (rel. exp) is the quotient of the densitometric values of P0 divided by GAPDH; the quotient obtained in the nontransgenic (Tg-) is arbitrarily defined as one. (L) Digestion with DpnII allows endogenous (326-nt band) and transgenic (244- and 82-nt bands) P0 signals to be distinguished. The level of endogenous P0 is decreased out of proportion in Tg 88.4/P0+/- (predicted ratio of P0myc/P0 50:50, not 80:20), suggesting that P0myc has a dominant-negative effect on the expression of endogenous Mpz. Bar: (A–F) 50 μm; (G–J) 60 nm.
P0myc Protein Is Expressed in Transgenic Mouse Nerves
To evaluate if the transgenic protein was expressed in P0myc mice, we performed Western blot analysis on sciatic nerve homogenates. Anti-myc antibody detected a band of 33 kD, the appropriate size for P0 plus myc, in all of the P0myc lines, but not in nontransgenic littermates or in P0wt mice (Fig 5). In the P0myc/88.2 line, the total levels of P0 were reduced in association with the loss of bulk myelin, as previously found in P0wt mice (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Endogenous P0 was detected in all lanes using an anti-P0 mAb; a larger band, corresponding to P0myc, was again detected only in the P0myc/88 lines. The smaller band seen with anti-myc, and sometimes with the anti-P0 antibody, is probably a degradation product (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Amido black staining showed that comparable amounts of protein homogenates were loaded in each lane (data not shown). These data demonstrate that the transgenic protein was expressed in sciatic nerves of all lines.
P0myc Protein Is Incorporated in the Myelin Sheath and Present in Widened Lamellae and Tomacula
Since P0myc mice contain two normal Mpz alleles in addition to the transgene, and mP0TOT(myc) is expressed at the level of mRNA and protein in transgenic sciatic nerves, P0myc should exert its negative effect by a gain of function rather than a loss of function mechanism. If this is true, the myc-tagged P0 should not only be expressed, but should also be incorporated in the myelin sheath, and possibly present in the pathological fibers. To test this, we first stained transgenic sciatic nerves by immunohistochemistry using P0 pAb and myc mAb. By double immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we observed both P0 (green fluorescence) and myc (red fluorescence) in compact myelin, and the signals often colocalized (Fig 6 A). Longitudinal sections showed that myc was present in enlarged fibers (Fig 6 B). The majority of fibers expressed P0myc. A few fibers, apparently normal in caliber, expressed only wt P0 (Fig 6 A, asterisk).
To determine if P0myc protein was present in the uncompacted myelin lamellae, we performed double immunoelectron microscopy for P0 and P0myc. Fig 6 C shows that both P0 (small gold particles) and P0myc (large gold particles) are present in the widened myelin lamellae. Both P0 and P0myc were found in normal myelin, as well. Thus, the transgenic protein is incorporated into the majority of myelin sheaths, and it is present both in tomacula and widened myelin lamellae. Furthermore, though anti-P0 antibodies recognize epitopes on both P0 and P0myc, P0myc is not likely to account for all of the P0 staining detected, as Western blot analysis revealed similar amounts of P0 and P0myc in nerves of this line (P0myc/88.4), and immunohistochemical analysis showed that only rare fibers contained P0 alone. Thus, it is very likely that P0 and P0myc are cointegrated in most myelin sheaths.
The Phenotype of P0myc Mice Is Not Rescued by Decreasing or Removing wt P0
To analyze the effect of P0myc in the absence of P0wt, we crossed the P0myc/88.4 line into the P0 null background and analyzed sciatic nerves at P28. A similar experiment performed in a line of mice that overexpressed comparable levels of wt P0 (Tg80.4; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) completely rescued the hypomyelination due to P0 overexpression (compare Fig 7D and Fig E). In contrast, hypomyelination is only slightly improved for P0myc in either the P0+/- or P0-/- backgrounds (compare Fig 7B and Fig CA). More strikingly, tomacula and abnormal compaction (see below) were not improved by lowering the dosage of P0, rather they worsened. Tomacula were rarely seen at P28 in cross sections of P0myc/P0+/+ mice, but were readily observed in cross-sections of P0myc/P0+/- and P0myc/P0-/- mice (Fig 7B and Fig C, arrowheads). Nerve conduction velocities also remained low in two P0myc lines in the P0+/- background (88.4 and 88.1; Fig 2). These data strongly suggest that abnormal compaction of myelin, tomacula, and low nerve conduction velocities are due to the presence of P0myc.
The kind of compaction abnormalities seen in these experiments provided insight into the mechanism by which P0myc causes dysmyelination. The proportion of myelinated fibers with abnormally compacted myelin was 11% in P0myc/P0+/+, 35% in P0myc/P0+/-, and 100% in P0myc/P0-/- mice. We observed two types of abnormally compacted fibers in P0myc/P0-/-: (a) rare fibers in which both the intraperiod and MDL were absent (data not shown) and (b) majority of fibers with myelin that appeared compacted, but had abnormal periodicity due to a wide (but not absent) IPL (Fig 7, compare I to G). In contrast, most fibers of P0-/- mice in the FVB congenic background formed neither an IPL, nor a MDL (Fig 7 J). These data suggest that P0myc molecules are partially adhesive, since they can interact homotypically to form an IPL, but they are not able to compact it tightly.
We noticed that in the P0myc/P0+/-and P0myc/P0-/- mice the myelin sheaths were thinner than normal. Such hypomyelination could reflect either mild overexpression or reduced expression of P0, since in the FVB/N background, P0+/- showed slight hypomyelination at P28 (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To distinguish between these two possibilities, we compared total P0 mRNA levels in nontransgenic, P0myc, and P0myc/P0+/- sciatic nerves by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Fig 7 K shows that the total levels of P0 mRNA were reduced more than expected in P0myc/P0+/- sciatic nerves compared with nontransgenic and P0myc nerves (expected relative expression should be roughly one). This indicates that the hypomyelination in P0myc/P0+/- mice is likely due to underexpression of P0. To understand why the total level of P0 mRNA in P0myc/P0+/- was reduced, we digested the RT-PCR product with DpnII to distinguish the contribution of transgenic P0 versus wt P0 to the observed levels. Fig 7 L shows that the levels of endogenous P0 are decreased out of proportion in P0myc/P0+/- nerves, suggesting that P0myc interferes not only with P0 adhesion, but also with the expression of endogenous P0.
P0myc Protein Is Adhesive in an Aggregation Assay In Vitro
Despite the severe phenotype of P0myc mice, myelin is more compacted in P0myc/P0-/- mice than in P0-/- mice, suggesting that the P0myc protein is at least partially adhesive. To measure the adhesiveness of P0myc, we expressed the P0myc protein in CHO cells and measured its homotypic adhesion and compared it with wt P0. Fig 8 shows that P0wt and P0myc are equally adhesive in this assay. To ask if P0myc could adhere to P0wt, we mixed P0wt- and P0myc-expressing cells and examined the composition of aggregates. The aggregates had an equal distribution of P0myc and P0wt cells (data not shown; Filbin, M.T., manuscript in preparation). Therefore, P0myc retains the ability to mediate homotypic interaction, and it adhered with the same affinity to itself and to P0wt.
Figure 8. Aggregation properties of P0myc-expressing cells. Single cell suspensions of CHO cells expressing P0wt, P0myc, and control transfected cells were allowed to aggregate. Samples were withdrawn at intervals and the total particle number was counted in a light microscope. The mean percent of initial total particle number ± SEM (n = 3) was plotted against time. Cells transfected with P0myc aggregated identically to those transfected with P0wt.
Discussion
Here, we describe the behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological alterations of transgenic mice carrying an epitope (myc) tag at the NH2 terminus of the P0 glycoprotein, along with normal P0. Surprisingly, P0myc mice manifested peripheral nerve abnormalities typical of two subtypes of CMT1B, including tomacula and disruption of IPLs. This phenotype differed from that of P0 overexpression and was not rescued in P0myc/P0 null mice. P0myc acted via gain of function, as it was incorporated into myelin and present in morphological abnormalities. In addition, P0myc was adhesive, as it aggregated transfected cells equally to wt P0. These data underline that P0 structural interactions in myelin are complex and provide insights into the normal role of P0 in myelin compaction. P0myc mice provide the first model of CMT1B due to gain of function and prove that myelin packing abnormalities result from either loss or gain of P0 function.
Pathological Findings in P0myc Mice Are Due to the Expression of the mP0TOT(myc) Transgene
The pathological features observed in P0myc mice could be due to the ectopic expression of the transgene or, since the peripheral nerve myelination is highly susceptible to increased Mpz dosage (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), to overexpression of P0. The observed phenotype is not due to ectopic expression, since a transgenic vector with the same regulatory sequences of mP0TOT(myc) was expressed with the same cell and developmental specificity as endogenous P0 (Feltri et al. 1999 ), and an identical transgene, but without a myc tag, could produce morphologically normal myelin (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ).
In addition, tomacula and widened lamellae in P0myc mice are not due to increased Mpz dosage. First, they persist independently from the total levels of P0. Second, they are observed in the absence of pathological P0 overexpression: dysmyelination appears at 0.5-fold overexpression (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) and the P0myc/88.4 line showed mild overexpression (0.4-fold), which is compatible with normal PNS myelination. A further reduction of total P0 by breeding P0myc/88.4 into P0+/- or P0-/- backgrounds did not rescue myelin uncompaction and tomacula or altered conduction velocities. Finally, neither myelin uncompaction nor tomacula were ever observed in multiple lines of transgenic mice overexpressing P0wt over a wide range.
P0myc Is Partially Adhesive
In vitro assay showed that P0myc and P0 are equally adhesive. However, when P0myc was the only P0 present in the myelin sheath (P0myc/P0-/- mice), it only partially compacted myelin lamellae. One interpretation of these results is that P0myc is partially adhesive due to gain of abnormal function. P0 emanates from the membrane as a tetramer and each tetramer interacts in trans with four surrounding tetramers protruding from the opposite membrane (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). These interactions involve several ectodomains, in particular the BC loop (Shapiro et al. 1996 ) and residue tryptophan 28, which is thought to interact directly with the apposing lipid bilayer (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The combination of these interactions are thought to determine the spacing of the IPLs (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). In this model, the NH2 terminus is apposed to the BC loop such that the myc tag attached to the NH2 terminus could impair interactions between this region and opposing tetramers, as well as tryptophan 28 with the lipid bilayer (Shapiro et al. 1996 ), leading to widening of the IPL. In agreement with this, we show that IPLs formed by myc in P0myc/P0-/- mice are larger than those formed by P0wt. Although partially defective, P0myc could still permit initial adhesion between membranes in the cell assay, yet interfere with tight compaction as it normally occurs in myelin. Although the space between extracellular leaflets in apposing myelin lamellae varies with fixation (King and Thomas 1984 ; Kirschner et al. 1996a ), the space between membranes in adherent P0-transfected cell lines is probably consistently larger than the space found in compact myelin (D'Urso et al. 1990 ; Filbin et al. 1990 ; Spiryda 1998 ; Yin et al. 2000 ).
The putative impaired adhesiveness of P0myc may actually protect against P0 overexpression. High overexpression of P0 causes dysmyelination due to abnormal appearance of P0 in the spiraling mesaxons, resulting in obligate homotypic interactions and arrested myelination (Yin et al. 2000 ). In contrast, this was never observed in line P0myc/88.2, despite similar levels of transgenic P0 overexpression. This also supports that P0myc is less adhesive than P0wt.
"Dominant-Negative" Is the Predominant Pathogenetic Mechanism: Implication for the Formation of IPL and a Normal Role of P0 in Myelin Compaction
Our data allow us to speculate whether P0myc acts through a mechanism of loss or gain of function, and, within gain of function, whether it is dominant-negative or toxic. These distinctions are important, since different mechanisms might imply different therapeutic approaches for P0 ECD mutations in CMT1B patients.
Loss of function of P0myc cannot be the pathogenetic mechanism, since P0myc mice contain two normal Mpz alleles. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed normal amounts of P0wt mRNA and protein in P0myc mice. For the mP0TOT(myc) transgene to act via gain of function, it must be expressed. Immunolocalization demonstrated that P0myc was expressed in myelinating SCs, inserted in the myelin sheaths, and associated with widened myelin lamellae and tomacula. Although anti-P0 antibodies recognize both P0wt and P0myc, it is reasonable to assume that P0 and P0myc colocalize. In fact, Western blot analysis, in which wt and mutated protein are distinguishable by size, showed a comparable amount of wt and P0myc protein in lines 88.4 and 88.1 (Fig 5). Since P0myc is detected in most myelin sheaths (one rare exception is the green fiber shown in Fig 7 B), the expression of P0wt in these cells is presumably comparable. Thus, mP0TOT(myc) acts through gain of function at the cellular level.
Our data suggests that P0myc does not act through a toxic mechanism. If toxicity was the primary mechanism at work, the effect of P0myc should increase in parallel with its dosage and should be independent of the amount of P0wt. Instead, we observe the opposite, suggesting that P0myc behaves as a dominant-negative. Since P0myc and P0wt colocalize in myelin, and an in vitro assay shows that they can adhere to each other, P0myc probably have a dominant-negative effect both on P0wt and itself.
Finally, we provide evidence that P0myc also decreases P0wt mRNA levels. By outcrossing P0myc/88.4 line into the P0+/- background we expected to decrease the amount of wt P0 message by one half, but we observed that it fell instead to one eighth. This suggests that P0myc may directly exert a negative effect on the expression of Mpz. The mechanism underlying this finding is presently unknown.
P0myc As a Model of Subtypes of CMT1B
The phenotype of P0myc mice is characterized by distal atrophy, tremor, low nerve conduction velocity, and dysmyelination with widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula. Similar pathological findings are described in two subgroups of patients affected by CMT1B due to mutations in the ECD of P0. Nerve biopsies of these patients usually manifest either myelin uncompaction or tomacula (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ). Abnormalities of myelin compaction are found in substitution Arg69Cys, Arg69His, Thr5Ile, and Ser34 (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). Usually in these patients, both IPL and MDL are absent, but in some cases the IPL is predominantly affected (Arg69His and Arg69Cys) (Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). Instead, other mutations, including Ile33Phe, Ser49Leu, Lys67Glu, Asn93Ser, Lys101Arg, Asn102Lys, and Ile106Leu, result in demyelinating neuropathy associated with focally abnormal folded myelin or tomacula (Thomas et al. 1994 ; Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Nagakawa et al. 1999 ; Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ; Sindou et al. 1999 ).
Of note, three of the point mutations in P0 ECD causing tomacula involve residues (101, 102, and 106) present in the FG loop, which also resides in proximity of the NH2 terminus (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The FG loop does not appear to be involved in P0 homotypic interaction (Shapiro et al. 1996 ) and, therefore, could be free to perform a different function (e.g., putative interaction with PMP-22, see below), that, if perturbed, leads to tomacula formation. Interestingly, as mentioned before, point mutations in CMT1B usually result in either myelin packing abnormalities or tomacula, but usually not both (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ). Thus, 13 amino acids of myc at the NH2 terminus of P0 could disrupt interactions of multiple domains of P0 situated nearby (e.g., the BC and FG loops), resulting in both packing abnormalities and tomacula.
Tomacula formation or abnormal myelin focal folding is rare in CMT1B, whereas it is more common in CMT1A and HNPP (Windebank 1993 ). In mice, a tomaculous neuropathy is observed after inactivation of Pmp-22, myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), or periaxin genes (Adlkofer et al. 1997 ; Carenini et al. 1997 ; Yin et al. 1998 ; Gillespie et al. 2000 ), and, in this report, in mutation of Mpz. Since deletion or overexpression of P0 does not result in tomacula formation, it is more likely that an acquired function of P0myc could cause hypermyelination. Recently, evidence for physical interactions between P0 and PMP-22 has been proposed (D'Urso et al. 1999 ), suggesting that P0myc may have a trans-dominant–negative effect on PMP-22.
In this light, it is interesting to note that Roussy-Levy syndrome, often due to PMP-22 duplication (Thomas et al. 1997 ), can also be due to a mutation in the ECD of P0 (Asn102Lys). Nerve biopsies from these patients reveal focally folded myelin sheaths and often absence of onion bulbs (Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ). Roussy-Levy patients were originally considered distinct from CMT because of a particular combination of clinical symptoms including tremor, ataxia, and distal atrophy. Since P0myc mice present with tremor, distal atrophy, probable sensory symptoms (self-induced skin lesions), focally folded myelin, and no onion bulbs, they could be considered a model of Roussy-Levy syndrome.
In summary, our data suggest that P0myc mice could provide insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of a subgroup of CMT patients. Interestingly, our data already suggest a potential therapeutic approach. Crossing of P0myc mice into the P0 null background shows that the phenotype is worsened as the relative amount of P0wt is lowered. Hence, increasing the dosage of P0wt could counteract the effect of the mutated P0, as long as the threshold of overexpression that causes dysmyelination is not exceeded. This threshold is relatively low during development (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), but reflects the effects of abnormal expression of P0 in an early phase of myelinogenesis (Yin et al. 2000 ). Instead, the threshold for abnormalities may be higher when P0 overexpression begins in adulthood.
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b MIA-DIBIT, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
c University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy 20052
d Hunter College, New York, New York 10021
e Department of Physiology, School of Medicine,
f Waisman Center and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
Correspondence to: M. Laura Feltri, Department of Neurology and DIBIT 4A2, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy. Tel:02-26-43-47-82 Fax:02-26-43-47-67
Abstract
In peripheral nerve myelin, the intraperiod line results from compaction of the extracellular space due to homophilic adhesion between extracellular domains (ECD) of the protein zero (P0) glycoprotein. Point mutations in this region of P0 cause human hereditary demyelinating neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth. We describe transgenic mice expressing a full-length P0 modified in the ECD with a myc epitope tag. The presence of the myc sequence caused a dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy similar to two distinct subtypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth, with hypomyelination, altered intraperiod lines, and tomacula (thickened myelin). The tagged protein was incorporated into myelin and was associated with the morphological abnormalities. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that P0myc retained partial adhesive function, and suggested that the transgene inhibits P0-mediated adhesion in a dominant-negative fashion. These mice suggest new mechanisms underlying both the pathogenesis of P0 ECD mutants and the normal interactions of P0 in the myelin sheath.
Key Words: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, myelin protein zero, tomacula, transgenic mice, Myc-tag
Introduction
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT)1 is the most frequent hereditary peripheral neuropathy in humans. The most common variant (CMT1A) is due primarly to the duplication of a large region of chromosome 17 that includes the gene for peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22) (for review see Harding 1995 ). In other cases, CMT1 and the more severe variants Déjérine-Sottas (DSS) syndrome and congenital hypomyelination (CH) are due to point mutations of the PMP-22, GJ?1, myelin protein zero (MPZ), or EGR2 genes (reviewed in Nelis et al. 1999 ; Wrabetz et al. 2001 ). Thus, similar clinical entities are due to mutations of different genes involved in a common pathway that normally results in peripheral nerve myelination. However, different mutations in the same gene give rise to neuropathies of varying severity. For example, mutations in the MPZ gene may cause either CMT1B, DSS, or CH. These mutations are mostly localized in the extracellular domain (ECD) of the protein zero (P0) glycoprotein, which is encoded by MPZ (for review see Nelis et al. 1999 ).
P0, the most abundant protein in the peripheral nerve (Lemke et al. 1988 ), is a single pass transmembrane protein expressed in Schwann cells (SCs) that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. P0 acts as a homotypic adhesion molecule necessary for the formation of the intraperiod line (IPL) as myelin lamellae compact (D'Urso et al. 1990 ; Filbin et al. 1990 ; Schneider-Schaulies et al. 1990 ; Giese et al. 1992 ). Crystallographic analysis revealed that this adhesive function is probably mediated by the interaction of tetramers composed of ECD of P0 molecules emanating from apposing lamellae (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The P0 null mouse supports such a role for P0 and shows hypomyelination, widening and uncompaction of myelin lamellae, and slow nerve conduction velocity (Giese et al. 1992 ; Martini et al. 1995 ). The homozygous P0 null mouse is considered a model of patients with DSS that are homozygous for predicted null mutations (e.g., Gly74 frameshift; Warner et al. 1996 ). The heterozygous P0 null mouse presents a late onset, mild neuropathy and is a model for patients with CMT1B that are heterozygous for P0 loss of function mutations (for review see Martini 1997 ). However, it is likely that the majority of P0 mutations act through gain of function, since, in most cases, they are dominantly inherited and cause a more severe phenotype than that of the heterozygous P0 null mice (for review see Martini 1997 ). Furthermore, the fact that some mutations may act through gain of function, and others through loss of function can explain, in part, the observation that mutations in the MPZ gene may cause either CMT1B, DSS, or CH.
Here, we describe the first transgenic mice that model CMT1B due to a gain of P0 function. These mice were created by adding a randomly inserted P0 transgene to two normal P0 alleles to reveal only gain of function mechanisms. To follow intracellular trafficking of future P0 mutants, normal P0 was first tagged at the mature NH2 terminus in the ECD. Crystallographic studies suggested that the NH2 terminus of P0 was not directly engaged in cis or trans interactions (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). P0myc mice were created in parallel with mice in which overexpression of wild-type (wt) P0 causes a developmental delay in myelination (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Surprisingly, P0myc mice showed clinical and morphological abnormalities that were independent of P0 overexpression. The morphological abnormalities resembled two subtypes of CMT1B patient, and the abnormalities worsened after outcrossing P0myc into the P0 null background. P0myc was detected in abnormal myelin, and P0myc was partially adhesive, as P0myc expressed in P0 null mice produced myelin with only a slight widening of IPLs, and in vitro, P0myc aggregated transfected cells equally to wt P0. These data suggest that P0myc acts by a dominant-negative gain of function and have implications for normal P0 interactions in myelin. P0myc mice support the idea that the pathogenesis of some mutations in the ECD of P0 includes gain of function.
Materials and Methods
Transgenic Mice, Genomic Analysis, Breeding, and Genetic Backgrounds
The transgene derives from mP0TOT (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) that contains the complete P0 gene with 6 kb of promoter, all exons and introns, and the natural polyadenylation site (see Fig 1). In mP0TOT(myc), an oligonucleotide encoding myc tag (5'-CCATTGAGCAAAAGCTCATTTCTGAAGAGGACTTGAATG-3') was inserted in frame into the MscI site in P0 exon 2, corresponding to the NH2 terminus of the mature P0 protein (see Fig 1) and recreated the signal peptide cleavage site. The myc oligonucleotide was first inserted into the plasmid mP05.7 (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) to create mP05.7myc. A 7-kb EcoRI fragment was excised from the plasmid mP0E (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) and ligated into EcoRI-digested mP05.7myc to generate the plasmid mP0TOT(myc). mP0TOT(myc) contains a polymorphic BglII site in exon 3 (amino acid sequence is conserved) that is not present in the endogenous FVB/N P0 alleles. For oocyte injection, the transgene was excised from the vector using XhoI and NotI. Transgenic mice were generated by standard techniques (Brinster et al. 1985 ) using fertilized eggs obtained from the mating of FVB/N mice (Taconic). Transgenic lines were maintained by backcrosses to FVB/N mice (Taconic or Charles River). Founders that transmitted the transgene to progeny were identified by Southern blot and PCR analysis of genomic DNA, which were prepared from tail samples, as described previously (Feltri et al. 1999 ; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). The genetic designations of the three lines that have been maintained from this study are: line 88.1,TgN(Mpzmyc)19Mes; line 88.2,TgN(Mpzmyc)20Mes; and line 88.4, TgN(Mpzmyc)21Mes.
Figure 1. Design of P0myc transgene. A schematic representation of the endogenous Mpz gene, the mP0TOT(myc) transgene, and the mature P0myc protein are shown. ecd, ectodomain; tm, transmembrane domain; icd, intracellular domain. Coding portions of exons are in black; the myc tag is hatched and marked by an asterisk.
P0 null mice (P0 +/- and P0 -/-) were identified by Southern blot and PCR analysis of tail genomic DNA, as described (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). P0 null mice were backcrossed into the FVB/N background. The N5 generation P0+/- was crossed with transgene 88 (P0myc) FVB to obtain N6 P0+/-/ P0myc. Subsequent crosses of N6 P0+/-/P0myc with N6 P0+/- gave rise to the F1N6 generation that was analyzed for rescue, as a consequence of reduced P0 dosage. P0+/-/P0myc and P0-/-/P0myc mice were identified by Southern blot. The presence of a 2.1-kb band identified the null allele (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), whereas the myc transgene was identified after densitometry and PCR analysis by the presence of an intense 1.0-kb band. In P0-/-myc, the 6.8-kb band from the wt Mpz allele was absent (data not shown).
All the experiments involving animals were described in protocols approved by the San Raffaele Scientific Institute Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animals that showed signs of distress due to neuropathy were killed.
Electrophysiologic Analysis
The compound muscle action potential and nerve conduction velocity of transgenic mice and control littermates at postnatal day (P) 42 were measured as described (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ).
Morphology
Transgenic mice and age-matched controls were killed at the ages indicated, and semithin and ultrathin morphological analysis were conducted as previously described (Quattrini et al. 1996 ). To quantitate the amount of abnormal myelin periodicity after crossing into the P0 null background, at least 100 myelinated fibers for each genotype were counted at a magnification of 7,000x in 10 random, independent fields; abnormally compacted fibers were expressed as the percent of total fibers.
Immunohistochemistry and Immunoelectron Microscopy
For cryosections, sciatic nerve segments were fixed for 1 h in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, cryoprotected in 20% sucrose, embedded in OCT (Miles), and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed on transverse and longitudinal cryosections. Cryosections (8-μm thick) were fixed in cold acetone for 2 min, rinsed twice in PBS, and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (Dako). Double staining was performed with a rabbit pAb recognizing P0, (a gift from Dr. D. Colman, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY) (Colman et al. 1982 ), and an mAb recognizing myc (American Type Culture Collection; clone 1-9E10.2), diluted 1:200 and 1:20, respectively. Sections were then treated with FITC- or TRITC-conjugated secondary antibodies (Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc.), and examined with confocal microscopy (MRC 1024; Bio-Rad Laboratories).
For electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, segments of sciatic nerves were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.25% glutaraldehyde in 125 mM PBS, pH 7.4, for 2 h. The samples were infiltrated with polyvinylpyrrolidone and frozen in a 3:1 (vol/vol) mixture of propane and isopentane cooled with liquid nitrogen. Ultrathin cryosections (50–100-nm thick) were cut using an Ultracut ultramicrotome, which was equipped with a Reichert FC4 cryosectioning apparatus and processed as described previously (Villa et al. 1993 ). In brief, the cryosections were collected over nickel grids and covered with 2% gelatin. After treatment with 125 mM PBS supplemented with 0.1 M glycine, they were double-immunostained with primary antibodies anti-P0 and anti-myc diluted in PBS-glycine buffer. Gold-labeled secondary antibodies (British Biocell International) diluted 1:80 in PBS-glycine buffer recognized P0 (small particles, 5 nm) and myc (large particles, 15 nm). Cryosections were then examined by EM.
Teased Fiber Preparation
Glutaraldehyde-fixed sciatic nerves from 6-mo-old P0myc transgenic mice were osmicated and placed in glycerol. Single fibers were separated with fine forceps, placed on slides, and analyzed with a light microscope (Olympus).
Semiquantitative Reverse Transcribed-PCR
Total RNA isolation and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR were performed, as described previously (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), on sciatic nerves from animals from P28. The RT-PCR assay was performed as a modification of the method by Fiering et al. 1995 . The polymorphic BglII site spans the intron 2/exon 3 boundary, but in the cDNA product its four nucleotide (nt) core, a DpnII site, is still present. The validity of the method for semiquantitative assessments was verified using known amounts of templates, containing or not containing DpnII (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). In the rescue experiments, RT-PCR was used to determine total levels of P0 mRNA in P28 sciatic nerves, as previously described (Feltri et al. 1999 ). In brief, equal volumes of RT products were amplified using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) specific primers (5'-GTATGACTCTACCCACGG-3' and 5'-GTTCAGCTCTGGGATGAC-3') in the presence of 32P-dCTP. Aliquots from the amplification were withdrawn at 22, 24, and 26 cycles, resolved on an acrylamide gel, and visualized by autoradiography. The intensity of the bands was quantified by densitometry (Molecular Dynamics) to verify that amplification was logarithmic and to determine the relative amount of starting cDNA from each sample. Equal amounts of reverse transcribed product, as determined by the GAPDH signal, were amplified using primers specific for P0 (5'-GTCCAGTGAATGGGTCTCAG-3' and 5'-GCTCCCAACACCACCCCATA-3'). The intensity of the bands was quantified by densitometry, and the ratio between P0 and GAPDH was determined.
Western Blot Analysis
Western blot analysis was performed, as described previously (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), on sciatic nerves from P28 transgenic and nontransgenic littermates. To verify equal loading of proteins, membranes were stained with amido black. The primary antibodies used were: anti-myc (clone 1-9E10.2 ATCC), anti-P07 (a gift from Dr. J. Archelos, Karl-Franzens-Universitat, Graz, Austria) (Archelos et al. 1993 ). Peroxidase-conjugated second antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich) were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence method (NEN Life Science Products).
Aggregation Assay
To construct the pSJLrP0myc plasmid, a MscI/BstE II fragment from plasmid mP05.7 myc was first cloned into rP0pBSK+ (Filbin and Tennekoon 1990 ). The P0myc cDNA was then cloned into the XhoI site of pSJL (Filbin and Tennekoon 1990 ) to create pSJLP0myc. The hybrid cDNA used in transfection encodes a P0myc with one conservative amino acid change relative to rat (val9ile; residue nine is ile in the mouse and val in rat and human); no mutations have been described at human P0 val9. CHO cell transfection, expression, and adhesion essays were described previously (Filbin et al. 1990 ; Filbin and Tennekoon 1993 ). In brief, a single cell suspension of P0, P0myc, or control cells was allowed to aggregate during rocking at 5 rpm at 37°C. Aggregate formation in samples withdrawn at various times was assessed by microscopic examination and by counting total particle number in a Coulter counter. Reduced total particle number is an indication of aggregate formation. The mixed adhesion assay was carried out as described previously (Wong and Filbin 1996 ).
Image Analysis
Micrographs of morphological samples and radiographic films were digitalized using an AGFA Arcus 2 scanner and figures were prepared using Adobe? Photoshop 5.0.
Results
Transgenic Mice Expressing P0myc Develop a Dysmyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy
The entire Mpz was reconstructed to contain 6 kb of the P0 5' flanking sequence, all exons, the natural polyadenylation signal and 400 flanking nts (mP0TOT vector; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). A derivative of mP0TOT (mP0TOTAnlacZ) was regulated in parallel with P0 during postnatal development and after Wallerian degeneration (Feltri et al. 1999 ). Moreover, mP0TOT was able to produce structurally and functionally normal myelin when expressed in the P0-/- background (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To locate P0 intracellularly, sequence encoding a myc tag was inserted into exon 2 (mP0TOTmyc), downstream of the sequence coding for the signal peptide, to precede the NH2 terminus in the extracellular portion of the mature protein (Fig 1).
We produced four founder P0myc mice, three of which (88.1, 88.2, and 88.4) transmitted the transgene to offspring. Mice from all lines displayed tremors and variable signs of muscle weakness, such as clenching of the paws, dragging of hind limbs, and floppy tail (Fig 2). One line (88.2) manifested self-mutilation, presumably deriving from sensory symptoms. In two of the three lines (88.1 and 88.2), a marked muscular atrophy was evident (Fig 2). All symptoms were most severe in line 88.2, intermediate in line 88.1, and least severe in line 88.4, corresponding to copy number and expression of the transgene, as estimated by Southern blot and RT-PCR analysis (see below and data not shown).
Figure 2. Lines, clinical phenotype, and nerve conduction velocities (ncv) are listed in the table, ncv are in m/s expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 2–4). In the photograph below, a P0myc (Tg 88.2) animal at P160 manifests atrophy in axial and hindlimb muscles compared with a normal age-matched control (non Tg). -, absent; +, mild; ++, medium; and +++, severe.
Since these symptoms are characteristic of a peripheral neuropathy, we measured nerve conduction velocity, which was significantly decreased in both lines tested (Fig 2). These data indicate that the mice suffer from a dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy.
P0myc Mice Resemble Subtypes of CMT1B
Morphological analysis of transgenic sciatic nerves at P28 showed hypomyelination, with thin or absent myelin sheaths on many large caliber axons, both at the light- and electron-microscopic levels (Fig 3B and Fig F). Occasional fibers showed thick and redundant myelin, possibly representing myelin outfolding or tomacula. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the myelin lamellae were widely spaced, in particular, the inner lamellae closer to the axon (Fig 3 H). High magnification of the poorly compacted areas revealed absence of the IPL (inset). Occasionally, the major dense line (MDL) was also uncompacted. Similar packing abnormalities, especially at the innermost part of the myelin sheaths, have been described in several CMT1B patients carrying missense mutations in the ECD of P0 (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). At seven months, the hypomyelination was more pronounced, with most of the large caliber axons showing very thin or absent myelin (Fig 3 C). Several axons were enlarged and completely devoid of myelin (Fig 3C and Fig G), whereas unmyelinated fibers appeared normal. In parallel, tomacula were more frequent (Fig 3 C, inset). In teased fiber analysis or EM, the tomacula appeared to originate from the paranodal region (Fig 3D and Fig E) and contained poorly compacted myelin (Fig 3 I). Axonal caliber was preserved throughout the tomacula (Fig 3 E). Similar tomacula were reported in a different group of CMT1B patients with mutations in the ECD of P0 (Thomas et al. 1994 ; Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Tachi et al. 1997 ; Nagakawa et al. 1999 ; Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ; Sindou et al. 1999 ). Hypomyelination, tomacula, and uncompaction of the myelin sheath were readily observed in all three P0myc lines. Occasionally, demyelinating figures, short internodes suggesting remyelination, and signs of axonal degeneration were observed in older mice (data not shown). In contrast, we never observed the presence of onion bulbs at any age in the P0myc mice. Thus, it appears that the myc tag at the NH2 terminus of the mature P0 protein mimics some of the effects of P0 mutations in the ECD.
Figure 3. P0myc nerves contain abnormal myelin compaction and tomacula. (A–C) Semithin section, (D) teased fiber, and (E–I) ultrastructural analysis of (A) wt, (B–G) P0myc/Tg 88.1, and (H and I) P0myc/Tg 88.2 sciatic nerves showing dysmyelination, tomacula, and widening of myelin lamellae. Transverse semithin sections stained with toluidine blue at (A and B) P28 showed diffuse hypomyelination and few abnormally outfolded myelin sheaths in P0myc mice (tomacula-like). (C) At 7 mo, hypomyelination was still severe and the number of myelin outfolding/tomacula rose (inset). Some axons appear enlarged and devoid of myelin (see also G). Teased fiber and electromicroscopic analysis of longitudinal sections at (D) 12- and (E) 7-mo-old in P0myc showed that tomacula often originate at the paranodal region (arrow), and that the axon caliber is preserved underneath the tomacula. EM showed axons with absent or thin myelin sheaths at (F) P28 and demonstrated (H and inset) widely spaced myelin lamellae in many fibers. In 7-mo-old animals, hypomyelination, (G) enlarged amyelinated axons, and (G and I) myelin outfolding/tomacula containing poorly compacted myelin were prominent, whereas (I, asterisk) unmyelinated fibers appeared normal. Bar (in C): (A–C) 65 μm; (inset) 40 μm. Bar (in I): (D) 25 μm; (E) 3.5 μm; (F) 3 μm; (G) 5 μm; (H) 1 μm; (inset) 0.6 μm; (I) 6 μm.
Since P0myc mice potentially overexpress P0, we compared the morphology of mice expressing P0myc (Tg 88) to mice overexpressing P0wt (Tg 80; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Whereas widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula were present in all three P0myc lines, we never observed them in any P0wt insertion (eight independent insertions were examined for tomacula; of these, four were also examined for widened lamellae). Therefore, the morphological findings of P0myc mice were distinct from those of P0wt overexpressor mice.
The Phenotype of P0myc Mice Is Independent of P0 Overexpression
To determine the levels of mP0TOT(myc) mRNA expression, we used RT-PCR analysis and exploited a DpnII polymorphism present in the transgenes, but not in endogenous Mpz. P0 primers flanking the polymorphism amplify a 326-nt band from reverse transcribed sciatic nerve mRNA. After DpnII digestion, the 326-nt band corresponding to the endogenous P0 remains uncut, whereas the transgenic P0 cDNA is cleaved into two bands of 244 and 82 nt (Fig 4).
Figure 4. mP0TOT(myc) transgene expression in sciatic nerve. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis from P28 sciatic nerves for endogenous Mpz and transgenic mRNA. Total RNA was reverse transcribed and the product amplified by PCR, using a primer pair that recognized identically both endogenous nontransgenic (Tg-) and transgenic (Tg88 and Tg80) P0 cDNA. Due to a polymorphism present only in transgenic P0, it is possible to distinguish bands of endogenous P0 cDNA (326 nt) from transgenic P0 cDNA (244 and 82 nt) after DpnII digestion. The relative proportion of transgenic and endogenous mRNA is shown, and the "-fold overexpression" is the quotient of the transgenic divided by the endogenous signal. This experiment shows that the transgenic mRNA is expressed in all lines. Note that the P0myc/Tg88.4 ratio is similar to P0wt-overexpressing/Tg80.3 line, which expresses below the threshold at which dysmyelination appears.
We have previously shown that at 0.5-fold overexpression of P0 above normal levels in transgenic mice, a dose-dependent dysmyelination appears (hypomyelination and SC developmental delay) (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To confirm that the observed phenotype in P0myc mice was not due to P0 overexpression, we compared P0 expression levels in P0myc and P0wt lines. We chose the P0 line (80.3) that is just at the threshold of 0.5-fold P0 overexpression necessary to cause dysmyelination. After DpnII digestion, the two bands of 244 and 82 nt, corresponding to the transgenic mRNA, were seen in all the P0myc (88) and P0wt (80.3) lines, but not in nontransgenic mice (Fig 4). The 326-nt band corresponding to endogenous P0 mRNA is seen in all samples. Densitometry revealed that P0myc lines 88.1, 88.2, and 88.4 expressed P0myc at 2.5-, 4-, and 0.4-fold above the level of endogenous Mpz, whereas the P0wt line (80.3) expressed 0.3-fold (0.3–0.5-fold in other experiments, data not shown) of endogenous Mpz. Therefore, line 88.4 expresses at levels just at the threshold necessary to reveal an overexpression phenotype, yet it has the more severe phenotype similar to the other P0myc lines. A further reduction of transgene dosage, achieved by outcrossing the P0myc/88.4 line with P0 null mice (to obtain P0myc/P0+/- and P0myc/P0-/-mice) improved the hypomyelination, but not the widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula (see Fig 7, and below). These data, taken together with the presence of morphological signs distinct from P0-overexpressing mice, confirm that the phenotype of P0myc mice is not due to overexpression of P0.
Figure 5. P0myc protein expression in sciatic nerve. Western blot analysis performed on sciatic nerve lysates from P0myc/Tg 88, P0wt/Tg 80.3, and nontransgenic/Tg(-) mice at P28. Anti-myc antibody recognized P0myc only in P0myc/Tg 88 nerve lysates (top), whereas anti-P0 antibody recognized both P0myc and P0wt (bottom). The amount of P0 reflects the effect of transgene overexpression (88.2 > 88.1 > 88.4) counteracted by the loss of P0 due to dysmyelination (88.2 > 88.1 > 88.4). A relative molecular weight of 30 kD is indicated.
Figure 6. P0myc is correctly inserted into myelin sheaths, in parallel with P0wt. (A and B) Merged confocal images and (C) immunoelectron microscopy of P28 P0myc/Tg 88.4 sciatic nerves cut (A and C) transversely or (B) longitudinally, and double stained with anti-myc (TITC or large gold particles) and anti-P0 (FITC or small gold particles) antibodies. (A and B) Almost complete colocalization of the two signals was observed after merge (in yellow). Rare fibers did not stain for myc (e.g., green signal, asterisk). (C) Immunoelectron microscopy showed that P0myc was present in areas containing widened myelin lamellae.
Figure 7. Myelin uncompaction and tomacula are not rescued in the Mpz null background. P0myc/Tg 88.4 was crossed into the Mpz heterozygous and homozygous null background, and sciatic nerves from P28 offspring were analyzed. Semithin sections of (A) Tg 88.4 (P0myc), (B) Tg 88.4/P0-/-, (C) Tg 88.4/P0+/-, (D) Tg 80.4 (P0wt), (E) Tg 80.4/P0-/-, and (F) P0-/- show that, whereas lowering the dosage of P0 rescues dysmyelination in Tg80 (P0wt overexpressor) mice (compare D to E), it exacerbates tomacula in Tg 88 (P0myc) mice (B and C, arrows). EM analysis of the myelin sheaths (in each case, the area of the best "compaction" is shown) of (G) nontransgenic, (H) Tg 88.4/P0+/-, (I) Tg 88.4/P0-/-, (J) P0-/- reveals that when P0myc is expressed (I) alone it can compact myelin lamellae, however in I the space of 10 periods (11 MDL marked by white circles) is larger than that formed by (G) P0wt or a mixture of (H) P0myc and P0wt. 10 periods = 156 ± 2.3 nm (mean ± SEM) in G (n = 9) and 175 ± 4.6 nm in I (n = 8), P < 0.001 by Student's t test, which is equivalent to a 12% increase. Increasing the magnification, such that the double IPLs are visible, shows that this increase is due to a widened space between IPL in I compared with G (data not shown). Note that in contrast to what was reported previously in P0-/- mice on an inbred mixed 129Sv/C57BL/6J background (Giese et al. 1992 ), in (J) P0-/- FVB congenic mice, most fibers do not form either IPL or MDL. (K) Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis from P28 sciatic nerves shows that total levels of P0 mRNA are reduced in Tg 88.4/P0+/- compared with nontransgenic or P0myc/Tg 88.4 nerves. Relative expression (rel. exp) is the quotient of the densitometric values of P0 divided by GAPDH; the quotient obtained in the nontransgenic (Tg-) is arbitrarily defined as one. (L) Digestion with DpnII allows endogenous (326-nt band) and transgenic (244- and 82-nt bands) P0 signals to be distinguished. The level of endogenous P0 is decreased out of proportion in Tg 88.4/P0+/- (predicted ratio of P0myc/P0 50:50, not 80:20), suggesting that P0myc has a dominant-negative effect on the expression of endogenous Mpz. Bar: (A–F) 50 μm; (G–J) 60 nm.
P0myc Protein Is Expressed in Transgenic Mouse Nerves
To evaluate if the transgenic protein was expressed in P0myc mice, we performed Western blot analysis on sciatic nerve homogenates. Anti-myc antibody detected a band of 33 kD, the appropriate size for P0 plus myc, in all of the P0myc lines, but not in nontransgenic littermates or in P0wt mice (Fig 5). In the P0myc/88.2 line, the total levels of P0 were reduced in association with the loss of bulk myelin, as previously found in P0wt mice (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Endogenous P0 was detected in all lanes using an anti-P0 mAb; a larger band, corresponding to P0myc, was again detected only in the P0myc/88 lines. The smaller band seen with anti-myc, and sometimes with the anti-P0 antibody, is probably a degradation product (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). Amido black staining showed that comparable amounts of protein homogenates were loaded in each lane (data not shown). These data demonstrate that the transgenic protein was expressed in sciatic nerves of all lines.
P0myc Protein Is Incorporated in the Myelin Sheath and Present in Widened Lamellae and Tomacula
Since P0myc mice contain two normal Mpz alleles in addition to the transgene, and mP0TOT(myc) is expressed at the level of mRNA and protein in transgenic sciatic nerves, P0myc should exert its negative effect by a gain of function rather than a loss of function mechanism. If this is true, the myc-tagged P0 should not only be expressed, but should also be incorporated in the myelin sheath, and possibly present in the pathological fibers. To test this, we first stained transgenic sciatic nerves by immunohistochemistry using P0 pAb and myc mAb. By double immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, we observed both P0 (green fluorescence) and myc (red fluorescence) in compact myelin, and the signals often colocalized (Fig 6 A). Longitudinal sections showed that myc was present in enlarged fibers (Fig 6 B). The majority of fibers expressed P0myc. A few fibers, apparently normal in caliber, expressed only wt P0 (Fig 6 A, asterisk).
To determine if P0myc protein was present in the uncompacted myelin lamellae, we performed double immunoelectron microscopy for P0 and P0myc. Fig 6 C shows that both P0 (small gold particles) and P0myc (large gold particles) are present in the widened myelin lamellae. Both P0 and P0myc were found in normal myelin, as well. Thus, the transgenic protein is incorporated into the majority of myelin sheaths, and it is present both in tomacula and widened myelin lamellae. Furthermore, though anti-P0 antibodies recognize epitopes on both P0 and P0myc, P0myc is not likely to account for all of the P0 staining detected, as Western blot analysis revealed similar amounts of P0 and P0myc in nerves of this line (P0myc/88.4), and immunohistochemical analysis showed that only rare fibers contained P0 alone. Thus, it is very likely that P0 and P0myc are cointegrated in most myelin sheaths.
The Phenotype of P0myc Mice Is Not Rescued by Decreasing or Removing wt P0
To analyze the effect of P0myc in the absence of P0wt, we crossed the P0myc/88.4 line into the P0 null background and analyzed sciatic nerves at P28. A similar experiment performed in a line of mice that overexpressed comparable levels of wt P0 (Tg80.4; Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) completely rescued the hypomyelination due to P0 overexpression (compare Fig 7D and Fig E). In contrast, hypomyelination is only slightly improved for P0myc in either the P0+/- or P0-/- backgrounds (compare Fig 7B and Fig CA). More strikingly, tomacula and abnormal compaction (see below) were not improved by lowering the dosage of P0, rather they worsened. Tomacula were rarely seen at P28 in cross sections of P0myc/P0+/+ mice, but were readily observed in cross-sections of P0myc/P0+/- and P0myc/P0-/- mice (Fig 7B and Fig C, arrowheads). Nerve conduction velocities also remained low in two P0myc lines in the P0+/- background (88.4 and 88.1; Fig 2). These data strongly suggest that abnormal compaction of myelin, tomacula, and low nerve conduction velocities are due to the presence of P0myc.
The kind of compaction abnormalities seen in these experiments provided insight into the mechanism by which P0myc causes dysmyelination. The proportion of myelinated fibers with abnormally compacted myelin was 11% in P0myc/P0+/+, 35% in P0myc/P0+/-, and 100% in P0myc/P0-/- mice. We observed two types of abnormally compacted fibers in P0myc/P0-/-: (a) rare fibers in which both the intraperiod and MDL were absent (data not shown) and (b) majority of fibers with myelin that appeared compacted, but had abnormal periodicity due to a wide (but not absent) IPL (Fig 7, compare I to G). In contrast, most fibers of P0-/- mice in the FVB congenic background formed neither an IPL, nor a MDL (Fig 7 J). These data suggest that P0myc molecules are partially adhesive, since they can interact homotypically to form an IPL, but they are not able to compact it tightly.
We noticed that in the P0myc/P0+/-and P0myc/P0-/- mice the myelin sheaths were thinner than normal. Such hypomyelination could reflect either mild overexpression or reduced expression of P0, since in the FVB/N background, P0+/- showed slight hypomyelination at P28 (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ). To distinguish between these two possibilities, we compared total P0 mRNA levels in nontransgenic, P0myc, and P0myc/P0+/- sciatic nerves by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Fig 7 K shows that the total levels of P0 mRNA were reduced more than expected in P0myc/P0+/- sciatic nerves compared with nontransgenic and P0myc nerves (expected relative expression should be roughly one). This indicates that the hypomyelination in P0myc/P0+/- mice is likely due to underexpression of P0. To understand why the total level of P0 mRNA in P0myc/P0+/- was reduced, we digested the RT-PCR product with DpnII to distinguish the contribution of transgenic P0 versus wt P0 to the observed levels. Fig 7 L shows that the levels of endogenous P0 are decreased out of proportion in P0myc/P0+/- nerves, suggesting that P0myc interferes not only with P0 adhesion, but also with the expression of endogenous P0.
P0myc Protein Is Adhesive in an Aggregation Assay In Vitro
Despite the severe phenotype of P0myc mice, myelin is more compacted in P0myc/P0-/- mice than in P0-/- mice, suggesting that the P0myc protein is at least partially adhesive. To measure the adhesiveness of P0myc, we expressed the P0myc protein in CHO cells and measured its homotypic adhesion and compared it with wt P0. Fig 8 shows that P0wt and P0myc are equally adhesive in this assay. To ask if P0myc could adhere to P0wt, we mixed P0wt- and P0myc-expressing cells and examined the composition of aggregates. The aggregates had an equal distribution of P0myc and P0wt cells (data not shown; Filbin, M.T., manuscript in preparation). Therefore, P0myc retains the ability to mediate homotypic interaction, and it adhered with the same affinity to itself and to P0wt.
Figure 8. Aggregation properties of P0myc-expressing cells. Single cell suspensions of CHO cells expressing P0wt, P0myc, and control transfected cells were allowed to aggregate. Samples were withdrawn at intervals and the total particle number was counted in a light microscope. The mean percent of initial total particle number ± SEM (n = 3) was plotted against time. Cells transfected with P0myc aggregated identically to those transfected with P0wt.
Discussion
Here, we describe the behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological alterations of transgenic mice carrying an epitope (myc) tag at the NH2 terminus of the P0 glycoprotein, along with normal P0. Surprisingly, P0myc mice manifested peripheral nerve abnormalities typical of two subtypes of CMT1B, including tomacula and disruption of IPLs. This phenotype differed from that of P0 overexpression and was not rescued in P0myc/P0 null mice. P0myc acted via gain of function, as it was incorporated into myelin and present in morphological abnormalities. In addition, P0myc was adhesive, as it aggregated transfected cells equally to wt P0. These data underline that P0 structural interactions in myelin are complex and provide insights into the normal role of P0 in myelin compaction. P0myc mice provide the first model of CMT1B due to gain of function and prove that myelin packing abnormalities result from either loss or gain of P0 function.
Pathological Findings in P0myc Mice Are Due to the Expression of the mP0TOT(myc) Transgene
The pathological features observed in P0myc mice could be due to the ectopic expression of the transgene or, since the peripheral nerve myelination is highly susceptible to increased Mpz dosage (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), to overexpression of P0. The observed phenotype is not due to ectopic expression, since a transgenic vector with the same regulatory sequences of mP0TOT(myc) was expressed with the same cell and developmental specificity as endogenous P0 (Feltri et al. 1999 ), and an identical transgene, but without a myc tag, could produce morphologically normal myelin (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ).
In addition, tomacula and widened lamellae in P0myc mice are not due to increased Mpz dosage. First, they persist independently from the total levels of P0. Second, they are observed in the absence of pathological P0 overexpression: dysmyelination appears at 0.5-fold overexpression (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ) and the P0myc/88.4 line showed mild overexpression (0.4-fold), which is compatible with normal PNS myelination. A further reduction of total P0 by breeding P0myc/88.4 into P0+/- or P0-/- backgrounds did not rescue myelin uncompaction and tomacula or altered conduction velocities. Finally, neither myelin uncompaction nor tomacula were ever observed in multiple lines of transgenic mice overexpressing P0wt over a wide range.
P0myc Is Partially Adhesive
In vitro assay showed that P0myc and P0 are equally adhesive. However, when P0myc was the only P0 present in the myelin sheath (P0myc/P0-/- mice), it only partially compacted myelin lamellae. One interpretation of these results is that P0myc is partially adhesive due to gain of abnormal function. P0 emanates from the membrane as a tetramer and each tetramer interacts in trans with four surrounding tetramers protruding from the opposite membrane (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). These interactions involve several ectodomains, in particular the BC loop (Shapiro et al. 1996 ) and residue tryptophan 28, which is thought to interact directly with the apposing lipid bilayer (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The combination of these interactions are thought to determine the spacing of the IPLs (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). In this model, the NH2 terminus is apposed to the BC loop such that the myc tag attached to the NH2 terminus could impair interactions between this region and opposing tetramers, as well as tryptophan 28 with the lipid bilayer (Shapiro et al. 1996 ), leading to widening of the IPL. In agreement with this, we show that IPLs formed by myc in P0myc/P0-/- mice are larger than those formed by P0wt. Although partially defective, P0myc could still permit initial adhesion between membranes in the cell assay, yet interfere with tight compaction as it normally occurs in myelin. Although the space between extracellular leaflets in apposing myelin lamellae varies with fixation (King and Thomas 1984 ; Kirschner et al. 1996a ), the space between membranes in adherent P0-transfected cell lines is probably consistently larger than the space found in compact myelin (D'Urso et al. 1990 ; Filbin et al. 1990 ; Spiryda 1998 ; Yin et al. 2000 ).
The putative impaired adhesiveness of P0myc may actually protect against P0 overexpression. High overexpression of P0 causes dysmyelination due to abnormal appearance of P0 in the spiraling mesaxons, resulting in obligate homotypic interactions and arrested myelination (Yin et al. 2000 ). In contrast, this was never observed in line P0myc/88.2, despite similar levels of transgenic P0 overexpression. This also supports that P0myc is less adhesive than P0wt.
"Dominant-Negative" Is the Predominant Pathogenetic Mechanism: Implication for the Formation of IPL and a Normal Role of P0 in Myelin Compaction
Our data allow us to speculate whether P0myc acts through a mechanism of loss or gain of function, and, within gain of function, whether it is dominant-negative or toxic. These distinctions are important, since different mechanisms might imply different therapeutic approaches for P0 ECD mutations in CMT1B patients.
Loss of function of P0myc cannot be the pathogenetic mechanism, since P0myc mice contain two normal Mpz alleles. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed normal amounts of P0wt mRNA and protein in P0myc mice. For the mP0TOT(myc) transgene to act via gain of function, it must be expressed. Immunolocalization demonstrated that P0myc was expressed in myelinating SCs, inserted in the myelin sheaths, and associated with widened myelin lamellae and tomacula. Although anti-P0 antibodies recognize both P0wt and P0myc, it is reasonable to assume that P0 and P0myc colocalize. In fact, Western blot analysis, in which wt and mutated protein are distinguishable by size, showed a comparable amount of wt and P0myc protein in lines 88.4 and 88.1 (Fig 5). Since P0myc is detected in most myelin sheaths (one rare exception is the green fiber shown in Fig 7 B), the expression of P0wt in these cells is presumably comparable. Thus, mP0TOT(myc) acts through gain of function at the cellular level.
Our data suggests that P0myc does not act through a toxic mechanism. If toxicity was the primary mechanism at work, the effect of P0myc should increase in parallel with its dosage and should be independent of the amount of P0wt. Instead, we observe the opposite, suggesting that P0myc behaves as a dominant-negative. Since P0myc and P0wt colocalize in myelin, and an in vitro assay shows that they can adhere to each other, P0myc probably have a dominant-negative effect both on P0wt and itself.
Finally, we provide evidence that P0myc also decreases P0wt mRNA levels. By outcrossing P0myc/88.4 line into the P0+/- background we expected to decrease the amount of wt P0 message by one half, but we observed that it fell instead to one eighth. This suggests that P0myc may directly exert a negative effect on the expression of Mpz. The mechanism underlying this finding is presently unknown.
P0myc As a Model of Subtypes of CMT1B
The phenotype of P0myc mice is characterized by distal atrophy, tremor, low nerve conduction velocity, and dysmyelination with widening of myelin lamellae and tomacula. Similar pathological findings are described in two subgroups of patients affected by CMT1B due to mutations in the ECD of P0. Nerve biopsies of these patients usually manifest either myelin uncompaction or tomacula (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ). Abnormalities of myelin compaction are found in substitution Arg69Cys, Arg69His, Thr5Ile, and Ser34 (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). Usually in these patients, both IPL and MDL are absent, but in some cases the IPL is predominantly affected (Arg69His and Arg69Cys) (Kirschner et al. 1996b ; Ohnishi et al. 1999 ). Instead, other mutations, including Ile33Phe, Ser49Leu, Lys67Glu, Asn93Ser, Lys101Arg, Asn102Lys, and Ile106Leu, result in demyelinating neuropathy associated with focally abnormal folded myelin or tomacula (Thomas et al. 1994 ; Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ; Nagakawa et al. 1999 ; Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ; Sindou et al. 1999 ).
Of note, three of the point mutations in P0 ECD causing tomacula involve residues (101, 102, and 106) present in the FG loop, which also resides in proximity of the NH2 terminus (Shapiro et al. 1996 ). The FG loop does not appear to be involved in P0 homotypic interaction (Shapiro et al. 1996 ) and, therefore, could be free to perform a different function (e.g., putative interaction with PMP-22, see below), that, if perturbed, leads to tomacula formation. Interestingly, as mentioned before, point mutations in CMT1B usually result in either myelin packing abnormalities or tomacula, but usually not both (Gabreels-Festen et al. 1996 ). Thus, 13 amino acids of myc at the NH2 terminus of P0 could disrupt interactions of multiple domains of P0 situated nearby (e.g., the BC and FG loops), resulting in both packing abnormalities and tomacula.
Tomacula formation or abnormal myelin focal folding is rare in CMT1B, whereas it is more common in CMT1A and HNPP (Windebank 1993 ). In mice, a tomaculous neuropathy is observed after inactivation of Pmp-22, myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag), or periaxin genes (Adlkofer et al. 1997 ; Carenini et al. 1997 ; Yin et al. 1998 ; Gillespie et al. 2000 ), and, in this report, in mutation of Mpz. Since deletion or overexpression of P0 does not result in tomacula formation, it is more likely that an acquired function of P0myc could cause hypermyelination. Recently, evidence for physical interactions between P0 and PMP-22 has been proposed (D'Urso et al. 1999 ), suggesting that P0myc may have a trans-dominant–negative effect on PMP-22.
In this light, it is interesting to note that Roussy-Levy syndrome, often due to PMP-22 duplication (Thomas et al. 1997 ), can also be due to a mutation in the ECD of P0 (Asn102Lys). Nerve biopsies from these patients reveal focally folded myelin sheaths and often absence of onion bulbs (Plante-Bordeneuve et al. 1999 ). Roussy-Levy patients were originally considered distinct from CMT because of a particular combination of clinical symptoms including tremor, ataxia, and distal atrophy. Since P0myc mice present with tremor, distal atrophy, probable sensory symptoms (self-induced skin lesions), focally folded myelin, and no onion bulbs, they could be considered a model of Roussy-Levy syndrome.
In summary, our data suggest that P0myc mice could provide insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of a subgroup of CMT patients. Interestingly, our data already suggest a potential therapeutic approach. Crossing of P0myc mice into the P0 null background shows that the phenotype is worsened as the relative amount of P0wt is lowered. Hence, increasing the dosage of P0wt could counteract the effect of the mutated P0, as long as the threshold of overexpression that causes dysmyelination is not exceeded. This threshold is relatively low during development (Wrabetz et al. 2000 ), but reflects the effects of abnormal expression of P0 in an early phase of myelinogenesis (Yin et al. 2000 ). Instead, the threshold for abnormalities may be higher when P0 overexpression begins in adulthood.
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