Insulin resistance and depressive symptoms in middle aged men: finding
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《英国医生杂志》
1 Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, 2 Centre for Psychiatry, Barts and the London, Queen Mary, University of London, 3 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, 4 Department of Epidemiology, Statistics and Public Health, University of Wales College of Medicine
Correspondence to: D A Lawlor d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk
Insulin resistance was not associated with reduced depressive symptoms in a prospective study of middle aged men. This contradicts our earlier findings in a cross sectional study of older women, in which there was an inverse association with both clinically diagnosed depression and use of antidepressant drugs,2 and the findings of a second cross sectional study which found a positive association between insulin resistance and depression assessed using the Beck's depression inventory.3 These contradictory findings may be due to the cross sectional nature of the earlier studies. A large prospective study, in which reverse causality would be unlikely, found that indicators of insulin sensitivity were associated with suicide risk.1 Taken together these findings indicate that insulin resistance may protect against only severe depression.
Our assessment of depression was based on GHQ rather than clinical assessment, and if insulin resistance is only protective against severe depression then this measure may be inadequate to detect an association. Also, any measurement error in our assessment of depression would tend to dilute the results. We validated the score, however, against a clinical interview in a subgroup.4
The contradictory results concerning the association of insulin resistance with depression and suicide warrant further research. Future studies might include trials of the effects on insulin resistance of treating depression. Observational studies should ideally use standardised diagnostic criteria for depression and prospectively assess the association of insulin resistance with differing severities.
What is already known on this topic
Cross sectional studies and those using indirect measurements indicate that insulin resistance may protect against depression
What this study adds
Insulin resistance was not associated with reduced depressive symptoms in a prospective study of middle aged men
This article was posted on bmj.com on 31 January 2005: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38377.616921.F7
The Caerphilly study was done by the former Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (South Wales) and was funded by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom. The department of social medicine, University of Bristol, is custodian for the Caerphilly database. We thank the men who participated in the study.
Contributors: YB-S, GDS, SE, and DAL developed the study idea. SAS validated the GHQ data. JY initiated the Caerphilly study, and YB-S, JEJG, and JWGY are responsible for the continued management of the study. DAL did the analysis and wrote the first draft of the paper, and all authors contributed to the final version. DAL and YB-S are guarantors.
Funding: DAL receives a UK Department of Health Career Scientist Award.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Phases I-III of the Caerphilly study were approved by Cardiff Local Research Ethics Committee and later phases by Gwent Research Ethics Committee.
References
Golomb BA, Tenkanen L, Alikoski T, Niskanen T, Manninen V, Huttunen M, et al. Insulin sensitivity markers: predictors of accidents and suicides in Helsinki Heart Study screenees. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55: 767-73.
Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Association of insulin resistance with depression: cross sectional findings from the British women's heart and health study. BMJ 2003;327: 1383-4.
Timonen M, Laakso M, Jokelainen J, Rajala U, Benno Meyer-Rochow V, Kein?nen-Kiukaanniemi S. Insulin resistance and depression: cross sectional study. BMJ 2005;330: 17-8.
Stansfeld SA, Gallacher JEJ, Sharp DS, Yarnell JWG. Social factors and minor psychiatric disorder in middle-aged men: a validation study and a population survey. Psychol Med 1991;21: 157-67.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28: 412-9.(Debbie A Lawlor, senior lecturer in epid)
Correspondence to: D A Lawlor d.a.lawlor@bristol.ac.uk
Insulin resistance was not associated with reduced depressive symptoms in a prospective study of middle aged men. This contradicts our earlier findings in a cross sectional study of older women, in which there was an inverse association with both clinically diagnosed depression and use of antidepressant drugs,2 and the findings of a second cross sectional study which found a positive association between insulin resistance and depression assessed using the Beck's depression inventory.3 These contradictory findings may be due to the cross sectional nature of the earlier studies. A large prospective study, in which reverse causality would be unlikely, found that indicators of insulin sensitivity were associated with suicide risk.1 Taken together these findings indicate that insulin resistance may protect against only severe depression.
Our assessment of depression was based on GHQ rather than clinical assessment, and if insulin resistance is only protective against severe depression then this measure may be inadequate to detect an association. Also, any measurement error in our assessment of depression would tend to dilute the results. We validated the score, however, against a clinical interview in a subgroup.4
The contradictory results concerning the association of insulin resistance with depression and suicide warrant further research. Future studies might include trials of the effects on insulin resistance of treating depression. Observational studies should ideally use standardised diagnostic criteria for depression and prospectively assess the association of insulin resistance with differing severities.
What is already known on this topic
Cross sectional studies and those using indirect measurements indicate that insulin resistance may protect against depression
What this study adds
Insulin resistance was not associated with reduced depressive symptoms in a prospective study of middle aged men
This article was posted on bmj.com on 31 January 2005: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38377.616921.F7
The Caerphilly study was done by the former Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (South Wales) and was funded by the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom. The department of social medicine, University of Bristol, is custodian for the Caerphilly database. We thank the men who participated in the study.
Contributors: YB-S, GDS, SE, and DAL developed the study idea. SAS validated the GHQ data. JY initiated the Caerphilly study, and YB-S, JEJG, and JWGY are responsible for the continued management of the study. DAL did the analysis and wrote the first draft of the paper, and all authors contributed to the final version. DAL and YB-S are guarantors.
Funding: DAL receives a UK Department of Health Career Scientist Award.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Phases I-III of the Caerphilly study were approved by Cardiff Local Research Ethics Committee and later phases by Gwent Research Ethics Committee.
References
Golomb BA, Tenkanen L, Alikoski T, Niskanen T, Manninen V, Huttunen M, et al. Insulin sensitivity markers: predictors of accidents and suicides in Helsinki Heart Study screenees. J Clin Epidemiol 2002;55: 767-73.
Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Association of insulin resistance with depression: cross sectional findings from the British women's heart and health study. BMJ 2003;327: 1383-4.
Timonen M, Laakso M, Jokelainen J, Rajala U, Benno Meyer-Rochow V, Kein?nen-Kiukaanniemi S. Insulin resistance and depression: cross sectional study. BMJ 2005;330: 17-8.
Stansfeld SA, Gallacher JEJ, Sharp DS, Yarnell JWG. Social factors and minor psychiatric disorder in middle-aged men: a validation study and a population survey. Psychol Med 1991;21: 157-67.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28: 412-9.(Debbie A Lawlor, senior lecturer in epid)