当前位置: 首页 > 期刊 > 《右江民族医学院学报》 > 1999年第3期
编号:10212157
一氧化氮和肺部疾病
http://www.100md.com 《右江民族医学院学报》 1999年第3期
     作者:许 杰

    单位:右江民族医学院附属医院内科(百色 533000)

    关键词:

    右江民族医学院学报/9903139 1980年,Furchgott等发现并在《Nature》发表了内源性舒张因子(EDRF)[1]。1987年,Palmer在同一刊物证实了EDRF即是NO(一氧化氮)[2]。从此,各国学者对NO的生理功能和病理作用进行了广泛的研究。证实NO具有舒张支气管、调节血液、神经介质、抑制血小板凝集、免疫调节和抗肿瘤等作用[3,4]。现就NO对常见肺部病症的作用作一简述。

    1 NO和气道系统

    目前,气道系统产生的NO所具有的功能尚未完全明了。但作为支配气道系统的神经介质,提示NO参与免疫系统,纤毛运动和粘液腺的分泌。鼻粘膜是产生NO最主要的部位。而Furukawa[5]等发现cNOS(Ⅲ型NO合成酶)主要在血管内皮细胞、粘膜上皮及粘膜下腺;iNOS(Ⅱ型NO合成酶)仅存在于鼻粘膜组织细胞、巨噬细胞等炎症细胞中。特别是慢性鼻炎患者活检组织的炎症细胞内,易发现iNOS的mRNA。所以,NO作为参与炎症的介质而受瞩目。鼻产生的NO一部分可达末梢气道,以调节粘膜上皮血流,维持气道平滑肌张力。因气管插管,鼻腔气流受分流,鼻腔内产生的NO不能吸入,仅能吸入较低浓度的NO。为弥补此点,有学者提出,对气管插管后的全部患者采用低浓度NO(<1ppm)吸入疗法[6~8]
, 百拇医药
    2 NO和哮喘

    动物实验和临床研究已阐明哮喘的病理有NO参与。NO是人类气道唯一具有扩张性神经作用的非肾上腺素能、非胆碱能(NANC)神经介质。Tuan等[9]报道轻度哮喘患者NANC反应性无改变,而囊性纤维化患者的反应性显著降低。哮喘发作期呼出气NO浓度比非发作期增高。最近研究认为哮喘是一种炎症。气道系统产生NO的细胞较多,其中有参与炎症反应的淋巴细胞、白细胞和巨噬细胞。还有上皮细胞、肥大细胞、气道平滑肌和纤维细胞。气道受感染等因素的影响产生炎症后,在肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、干扰素(IFN)、白细胞介素(IL)等细胞因子的刺激下,各种细胞产生NO。气道产生的NO具有正、反两方面的作用。在气管内生理浓度条件下,能调节平滑肌张力,并维持上皮细胞的通透性[10,11]

    Massaro等报告[12],哮喘患者和健康人的呼出气NO浓度有较大差异。给予糖皮质激素治疗后,哮喘患者呼出气NO浓度降低,并与肺功能(FEV1.0,PEEP)有关。Yates和Kharitonov等人[13,14]的研究也得到类似的结果,并赞同Massaro等提出的呼出气NO浓度可作为了解哮喘病情的确切指标。
, http://www.100md.com
    3 肺动脉高压的NO吸入疗法

    在肺动脉高压时,NO吸入疗法的适应证有新生儿持续性肺动脉高压(PPHN)及心脏手术后(先天性、后天性)。原发性肺动脉高压(PPH)也可以用NO吸入疗法[15]。1991年,Roberts等[16]首先报告NO吸入疗法对PPHN具有血管扩张作用以来,相继已有许多报告。最近已确立了NO吸入疗法对PPHN的治疗地位。关于NO吸入疗法治疗PPH,最近相继有报告[17,18]。但吸入NO治疗肺动脉高压原理,尤其是长期治疗,一直是人们所关注的问题,至今尚未完全清楚。美国职业安全和健康局规定8h工作环境空气中NO最高允许浓度为25ppm,NO2最高允许浓度为5ppm[19]

    总之,NO吸入疗法对肺动脉高压的临床疗效和安全性尚未完全明了,仍需进行较大规模的前瞻性临床研究来确定。
, http://www.100md.com
    4 急性呼吸衰竭(ARDS)的NO吸入疗法

    在EDRF即是NO这一划时代报告的第二年(1988),Higenbottam等[20]发表了以减轻肺动脉高压患者右室负荷为目的,吸入NO有效的报告。Roberts(1991)[21]及Kinsella等(1992)[22]相继报告了新生儿持续性肺动脉高压症(PPHN)吸入NO的有效性。继而,Rossaint等[23]发表了ARDS患者吸入NO可有效地改善氧化。现在,该疗法已成为世界流行的开端[24,25]。Benzing等[9,26]发现急性肺损伤患者吸入40ppm NO后肺静脉阻力比肺动脉阻力明显减少,使肺毛细血管压降低。该现象成为NO对ARDS有效的佐证之一。

    关于NO和肺部疾病关系的研究国内外均有新进展,尽管其结果不尽相同,但NO在肺部疾病的发生发展中所起的作用是肯定的。随着研究的深入,可望对肺部疾病的治疗开辟新的途径。
, 百拇医药
    参考文献

    [1] Furchgott RF, J.V.Zawadzki. The obligatory role of endoihelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acethyleholine. Nature,1980;288:373

    [2] Palmer RMJ ferrige AG, Moncada S: Nitrio Oxide releases accounts for the biological activity of endorhelium derived relaxing factor. Nature,1987;327:524

    [3] John P, cooke MD and Victor J, Dzau, MN: Nitric Oxide synthase: Role in the Genesis of Vascular Disease. Annu Rev Med,1997;48:489~509
, http://www.100md.com
    [4] Gaston B, Drazen JM, Loscalzo J, Slamer JS: The biology of Nitrogen Oxides in the airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1994;149:538~551

    [5] Furukawa K, Harrison DG, Salch D, et al. Expression of Nitric oxide Synthase in the human nasal mucosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1996;153:847

    [6] Kimberly B, Neiadnik B, Giraud GD, et al. Nasal conting contribution to exhaled nitric Oxide af rest and during breathholdi ng in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1996;153:829
, http://www.100md.com
    [7] Gerlach H, Rossaimt R, Pappert D. Autoinhalation of Nitric oxide after endogenous Synihalation in nasophynx. Lancet,1996;343:518

    [8] Therminarias A, Flore P, Faver Juvin A, et al. Air Contamination with Nitri Oxide effect on Exhaled Nitric Oxiele Response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1998;157:791

    [9] Tuan DX, Higenbottam TW, Clelland CA, et al. Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery relaxation in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med,1994;324:1539
, 百拇医药
    [10] Zoritch B. Nitric Oxide and asthma. Arch Dis child,1995;72:259

    [11] Lu Y-T, Liu SF, Mitchell JA, et al. The role of endogeno us nitric Oxide in modulating Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the isolated, blood-Perfused tra lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1998;157:237~279

    [12] Massaro AF, Geston B, Kita D, et al. Expired nitrie Oxide levels during treatment of acute asthma. Am J Respir Med,1995;152:800
, 百拇医药
    [13] Yates DH, Kharitonov SA, Robbine RA, et al. Effect of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and a glucocoricoid; on exhaled nitrie oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1995;152:892

    [14] Kharitonov SA, Yates DH, Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocoricoid decrease nitre Oxidie in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1996;153:454

    [15] Pepka-zaba J, Higenbottam TW, Dinh-Xuan AT, et al. Inhaled nitric Oxide as a cause of selective pulmonary Vasodilation in Pulmdnary Hypertension. Lancet,1991;338:1173
, 百拇医药
    [16] Roberts JS Jr, Polane DM, Todres ID, et al. Inhaled nitrie Oxide: a Selective Pulmonary Vasodlator for the treatment of persistnet pulmonary hypertensison of the newborn (ppHN). Circulation,1991;84:A1729

    [17] Roger N, Barbera JA, Roca J, et al. Nitric oxide inhalation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1997;156:800~806

    [18] Roberts JD, Finaman JR, Frederick, et al. Inhaled Nitric oxide and persistent Pulmonary hypertension of the Newborn. N Engl J Med,1997;336:605~610
, http://www.100md.com
    [19] Centers for disease Control. Recommendations for occupational Safety and health standard. Morbidity and Mortality weekly Report(MMWR),1998;37(Suupl7):21

    [20] Higenbottam T, Pepke-Zaba J, Scott J, et al. Inhaled endothelium derived relaxing factor in primary hypertention. Am Rev Respir Dis,1988;137(Suppl):A107

    [21] Roberts JD Jr, Polane DM, Todres ID, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide(NO) a selective Palmonary Vasodilator for the trea tment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn(PPHN). Circulation,1991;84:A1279
, 百拇医药
    [22] Kinsella JP, Neish SR, Shaffer E, et al. Low dose inhaled nitric oxide in persistent Pulmonary hypertension of newborn. Lancet,1992;340:819

    [23] Rossaint R, Falke KJ, Lopez F, et al. Inhaled nitrie oxide in adult respiratory distress Syndrome. N Engl J Med,1993;328:399

    [24] Papazian L, Bregeon F, Thirion X, et al. Respective and combined effects of prone position and inhaled nitric oxide in patient with adult respiratory distres Syndrom. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,1998;157:580~585
, 百拇医药
    [25] Neonatal Inhaled Nitrie oxide Group: Inhaled Nitric oxide in full-term and nearly full-term infants with bypoxic Respiration failure. N Engl J Med,1997;336:570~604

    [26] Benzing A, Geiger K. Inhaled nitric oxide Lowers. Pulmonary Capillary pressure and changes longitudonbl distributin of pulmunary Vascular resistance in patients with acute lung injury. Acta anaesthesiol Scand,1994;38:640

    (1998-09-01收稿), 百拇医药