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人肺癌中nm23等位基因缺失的研究
http://www.100md.com 《中国肺癌杂志》 2000年第1期
     作者:陈军 周清华 覃扬 孙芝琳 孙泽芳 刘伦旭

    单位:陈军 周清华 刘伦旭(华西医科大学附属第一医院胸心外科 610041 成都);覃扬 孙芝琳 孙泽芳(华西医科大学生化教研室)

    关键词:nm23基因;肺肿瘤;等位基因缺失;Southern印迹杂交

    中国肺癌杂志000104 【摘要】目的 探讨人肺癌中nm23等位基因缺失与肺癌转移的关系。方法 应用Southern印迹杂交对52例人肺癌组织中nm23-H1和nm23-H2等位基因缺失进行了研究,并以自身远离癌灶的肺组织作对照。结果 52例肺癌中14例存在nm23-H1等位基因的杂合缺失(26.92%)。47例有nm23-H2杂交信号的肺癌中,2例存在nm23-H2等位基因缺失(4.26%)。伴有淋巴结和/或远处转移的肺癌中,nm23-H1等位基因缺失率(42.86%)明显高于不伴有转移的肺癌(8.33%)(P<0.01);低分化和未分化癌nm23-H1等位基因缺失率(45.45%)亦明显高于中~高分化癌(13.33%)(P<0.05)。nm23-H1等位基因缺失与肺癌组织学类型、P-TNM分期、原发肿瘤大小、部位,以及患者年龄等无明显关系(P>0.05)。结论 本研究结果表明nm23基因可能参与调控肺癌的细胞分化和转移过程,且nm23-H1基因在肺癌转移和细胞分化中的调节作用较nm23-H2基因更为显著。
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    A study on the allelic deletion of nm23 genes in human lung cancer

    CHEN Jun,ZHOU Qinghua,QIN Yang,SUN Zhilin,SUN Zefang,LIU Lunxu

    (Department of Thoracocardiac Surgery,The First University Hospital,West China University of Medical Sciences,Chengdu 610041,P.R.China)

    【Abstract】Objective To explore the role of allelic deletions of nm23 genes in human lung cancer.Methods Allelic deletions of nm23 genes were detected in 52 lung cancer tissue samples and their corresponding normal tissues as control by Southern blotting.Results Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of nm23-H1 gene was found in 14 out of 52 informative lung cancers,with a LOH rate of 26.92%;2 of the 47 informative lung cancer tissues existed allelic deletion of nm23-H2 gene,with a allelic deletion rate of 4.26%.The LOH rate of nm23-H1 gene in cancer with lymph node or distant metastasis(42.86%) was significantly higher than that in lung cancer without metastasis (8.33%) (P<0.01).nm23-H1 LOH rate was also remarkably higher in undifferentiated and poor differentiated cancer (45.45%) than in moderate to well differentiated cancer (13.33%) (P<0.05).No relationship was found among the allelic deletion of the nm23-H1 and histoclassification of the tumor,P-TNM stages,size of the primary tumor,location of the cancer,and age of the patients (P>0.05).Conclusion nm23 gene may be involved in the differentiation and metastasis of human lung cancer,and nm23-H1 gene may play a more important role in the regulation of cell differentiation and metastasis of lung cancer than nm23-H2 gene.
, 百拇医药
    【Key words】nm23 gene Lung neoplasms Allelic deletion Southern blotting

    自1988年美国国立癌症研究所的Steeg等[1]发现nm23基因以来,目前人类发现了四种nm23基因:nm23-H1、nm23-H2[2],DRnm23[3]和nm23-H4[4]。其中,研究较多的是nm23-H1和nm23-H2。现有的研究表明,在人乳腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、恶性黑色素瘤和卵巢癌等肿瘤中,nm23基因表达与肿瘤转移表型呈负相关;而在神经母细胞瘤、甲状腺癌及前列腺癌中,其表达与肿瘤增殖及浸润有关[5]。nm23等位基因缺失与肺癌的发生、发展和转移关系的研究国内外报道不多。我们已进行了nm23基因的mRNA和蛋白表达水平与肺癌发生、发展和转移关系的研究[6,7],提示nm23基因可能与肺癌的发生和发展有一定关系。为了进一步探讨nm23等位基因缺失与肺癌发生、发展和转移的关系,本研究应用Southern印迹杂交的方法检测了52例肺癌中nm23-H1和nm23-H2等位基因缺失的情况,以分析其与肺癌临床病理生理特征的关系。
, 百拇医药
    1 材料与方法

    1.1 组织标本 52例原发肺癌组织及其远离癌灶的非癌肺组织,来源于华西医科大学附一院胸心外科手术切除的标本,并经病理检查确诊(表1)。52例肺癌患者中,伴有淋巴结或/和远处转移者28例,无转移者24例。其中,鳞癌29例(低分化15例,中、高分化14例;Ⅰ~Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期20例),腺癌14例(低分化2例,中、高分化12例;Ⅰ~Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期11例),腺鳞癌6例(低分化2例,中、高分化4例;Ⅰ~Ⅱ期2例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ期4例),小细胞肺癌2例(1例Ⅰ期,1例Ⅲ期),未分化大细胞癌1例,为Ⅰ期。病理分期采用国际抗癌联盟(UICC)1997年修订的分期标准。

    1.2 探针的制备 人类Pnm23-H1和Pnm23-H2重组质粒由美国国立癌症研究所的Steeg教授惠赠。Pnm23-H1和Pnm23-H2重组质粒载体分别为Okyama-berg和Bluescript,宿主菌为DH5a和JM109,经限制性核苷酸内切酶BamH1和EcoRⅠ消化后,可分别获得900?bp和700?bp的cDNA插入片段。采用玻璃乳DNA分离法回收插入片段。参考地高辛DNA标记和检测试剂盒(Boehringer Mannheim产品)提供的方案,采用随机引物法,以非放射性地高辛标记回收插入片段制成探针。
, 百拇医药
    1.3 DNA的制备 用传统方法提取肺组织DNA,0.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定,分光光度仪测定OD值,计算出DNA含量。

    1.4 Southern印迹杂交 每个标本各取两份20?μg组织DNA,分别经EcoRⅠ和BglⅡ酶切完全后,0.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,用毛细管转移法将凝胶中的DNA转至尼龙膜上,80℃固定DNA?2?h。42℃预杂交2?h,预杂交液为High-SDS缓冲液(7%SDS,50%甲酰胺,5×SSC,2%封闭剂,50?mmol/L磷酸钠pH?7.0,0.1%Sarcosine)。42℃杂交24?h,探针浓度为30?ng/ml。按试剂盒提供的方法进行杂交信号检测。将尼龙膜与X线片于暗盒内室温曝光5~15?min,显影定影,读片。本实验每张膜分别经nm23-H1和nm23-H2探针进行两次杂交。

    1.5 统计学处理 采用χ2检验和t检验,P<0.05为差异有显著性。
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    表 1 nm23-H1等位基因缺失与肺癌患者临床病理生理特征的关系

    Tab 1 The relationship between the allelic deletion of nm23-H1 gene and

    clinicopathologic characteristics of the 52 patients with lung cancer Characteristics

    n

    nm23-H1

    Deleted Non-deleted

    P value

    Age(±s)
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    -

    58±5

    60±7

    >0.05

    Sex

    >0.05

    Female

    7

    3

    4

    Male

    45

    11
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    34

    Tumor size(cm,±s)

    -

    5.1±3

    5.4±2

    >0.05

    Localization

    >0.05

    Center

    27

    10
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    17

    Periphery

    25

    4

    21

    Histologic classification

    >0.05

    Squamous cell carcinoma

    29

    10

    19

    Adenocarcinoma
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    14

    3

    11

    Small cell lung cancer

    2

    Large cell lung cancer

    1

    Adenosquamous carcinoma

    6

    0

    6

    Differentiated degree
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    <0.05

    Undifferentiated

    3

    1

    2

    Poor differentiated

    19

    9

    10

    Moderate to well differentiated

    30

    4
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    26

    Stage

    >0.05

    Ⅰ~Ⅱ

    16

    3

    13

    Ⅲ~Ⅳ

    36

    11

    25

    Metastasis

    <0.01
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    Lymph node or distant metastasis

    28

    12

    16

    No metastasis

    24

    2

    22

    2 结果

    2.1 nm23等位基因缺失情况 人组织DNA经EcoRⅠ酶切后,与nm23-H1探针杂交显示,在杂合子出现4.6、2.4和2.2?kb杂交带,而在纯合子则为4.6或2.4?kb以及2.2?kb杂交带,21?kb杂交带为常带;与nm23-H2探针杂交在本组病例中只显示出一种类型的杂交图:即有21、6.7和3.9?kb三条杂交带。经BglⅡ酶切后,与nm23-H1探针杂交显示,在杂合子出现7.6和2.3?kb两条杂交带,而在纯合子则仅有7.6或2.3?kb杂交带,18?kb杂交带为常带;与nm23-H2探针杂交在本组病例中显示出两种类型的杂交图:第一种为17.5、13.8、2.8和2.4?kb四条杂交带(占36%),第二种为17.5、13.8、4.2、2.8和2.4?kb五条杂交带(占64%)。肺癌组织杂交带与相应的远癌肺组织杂交带相比,前者如有杂交带缺失则为等位基因缺失(图1)。
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    图1 EcoRⅠ和BglⅡ消化后nm23基因的限制性片段长度多态性

    T:肿瘤组织DNA;N:远癌肺组织DNA。A、B为同一张膜,人组织DNA经EcoRⅠ酶切后分别进行了nm23-H1和nm23-H2探针杂交。nm23-H1杂交后(A):11号为杂合子,含有4.6、2.4及2.2?kb杂交带,12号为纯合子,仅含4.6及2.2?kb杂交带;nm23-H2杂交后(B)只有一种杂交图(21、6.7、3.9?kb三条杂交带)。

    C、D为同一张膜,人组织DNA经BglⅡ酶切后分别进行了nm23-H1和nm23-H2探针杂交,nm23-H1杂交后(A),11号为杂合子,含有7.6和2.3?kb杂交带,12号为纯合子,仅有2.3?kb,无7.6?kb杂交带;nm23-H2杂交后(B),11号为第一种类型杂交图,含有2.8和2.4?kb杂交带,12号为第二种类型杂交图,含有4.2、2.8和2.4?kb杂交带。
, 百拇医药
    Fig 1 The EcoRⅠ and BglⅡ RFLPs in human nm23 genes

    T: DNA from tumors; N: DNA from their corresponding normal tissues.Human genomic DNA from two individuals was digested with EcoRⅠ,and a southern blot was prepared.The blot was hybridized with BamH1 restriction fragment of Pnm23-H1(A).An allelic pattern of hybridizing nm23-H1 bands was obtained,including homozygotes for 4.6 and 2.2 kilobase band (No.12),or for 4.6,2.4 and 2.2 kilobase band (No.11).The probe was removed from the southern blot,and it was rehybridized to the EcoRⅠ restriction fragment of Pnm23-H2(B).Bands distinct from the alleles of nm23-H1 was observed at 21,6.7 and 3.9 kilobases.Size of DNA bands were calculated from the electrophoretic mobility of pBR328 DNA/BamH1*BglⅠ*HinfⅠ markers.
, 百拇医药
    Human genomic DNA from the same two individuals was digested with BglⅡ.The blot was hybridized with nm23-H1 probe (C).An allelic pattern of hybridizing nm23-H1 bands was obtained,including homozygotes for 2.3 kilobase band (No.12),or for 7.6 and 2.3 kilobase band (No.11).The probe was removed from the southern blot,and it was rehybridized to the nm23-H2 probe (D).Bands distinct from the alleles of nm23-H1 was observed at 4.2,2.8 and 2.4 kilobases (No.12),or at 2.8 and 2.4 kilobases(No.11).
, 百拇医药
    图 2 nm23-H1等位基因缺失

    T:肿瘤组织DNA;N:远癌肺组织DNA。EcoRⅠ酶切后肿瘤组织2.4?kb杂交带发生了缺失;BglⅡ酶切后肿瘤组织7.6?kb杂交带发生缺失(如箭头所示)。

    Fig 2 Loss of heterozygosity at the nm23-H1 gene locus in lung cancer patients (No.4).Genomic DNA smaples of lung tumor(T) and corresponding normal lung tissue(N) from the same patient were digested with EcoRⅠ and BglⅡ and were blotted with a nm23-H1 cDNA probe in a Southern blot analysis.EcoRⅠ identifies a two-allele polymorphism with bands at 4.6 or 2.4?kb and 2.2?kb,and constant band at 21?kb.The BglⅡ digestion identifies a two-allele polymorphism with bands at 2.3?kb and 7.6?kb and a constant band at 18?kb.The tumor sample showed a loss of constitutional heterozygosity (arrows).
, 百拇医药
    本组52例肺癌患者中,用nm23-H1探针杂交显示78%为杂合子,其中有14例发生了nm23-H1等位基因的杂合缺失,缺失率为26.92%,未见纯合缺失。该14例患者中9例同时有EcoRⅠ和BglⅡ酶切杂交带的缺失,2例仅有EcoRⅠ酶切杂交带缺失,3例仅有BglⅡ酶切杂交带缺失(表2、图2)。在52例病例中,经nm23-H2探针杂交显示杂交信号的有47例,EcoRⅠ酶切杂交带未见有缺失,BglⅡ酶切后有2例发生了等位基因缺失(图3),缺失率为4.26%。nm23-H1等位基因缺失率明显高于nm23-H2(P<0.05)。

    2.2 nm23-H1等位基因缺失与肺癌患者临床病理生理特征关系(表1) 在伴有淋巴结转移的肺癌患者中nm23-H1等位基因缺失发生率(42.86%,12/28)明显高于不伴有转移者(8.33%,2/24)(P<0.01);低分化和未分化癌的等位基因缺失率(45.45%,10/22)亦明显高于中~高分化癌(13.33%,4/30)(P<0.05)。而nm23-H1等位基因缺失与肺癌原发肿瘤大小、部位、病理类型、TNM分期以及患者性别和年龄均无明显关系(P>0.05)。
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    2.3 由于nm23-H2等位基因缺失发生率较低,故无法分析其与肺癌患者临床病理生理特征的关系(表3)。

    图 3 nm23-H2等位基因缺失

    T:肿瘤组织DNA;N:远癌肺组织DNA。A、B为同一张膜。组织DNA经BglⅡ酶切后,A图经nm23-H1探针杂交,两标本均为杂合子,无等位基因缺失。洗脱nm23-H1探针,再杂交nm23-H2探针后,见40号标本肿瘤组织的4.2?kb条带缺失(如箭头所示)。

    Fig 3 Loss of heterozygosity at the nm23-H2 gene locus in lung cancer patient
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    Genomic DNA samples of lung tumor(T) and corresponding normal lung tissue(N) were digested with BglⅡ and blotted with a nm23-H1 cDNA probe in a Southern blot analysis (A),and there was no loss of heterozyosity.The probe was removed from the southern blot,and it was rehybridized with a nm23-H2 cDNA probe in a Southern bolt analysis (B).The No.40 tumor sample showed a loss of the constitutional heterozygosity(arrow).

    表 2 14例nm23-H1等位基因缺失的肺癌患者的病理生理特征
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    Tab 2 Pathophysiological characteristics in 14 lung cancer patients with

    allelic deletions of nm23-H1 gene No.

    Age/Sex

    Tumor location

    LOH

    Histology

    Metastasis

    Stage

    EcoRⅠ

    BglⅡ
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    2

    68/M

    Center

    No

    7.6?kb

    SCC,well

    No

    T2N0M0 ⅠB

    4

    50/M

    Center

    2.4?kb
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    7.6?kb

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    5

    60/M

    Center

    2.4?kb

    7.6?kb

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

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    9

    57/F

    Center

    No

    2.3?kb

    SCC,mod-well

    No

    T2N0M0 ⅠB

    13

    55/F
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    Center

    2.4?kb

    7.6?kb

    ADC,mod

    Lymph node

    T4N2M0 ⅢB

    14

    49/M

    Center

    No

    7.6?kb

    SCC,poor
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    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    20

    58/M

    Center

    2.4?kb

    No

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N1M0 ⅢA

    22
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    54/M

    Periphery

    4.6?kb

    2.3?kb

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    28

    65/M

    Periphery

    2.4?kb

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    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T2N1M0 ⅡB

    32

    45/M

    Center

    2.4?kb

    7.6?kb

    ADC,poor

    Liver

    T4N0M1
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    39

    39/F

    Center

    4.6?kb

    2.3?kb

    SCLC

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    40

    43/M

    Center

    2.4?kb
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    No

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    43

    63/M

    Periphery

    2.4?kb

    7.6?kb

    ADC,mod

    Lymph node

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    45

    59/M

    Periphery

    4.6?kb

    2.3?kb

    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0 ⅢA

    M:Male; F:Female; LOH:Loss of heterozygosity; SCC:Squamous cell carcinoma; ADC:Adenocarcinoma; SCLC:Small cell lung cancer; well:Well differentiated; mod:moderate differentiated; poor:poor differentiated表 3 2例nm23-H2等位基因缺失的肺癌患者的病理生理特征
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    Tab 3 Pathophysiological characteristics in 2 lung cancer patients with allelic deletions of nm23-H2 gene No.

    Age/Sex

    Tumor location

    LOH

    Histology

    Metastasis

    Stage

    EcoRⅠ

    BglⅡ

    33
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    60/M

    Center

    No

    2.8?kb

    SCC,mod

    No

    T2N0M0(ⅠB)

    40

    43/M

    Center

    No

    4.2?kb
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    SCC,poor

    Lymph node

    T3N2M0(ⅢA)

    3 讨论

    自nm23基因被发现以来,其在临床各种肿瘤中均有较多的研究,但结果差异较大,支持和不支持其肿瘤转移抑制性的观点并存。

    本实验应用Southern杂交的方法检测了52例肺癌,其中14例存在nm23-H1等位基因的杂合缺失,缺失率为26.92%;在47例有nm23-H2杂交信号肺癌中,2例发生了nm23-H2等位基因的缺失,缺失率为4.26%。结果提示在本组病例中,nm23-H1和nm23-H2等位基因缺失发生率不同,nm23-H1等位基因缺失发生率明显高于nm23-H2(P<0.05)。Leone[8]报道人非小细胞肺癌中nm23-H1的缺失率为42%。但Gazzeri[9]分析了104例肺癌,未发现nm23-H1等位基因缺失、突变。此前,尚未见有关人肺癌中nm23-H2等位基因缺失的报道。
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    nm23基因可因基因缺失、低表达及突变而失活。在乳腺癌、肝癌、黑色素瘤等肿瘤中,nm23-H1基因的低表达与肿瘤转移有密切关系并与不良预后相关,显示出其抑制肿瘤转移的功能。在肺癌中,Higashiyama等[10]报道88例肺腺癌中nm23的表达与肿瘤病理生理指标无明显关系,Lai等[11]发现Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌中,nm23-H1表达低者易发生术后远处转移。Lau等[12]将人非小细胞肺癌细胞接种到裸鼠皮下后发现,nm23-H1等位基因的缺失与肺癌的转移有密切关系。国内,陈晓峰等[6,7]报道nm23-H1基因蛋白表达与肺癌转移呈负相关,并与预后有关,刘伦旭等[13]报道nm23基因mRNA的表达与肺癌的细胞分化有关。本研究观察到在伴有淋巴结或/和远处转移的肺癌中,nm23-H1等位基因缺失率(42.85%)显著高于无转移者。(8.33%)(P<0.01);未分化和低分化癌中,nm23-H1等位基因缺失率(45.45%)亦显著高于中、高分化癌(13.33%)(P<0.05)。这表明在本实验研究的肺癌组织中,nm23-H1等位基因缺失与肺癌的细胞分化和转移有密切关系,进一步支持了nm23-H1基因在肺癌中具有抑制肿瘤转移作用的结论。由于nm23-H2等位基因缺失率较低,无法分析其与肺癌的临床病理生理指标的关系。本实验同一张膜分别经nm23-H1和nm23-H2探针杂交后的杂交图不同,而且两者在肺癌中的等位基因缺失率也不同,这直接和间接地提示了nm23-H1和nm23-H2两基因在结构和功能上是不同的,具有组织类型的差异性,与Stahl[2]报道的在人乳腺癌中,nm23-H1比nm23-H2与肿瘤转移关系更密切的结果相似。
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    Campo等[14]在直肠癌nm23等位基因缺失的研究中指出,用EcoRⅠ和BglⅡ两个限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)的分析明显优于单用BglⅡ的RFLP分析。本研究结果也提示了单用EcoRⅠ或BglⅡ酶切不及两者合用检测到的缺失率高,从而也支持了Campo的结论。

    本实验中人组织DNA经BglⅡ酶切后,用nm23-H2探针杂交所得杂交图有两种类型,第一种类型的杂交带由17.5、13.8、2.8和2.4?kb四个条带组成,占36%,第二种类型的杂交带有17.5、13.8、4.2、2.8和2.4?kb五个条带,占64%,两种类型杂交图的不同主要在于4.2?kb杂交带的变化,而且从检测到的2例nm23-H2等位基因缺失的杂交图中也可看出,杂交条带的缺失主要发生在4.2?kb和2.8?kb条带上,故提示人组织DNA经BglⅡ酶切和nm23-H2探针杂交后,17.5?kb和13.8?kb杂交带可能为常带等位基因,而4.2、2.8及2.4?kb杂交带可能为多态性等位基因。
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    迄今,有关nm23基因抑制肿瘤转移的作用机理尚未完全阐明,但现有的研究表明,nm23-H1和nm23-H2基因蛋白产物是NDPK,而NDPK在细胞生长和肿瘤转移中至少具有两个主要作用:①通过催化GTPGDP的转化参与微管蛋白的解聚与聚合,利用微管系统,包括有丝分裂纺锤体形成和细胞移动,来调节细胞功能;②通过调节GTP合成而参与G蛋白调控的跨膜信息传递,从而对细胞分化及癌基因的转化起作用。而关于nm23基因对肿瘤作用具有组织差异性,以及nm23-H1和nm23-H2两基因在不同肿瘤组织中所起作用不同的机理,目前认为:①由于NDPK/nm23的状态不同和所涉及的不同信号传递途径,使其在不同肿瘤中作用不同;②由于nm23-H1和nm23-H2基因的转录起动部位含有与已知转录因子相结合的位点,能参与其它基因的转录调节,以及二者转录起动部位的结合位点的不同,也是引起其作用多样性和细胞类型差异性的原因。总之,目前对nm23基因的作用机制,特别是发挥作用的具体生化途径尚未完全明了,尚需进行更深入的研究。
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    本课题受国家自然科学基金(39470687)、卫生部优秀青年科技人才专项基金(Q9436)和美国纽约中华医学基金(Y9316)资助

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, http://www.100md.com
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    收稿日期:1999-09-16

    修回日期:1999-11-05, 百拇医药