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如何在Internet网上查找医学文献
http://www.100md.com 《临床精神医学杂志》 2000年第6期
     作者:房聪侠 薛良义

    单位:房聪侠(315020 浙江宁波市康宁医院);薛良义(浙江宁波大学生命科学学院)

    关键词:

    临床精神医学杂志000640

    随着Internet网上信息资源的迅速增长,为人们在网上查找资料带来了方便,人们不需要像以前那样坐在图书馆里一本一本查阅杂志,坐在电脑前就可获取所需的资料。但是,网上浩瀚的信息资料也给查找所需的信息资源造成一定的困难。尽管目前Yahoo,Infoseek,Netscape,Excite等搜索引擎对网上信息资源作了一定程度的索引,但目前这些引擎的功能并非十分理想,再加上对商业信息的偏重,专业科技工作者要在网上快速有效地查找到所需的信息资料并非易事。为此,本文介绍了利用美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center of Biotechnology Information,NCBI)开发的Entrez查询软件查找医学文献的基本方法。打开Internet网上的Entrez页面(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez),可见到Entrez包括6个数据库:PubMed,Nucleotide,PopSet,Protein,Structure和Genome。这些数据库之间互相联系,其中PubMed提供了一条通向医学文摘数据库(MEDLINE)的途径,可免费检索有关生物医学论文的摘要。目前MEDLINE已收录4 000多种生物医学方面的杂志,是一种较为完整的医学文摘数据库。通过PubMed可以用作者名、疾病名、关键词、杂志名、文献出版时间等来查找医学参考文献。下面介绍MEDLINE最基本的3种检索方法。
, 百拇医药
    1 通过作者名检索医学文献

    打开网页http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez,可见到页面。在空框内键入作者名,姓在前,空一格,再键入名的第一个字母,按回车键或用鼠标单击空框旁的Go按钮,电脑屏幕上就会显示该作者发表的有关生物医学的论文。在不设定显示参数的情况下,电脑每屏显示20篇文献。例如键入作者名Bondolfi G,检索结果为11篇论文,如下:

    1 Bondolfi G,Dufour H,Patris M,May JP,Billeter U,Eap CB,Baumann P. Related Articles Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia:a randomized double-blind study.The risperidone study group.Am J Psychiatry,1998 Apr,155(4):499~504
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    PMID:9545995;UI:98207623

    2 Bertschy G,Bryois C,Bondolfi G,Velardi A,Burdry P,Dascal D,Martinet C,Baettig D,Baumann P. Related Articles The association carbamazepine-mianserin in opiate withdrawal:a double blind pilot study versus clonidine.Pharmacol Res,1997 May,35(5):451~6

    PMID:9308074;UI:97453362……

    11 Bondolfi G,Muller C. Related Articles Apropos of the new mental health law in Italy.Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr,1988,139(1):39~49.French
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    PMID:2451280;UI:88178019

    这些论文都与精神分裂症、抑郁症等精神疾病有关。单击论文条目的作者名处可获得该篇论文的摘要。以下是第1篇论文的摘要。

    1 Am J Psychiatry,1998 Apr,155(4):499~504 Related Articles,Books,Linkout

    Risperidone versus clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia:a randomized double-blind study.The risperidone study group.

    Bondolfi G,Dufour H,Patris M,May JP,Billeter U,Eap CB,Baumann P. Department Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte,Prilly-Lausanne,Switzerland
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    Objective:The purpose of this study was to compare the short-term efficacy and safety of risperidone and clozapine in treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenic patients. Method:In a controlled double-blind,multicenter study,86 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia(DSM-Ⅲ-R),who were resistant to or intolerant of conventional neuroleptics,were randomly assigned to receive risperidone or clozapine for 8 weeks after 7-day washout period.After a 1-week dose-titration phase,doses were fixed at 6mg/day of risperidone and 300mg/day of clozapine for 1 week and then adjusted according to each patient's response.The final mean doses were 6.4mg/day of risperidone and 291.2mg/day of clozapine.Treatment efficacy and safety were evaluated with several wellknown rating scales. Results:Both risperidone and clozapine significantly reduced the severity of psychotic symptoms (scores on the positive and negative syndrome scale and the clinical global impression scale)from baseline,with no significant between-group differences.At endpoint,67% of the risperidone group and 65% of the clozapine group were clinically improved (reduction of 20% or more in total positive and negativ syndrome scale score).Risperidone appeared to have a faster onset of action.In both groups extrapyramidal symptoms and other adverse events were few,and their severity was generally mild.Neither group showed evidence of a relation between drug plasms concentrations and clinical effectiveness. Conclusion:Risperidone was well tolerated and as effective as medium doses of clozapine in patients with chronic schizophrenia who had been resistant to or intolerant of conventional neuroleptics.
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    Publication types: Clinical trial Multicenter study Randomized controlled trial

    Comments:

    Comment in:Am J Psychiatry,1999 Jul,156(7):1126~7;discussion 1127~8

    Comment in:Am J Psychiatry,1999 Jul,156(7):1127;discussion 1127~8

    PMID:9545995;UI:98207623

    如想获得更多的相关文献资料,可单击条目中的Related Articles处,例如单击第一篇论文的Related Articles处,会显示159篇相关论文。
, http://www.100md.com
    2 通过疾病名检索医学文献

    在上述的同一空框内键入疾病的英文名,如schizophrenia,检索结果可以得到46 133篇论文,以电脑每屏显示20篇计,需显示2 000多屏。怎样在这么多的论文中找到所需的资料呢?PubMed为人们提供了限制选项,单击空框下的Limits按钮,会出现一个新的页面,显示多个选项,如论文类型选项,有临床试验、综述、评论等;年龄选项有婴儿、学前儿童、学龄儿童、青少年、成年人等;语言选项有英语、法语、德语、俄语等;Entrez收录日期(Entrez data)有30天、60天、90天、180天、1年、2年等选项;论文发表日期选项,可直接键入一个时间范围,如从1998.01.01到1999.12.31。利用这些选项可缩小检索的范围,如仅仅在Entrez收录日期项中选择30天,上述结果就可缩小到236篇。又如在空框内键入depression(抑郁症),可检索到119 457篇文献,若Entrez收录日期项限制在30天,只得到其中的442篇文献。
, 百拇医药
    3 利用关键词检索医学文献

    以implant(移植)为例,在空框中键入implant,表示所有以implant开端的单词,包括implant,implants,implantation,和implantable等,凡是含有这些关键词的论文都在检索范围之内。键入implant后,检索结果是128 899篇论文。以这种方法检索的结果,往往会得到非常多的文献资料,根据需要,可设置多个选择项来缩小范围,获得自己所需的资料。

    以上简要介绍了通过PubMed检索医学文献的3种基本方法,检索获得的文献量的多少还可以反映国际上医学研究的热门领域。如前例,通过PubMed检索到有关精神分裂症的文献是46 133篇,而抑郁症方面的文献是119 457篇,后者明显多于前者,说明在这两种疾病之间,目前有更多的人员从事抑郁症的研究。

    (收稿:2000-07-24), 百拇医药