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维拉帕米对映体在人体的药代动力学
http://www.100md.com 2003年8月25日 《药学学报》 1999年第1期
     作者:芮建中* 庞晓东1凌树森 相秉仁2 安登魁2

    单位:(南京军区南京总医院临床药理科, 南京 210002; 1中国人民解放军第153医院药局, 郑州 450012;2中国药科大学药分研究室, 南京 210009)

    关键词:维拉帕米;去甲维拉帕米;对映体;药代动力学;毛细管电泳

    药学学报990104.htm 摘要 目的: 考察维拉帕米(VPM)和去甲维拉帕米(NVPM)对映体的药代动力学特性。 方法: 8名汉族男性健康志愿者分别po外消旋VPM 80 mg和静滴5 mg,以三甲基-β-环糊精为手性选择剂,毛细管电泳法同时测定VPM和NVPM对映体的血浆浓度,用二房室开放模型拟合药-时曲线。结果: po VPM的R/S(AUC),R/S(CL)和R/S(Cmax)比率分别为3.66±1.86,0.3±0.053和4.82±0.58;NVPM的R/S(Cmax)和R/S(AUC)比率为2.58和2.36。iv VPM的R/S(AUC),R/S(CL)和R/S(Cmax)比率分别为1.04±0.29,1.01±0.3和1.36±0.12。R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的绝对生物利用度为30.3±19和9.8±5.9。结论: VPM有较大的对映体特异性首过代谢,选择优对映体S-(-)-VPM为监测对象有利于临床合理使用外消旋VPM。
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    ENANTIOSELECTIVE PHARMACOKINETICS OF VERAPAMIL IN

    EIGHT HEALTHY CHINESE MALE VOLUNTEERS

    Rui Jianzhong(Rui JZ), Pang Xiaodong(Pang XD)1, Ling Shusen(Lin SS),Xiang Binlen(Xiang BR)2 and An Dengkui(An DK)2

    (Department of Clinical Pharmacology, General Hospital of Armed Forces, Nanjing 210002;

    1Department of Pharmacy, the 153 Hospital of PLA, Zhengzhou 450012;
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    2Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmacutical University, Nanjing 210009)

    ABSTRACT AIM: To investigate the enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of verapamil (VPM) and its major metabolite, norverapamil (NVPM). METHODS: Eight healthy Chinese male volunteers were given an oral dose of 80 mg or an intravenous infusion dose of 5 mg of racemic VPM. Plasma concentrations of enantiomers of VPM and NVPM were simultaneously determined by capillary zone electrophoresis using trimethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. The concentration-time curves were fitted as two compartment open model. RESULTS: The ratios of R/S(AUC), R/S(CL) and R/S(Cmax) of VPM given orally were 3.66±1.86, 0.3±0.053 and 4.82±0.58, respectively; the ratios of R/S(Cmax) and R/S(AUC) of NVPM were 2.58 and 2.36. The ratios of R/S(AUC), R/S(CL) and R/S(Cmax) of VPM given by intravenous infusion were 1.04±0.29, 1.01±0.3 and 1.36±0.12, respectively. Plasma concentrations of NVPM were lower than the limit of quantitative detection. Absolute bioavailability of R-(+)-VPM and S-(-)-VPM were 30.3±19 and 9.8±5.9. R/S ratio of bioavailability is 3.09. CONCLUSION: Distinct stereoselective first-pass metabolism in healthy Chinese males were observed. As racemic VPM were administered by different route or the individual variation of enantioselectove pharmacokinetics of VPM were noticeable. It is significent to monitor the concentration of S-(-)-VPM for safety, rationality and effectiveness in clinical therapy.
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    KEY WORDS Verapamil; norverapamil; enantiomer; pharmacokinetics; capillary electrophoresis

    Acknowledgements The author would like to acknowledge Dr. Longstreth(Searle Co., Skokie, IL, USA) for kindly providing the standards of R-(+)-VPM.HCl, S-(-)-VPM.HCl,(±)NVPM.HCl, R-(+)-NVPM.HCl and S-(-)-NVPM.HCl.

    维拉帕米(verapamil,VPM)是临床常用的抗心律失常、抗心绞痛和治疗高血压病的钙通道阻滞剂,是以外消旋形式使用的手性药物,其对映体间有较大的立体选择性药代动力学和药效学差异。S-(-)-VPM延长PR间期的药理作用为同浓度R-(+)-VPM的10~20倍,而S-(-)-VPM的清除率大约为R-(+)-VPM的2倍。由于80%左右的VPM经肝脏对映体特异性地首过代谢,po外消旋VPM后,R-(+)-VPM的生物利用度为S-(-)-VPM的2.5倍,血浆中S/R比率为0.23±0.05;VPM iv给药后,血浆中S/R型比率为0.56±0.10,iv较po给药有更高的S/R型比率,与po相比,在总浓度相等的情况下,优对映体S-(-)-VPM的浓度明显升高,产生的负性肌力、负性传导和血管扩张作用增大。去甲维拉帕米(norverapamil,NVPM)是VPM的主要代谢产物,也是手性化合物,其降压作用为原型药20%,呈现出对映体选择性的药代动力学特性[1]
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    在由不同途径给药或对映体选择性药代动力学的个体差异较大时,仅测定VPM血浆总浓度,研究VPM消旋体形式的药代动力学,不能很好地显示其剂量、浓度和药物效应的相关性。开展中国人VPM和NVPM对映体药代动力学研究,可为临床合理用药提供实验基础和理论依据。本文介绍以高效毛细管电泳法同时测定VPM和NVPM对映体血浆浓度,考察8名汉族男性健康志愿者po和iv外消旋VPM的对映体药代动力学的研究结果。

    材料和方法

    仪器 自动毛细管电泳仪:Biofocus 2000型(Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA);可装卸毛细管电泳柱夹套。毛细管柱:75 μm(ID)×30 cm聚丙烯酰胺涂渍柱(大连化学物理研究所),有效长度为柱长减去4.5 cm。

    试剂和药品 所有试剂均为分析纯。异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷(上海化学试剂厂),磷酸(85%)、氢氧化钠(江苏宝应化学试剂厂);三甲基-β-环糊精(TM-β-CD)、(±)gallopamil.HCl,(±)VPM.HCl(Sigma Company, USA),R-(+)-VPM.HCl, S-(-)-VPM.HCl, (±)NVPM.HCl, R-(+)-NVPM.HCl, S-(-)-NVPM.HCL(Longstreth博士提供, Searle, USA);盐酸VPM普通片(天津市中央制药厂,批号941062),每片含量40 mg。盐酸VPM注射液(江苏兴化县制药厂,批号93062031),每支2 ml,含量5 mg。
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    受试者 8名汉族男性健康志愿者,年龄(27±5) a,体重(64.6±6.5) kg,身高(173.5±4.3) cm。试验前经体检证明肝、肾和心脏等主要脏器功能均正常。

    实验设计 试验于南京军区总医院临床药理科I期临床病房进行,室温25℃。8名汉族男性健康志愿者随机加入VPM po及iv给药试验,实验前两周起至整个实验期间未服用其它药物,禁止烟、酒、饮茶及含有酒精成分的饮料,实验期间统一饮食。8名受试者禁食过夜后,于早晨8:00 1次用200 ml开水伴服VPM 80 mg,服药后2 h用过渡餐,4 h用午餐,9.5 h用晚餐,次日晨正常用早餐。相隔一周后在同样条件下,将含量为5 mg的VPM注射液2 ml加入到10%葡萄糖注射液100 ml中,30 min匀速静脉输注。po及iv用药后,志愿者在静卧状态于0,0.5,1,1.5,2.5,4.5,6.5,8.5,11.5,24 h取左臂静脉血3 ml,血样置于肝素抗凝试管中,以2000×g离心10 min,取出血浆,密封后置-20℃保存。
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    血浆浓度测定[2,3] 用高效毛细管电泳中最常用的毛细管区带电泳模式,电泳条件为: 每一样品测定前,相继用0.1 mol.L-1 NaOH溶液(40 s),二次重蒸水(1 min),pH为2.5,60 mmol.L-1的磷酸盐背景缓冲液(1 min),含60 mmol.L-1 TM-β-CD的磷酸盐手性拆分缓冲液(1 min)冲洗毛细管柱;电迁移方式进样,电压为12 kV, 时间为7 s, 电流为64 μA;运行电压为14 kV, 电流为76 μA;柱温控于20℃,样品室温度为(23±2)℃;200 nm UV检测。每天样品测定结束后,用0.1 mol.L-1 NaOH溶液冲洗5 min,二次重蒸水冲洗15 min,并用氮气吹干。样品处理:在具塞10 ml刻度离心管中加入血浆样品1.0 ml,再加入含(±)Gall-opamil.HCl 100 ng.ml-1的内标溶液0.1 ml,涡旋混合10 s,放置5 min,再加入0.1 mol.L-1 NaOH 1.0 ml、正已烷—乙酸乙酯—异丙醇(6∶3∶1) 5.0 ml,涡旋混合1.5 min后于2000×g离心15 min,取上层有机相4 ml,40℃下空气吹干,残渣用二次重蒸水0.1 ml溶解,先涡旋10 s,再超声5 min后进样测定。
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    本法可在11 min内同时测定VPM和NVPM对映体,各对映体检测的线性范围为2.50~3000 ng.ml-1,准确度和精密度达到生物样品分析的要求(最大RSD<12%),R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的相对回收率>90%, R-(+)-NVPM和S-(-)-NVPM的相对回收率为75%左右。用本法测定健康志愿者口服和静滴VPM后各对映体的血浆浓度,每次加入一质控点,实验结果稳定。

    数据分析 用3P87软件对8名受试者血浆浓度均值与时间曲线进行拟合,选择二房室模型。因口服时吸收相个体差异较大,本文结合另一药代动力学参数估算软件—PKBP-N1进行数据分析,数据拟合优度高,结果良好。NVPM仅考察了AUC(0-∞),AUC(0-t),Cmax和Tmax。Cmax和Tmax以实测浓度的最大值及相应点的时间计算。
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    实验结果

    1 VPM和NVPM对映体血浆药物浓度

    8名汉族男性健康志愿者po外消旋VPM 80 mg后,取样点时间上血浆中VPM对映体浓度及总浓度(两对映体浓度之和)结果见图1,R-(+)-VPM的浓度较S-(-)-VPM大4倍左右,吸收相个体间差异较大;NVPM对映体浓度及总浓度结果见图2,R-(+)-NVPM的浓度较S-(-)-NVPM大2倍左右。说明R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的首过代谢存在立体选择性。

    8名汉族男性健康志愿者静滴外消旋VPM 5 mg后, 取样点时间上血浆中VPM对映体浓度及总浓度结果见图3,R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的浓度相近,两者的消除特征基本一致;另外,NVPM对映体浓度低于定量检测限,静脉给药时监测R-(+)-NVPM和S-(-)-NVPM浓度无实际意义。

, 百拇医药     2 VPM和NVPM对映体药代动力学参数

    8名汉族男性健康志愿者po外消旋VPM 80 mg 后,VPM,R-(+)-VPM,S-(-)-VPM的药代动力学参数结果见表1,R-(+)-VPM与S-(-)-VPM的主要差异在吸收过程和清除率,如S-(-)-VPM的α(1.h-1)为R-(+)-VPM的近2倍,S-(-)-VPM的CL(L.h-1)为R-(+)-VPM的3倍多,R-(+)-VPM的AUC(0-∞)(h.ng.ml-1)为S-(-)-VPM的3倍多,而其它药代动力学参数差异较小。NVPM,R-(+)-NVPM,S-(-)-NVPM的药代动力学参数结果见表2。

    Fig 1 Profile of mean concentrations versus time for total and the enantiomers of verapamil after an oral dose of 80 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers (Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation of the mean). □—□ (±) Verapamil; ○—○ R-(+)-verapamil; △—△ S-(-)-verapamil.
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    Fig 2 Profile of mean concentrations versus time for total and the enantiomers of norverapamil after an oral dose of 80 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers (Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation of the mean). □—□ (±) Norverapamil; ○—○ R-(+)-norverapamil; △—△ S-(-)-norverapamil.

    Fig 3 Profile of mean concentrations versus time for total and the enantiomers of verapamil after an intravenous infusion dose of 5 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers (Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation of the mean). □—□ (±) Verapamil; ○—○ R-(+)-verapamil; △—△ S-(-)-verapamil.
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    8名汉族男性健康志愿者iv外消旋VPM 5 mg后,VPM,R-(+)-VPM,S-(-)-VPM的药代动力学参数结果见表3,R-(+)-VPM与S-(-)-VPM的各项参数较相近,中央室消除速率常数稍大。

    8名汉族男性健康志愿者po外消旋VPM 80 mg 后,VPM,R-(+)-VPM,S-(-)-VPM的绝对生物利用度结果见表4,R-(+)-VPM的绝对生物利用度为S-(-)-VPM的3倍,且两者的相对标准差达60%,因此,在po给药时进行VPM的手性监测,有利于用药的合理性和安全性。

    Tab 1 Pharmacokinetic parameters of (±)verapamil, R-(+)-verapamil and S-(-)-verapamil after an oral dose of 80 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers Parameter
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    (±)Verapamil

    R-(+)-Verapamil

    S-(-)-Verapamil

    A/ng.ml-1

    222±173

    87.5±46.2

    49.3±29.3

    α/h-1

    0.78±0.34

    0.64±0.19

    1.16±0.75
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    T1/2α/h

    1.03±0.39

    1.16±0.33

    0.77±0.35

    B/ng.ml-1

    23.1±7.45

    15.5±4.6

    7.15±2.26

    β/h-1

    0.1±0.01

    0.12±0.05
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    0.1±0.02

    T1/2β/h

    7.24±1.01

    6.96±1.19

    6.91±1.37

    Ka/h-1

    3.71±2.04

    7.82±4.4

    4.68±3.34

    T1/2Ka/h

    0.26±0.22
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    0.17±0.15

    0.5±0.5

    Vc/F/×103L

    0.65±0.27

    0.46±0.17

    1.82±0.9

    K21/h-1

    0.2±0.05

    0.23±0.15

    0.35±0.1

    K10/h-1
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    0.37±0.13

    0.33±0.09

    0.34±0.19

    K12/h-1

    0.31±0.18

    0.29±0.27

    0.45±0.26

    AUC(0-∞)/

    h.ng.ml-1

    378±127.5
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    316.2±120

    93.6±48.7

    AUC(0-t)/

    h.ng.ml-1

    349.7±117

    265.2±85

    83.9±45.7

    Tmax/h

    1.125±0.6

    1.06±0.62

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    Cmax/ng.ml-1

    96±36

    79.2±28

    17.5±8.3

    CL/L.h-1

    219.7±61

    147.8±42

    498±137

    Lag time/h

    0.44±0.41
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    0.48±0.41

    0.49±0.4

    Tab 2 Pharmacokinetic parameters of (±)norverapamil, R-(+)-norverapamil and S-(-)-norverapamil after an oral dose of 80 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers

    Parameter

    (±)Norverapamil

    R-(+)-Norverapamil

    S-(-)-Norverapamil
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    AUC(0-∞)/h.ng.ml-1

    803.7±323

    564.5±247

    239.7±94

    AUC(0-t)/h.ng.ml-1

    743.7±301

    534.2±237

    207±85.5

    Tmax/h
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    1.375±0.7

    1.375±0.7

    1.44±0.7

    Cmax/ng.ml-1

    99.95±26.4

    74.2±17.2

    28.75±6.8

    Tab 3 Pharmacokinetic parameters of (±)verapamil, R-(+)-verapamil and S-(-)-verapamil after an intravenous infusion dose of 5 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers Parameter
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    (±)Verapamil

    R-(+)-verapamil

    S-(-)-verapamil

    α/h-1

    2.33±0.79

    2.33±0.54

    2.4±0.9

    T1/2α/h

    0.34±0.13

    0.31±0.08

    0.33±0.16
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    β/h-1

    0.17±0.04

    0.2±0.04

    0.15±0.06

    T1/2β/h

    4.37±1.27

    3.54±0.74

    5.5±2.3

    K21/h-1

    0.52±0.16

    0.61±0.27
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    0.5±0.16

    K10/h-1

    1.19±0.49

    0.84±0.25

    0.72±0.32

    K12/h-1

    0.78±0.29

    1.09±0.33

    1.4±0.56

    AUC(0-∞)/h.ng.ml-1
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    129.2±41

    65.3±17.3

    67.2±28.1

    AUC(0-t)/h.ng.ml-1

    114±28.8

    61.8±14.4

    52.7±16.1

    CL/L.h-1

    64.6±15.6

    42.3±10.5
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    44.24±13

    Vc/×103L

    0.07±0.05

    0.06±0.04

    0.08±0.06

    Tab 4 Absolute bioavailability of (±)verapamil, R-(+)-verapamil and S-(-)-verapamil after an oral dose of 80 mg racemic verapamil in eight healthy Chinese male volunteers Drug

    Bioavailability/%

    1
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    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    8±s

    (±)Verapamil

    11.06

    9.47

    19.7

    13.2
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    19.7

    20.1

    26.2

    42

    20.2±10.4

    R-(+)-Verapamil

    19.2

    14.7

    25.2

    21.4

    20.8

    31.3

    34.6
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    74.9

    30.3±19

    S-(-)-Verapamil

    4.74

    3.14

    12

    4.8

    17.8

    5.6

    17

    13.7

    9.8±5.9

    讨论
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    本文对8名汉族男性健康志愿者po和iv VPM的对映体特异性药代动力学作了较全面的分析。主要结果为: (±)VPM的总生物利用度为20.2±10.4,而R-(+)-VPM,S-(-)-VPM的生物利用度分别为30.3±19, 9.8±5.9, R/S比值为3.09,相对标准差达到60%。从图1可直观地看出吸收相个体间差异是较大的;而iv后(图3)VPM,R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的个体间差异相对较小。po后R/S(AUC),R/S(CL)和R/S(Cmax)比率分别为3.66±1.86, 0.3±0.053和4.82±0.58,iv后R/S(AUC),R/S(CL)和R/S(Cmax)比率分别为1.04±0.29, 1.01±0.3和1.36±0.12,iv后S-(-)-VPM对药效的贡献占主导地位,虽然iv总浓度低于po总浓度较多,仍将有较理想的药理作用,po后R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的首过代谢差异较大,达峰时R/S浓度比为4.82±0.58,曲线下面积R/S比率为3.66±1.86。
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    po后R-(+)-VPM, S-(-)-VPM的主要药代动力学参数与欧洲人种的结果[4~6]基本一致,但是与日本人的结果有较大差异,同为健康的年轻男性,Sasaki[7]得到日本人的R/S比率: R/S(Cmax)为6.93(182.9/26.4),R/S(AUC)为10.54(675.9/64.1),R/S(CL0)为0.077(.95/12.4),与本文结果相差较大(P<0.05)。由于两者的用药剂量、实验设计、实验对象基本一致,结果的差异可能是因为: (1) 不同厂家的VPM片剂的药物释放速度存在差异。 (2) 中国人与日本人VPM对映体的吸收、首过代谢和消除等方面存在一定的种族差异。

    iv后NVPM的浓度低于定量检测限,即使增加剂量[8],其浓度也可忽略不计,NVPM的测定在po给药时才有意义。从图2可知R-(+)-NVPM和S-(-)-NVPM的药代动力学有明显的立体选择性差异,其R/S(Cmax)比率为2.58,R/S(AUC)比率为2.36。因此当大剂量长期服用VPM速释或缓释制剂,用于治疗心血管疾病时有一定的临床意义,需适当考虑NVPM的血管扩张作用。
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    本研究对象为健康的年轻男性,仅代表各种生理、病理情况下[9~11]很特殊的一个群体。而R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的吸收、分布、消除受许多因素的影响,其中最主要的是肝脏P450酶系统中参与VPM代谢消除的成分P450 3A[12]。在老年人中,P450 3A酶活性将下降,当肝功能异常、或肝血流减少时都将直接影响R-(+)-VPM和S-(-)-VPM的代谢和消除。老年人po VPM后, R-(+)-VPM,S-(-)-VPM的曲线下面积明显大于年轻人(P<0.01),而且S-(-)-VPM的增加较R-(-)-VPM更大[7,13~15]

    不同的给药途径也是值得注意的,如舌下给药[16],将减少经肝脏的首过代谢,提高S-(-)-VPM的比重, 加快起效,增加药效。不同剂型的药物[5,6],因药物释放、吸收的速度不同,也会影响首过代谢,速释制剂给药后VPM的R/S(Cmax)比率为4.52,NVPM的R/S(Cmax)比率为2.48;而缓释制剂给药后VPM的R/S(Cmax)比率为5.83,NVPM的R/S(Cmax)比率为3.04。缓释制剂中S-(-)-VPM的首过代谢更强。
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    致谢 Longstreth博士(Searle Co., Skokie, IL, USA)提供R-(+)-VPM.HCl, S-(-)-VPM.HCl, (±)NVPM.HCl, R-(+)-NVPM.HCl, S-(-)-NVPM.HCl的标准品。

    基金项目: 全军九五资助课题(96M023)

    *联系人,现为中国科学院大连化学物理研究所博士后。中国科学院大连化学物理研究所国家色谱研究分析中心,大连 116011。Tel:(0411)3693409, Fax:(0411)3693407

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    收稿日期: 1998-03-17, 百拇医药(芮建中* 庞晓东1凌树森 相秉仁2 安登魁2)