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高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形中细胞凋亡的组织学观察*
http://www.100md.com 《解剖学报》 1998年第3期
     作者:马金龙 高英茂 刘 凯 武玉玲 高彦慧

    单位:山东医科大学组织学胚胎学教研室,济南 250012

    关键词:高温;神经管畸形;细胞凋亡;金黄地鼠

    解剖学报980317 摘 要 为研究细胞凋亡与高温致神经管畸形的关系,采用核固红-结晶紫染色方法和电镜技术,观察高温后胚胎发育变化。结果显示,高温后8h胚胎发育迟缓,神经管延迟闭合或不闭合,胚胎各段尤其是头部的神经上皮和周围间充质的细胞凋亡比对照组增多,其超微结构改变为染色质浓缩、边聚,核膜皱缩,微绒毛消失并出现异常的胞质突起;16h后细胞凋亡明显增多,胞质内出现了大量空泡,凋亡小体增多;24h后细胞凋亡逐渐减少,凋亡小体被邻近的细胞吞噬,于72h后细胞凋亡恢复至对照组水平。结果表明,高温能促进神经上皮和周围间充质的细胞凋亡,使存活细胞数减少,结果导致了神经管延迟闭合或不闭合。这是高温致神经管畸形的一条重要途径。
, 百拇医药
    高温是常见的一类物理致畸因子,可使多种动物出现先天畸形,是引起人类无脑、脑膨出等神经管畸形的重要环境因素,且孕妇很难避免受其影响[1,2]。为了预防高温的致畸作用,人们对高温致畸机理进行了大量的研究,提出了不少理论,如热休克效应等[3,4]。但对其确切机制仍不清楚。本实验在我们建立的高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的动物模型上[5],采用光镜和电镜技术,对实验组和对照组鼠胚神经管和周围间充质的细胞凋亡进行观察和分析,从而探讨高温的致畸作用与细胞凋亡的关系,为寻求抗致畸措施提供实验依据。

    材料和方法

    1.实验动物及高温致畸处理

    成年未经产雌性金黄地鼠,(山东省防疫站提供)体重100±10g,颗粒饲料喂养,常规饮水。于晚7~9时与雄鼠合笼,次日作阴道涂片,查有精子者定为受精1d。

    将孕鼠随机分为实验组和对照组。前者15只,后者5只。实验组于受精8d下午3时,置42℃水浴,持续20min。对照组于同时进行水浴,水温37℃持续20min。于受精14d处死孕鼠,剖腹取胎,检查并记录植入数,活胎数,死胎数,吸收胎数及神经管畸形发生率。
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    2.组织学标本的制备及观察

    实验组取孕鼠40只,按本实验建立的动物模型进行高温处理,然后分为8组,每组5只,分别于处理后2、4、8、16、24、48、72、96h剖腹取胎。对照组取孕鼠24只,也分为8组,每组3只,在相应时间取材。部分胚胎用改良的Bouin液固定,石蜡包埋,连续切片,核固红-结晶紫染色,在光镜下对各期实验组和对照组鼠胚神经管和周围间充质的细胞凋亡现象进行观察。部分胚胎用4%戊二醛固定,CO2临界点干燥,金喷镀,扫描电镜观察。部分胚胎取头部用4%戊二醛固定,锇酸后固定,乙醇脱水,Epon812包埋,半薄和超薄切片,透射电镜观察。

    结 果

    1.高温致畸和胚胎毒作用的实验结果

    见附表。

    附表 高温的胚胎毒和致畸作用
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    Table The toxicity and teratogeny of hyperthermia

    孕鼠数

    amount of

    pregnant

    rats

    植入数

    amount of

    implantation

    吸收胎数

    amount of

    the absorbed
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    emb.

    吸收率(%)

    rate of

    absorption

    (%)

    活胎数

    amount of

    living

    emb.

    死胎数

    amount of

    dead

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    死胎率(%)

    rate of

    dead

    emb.(%)

    畸形数

    amount of

    NTD

    畸胎率(%)

    rate of

    NTD(%)

    实验组

    experimental
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    group

    15

    123

    22

    17.89

    94

    7

    5.69

    74

    78\^72

    对照组

    control

    group
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    5

    43

    0

    0

    43

    0

    0

    0

    0

    由表可见,当温度在42℃持续20min时,胚胎吸收率和死亡率之和为23.58%左右,存活胎中神经管畸形的发生率高达78.72%。

    2.扫描电镜观察

    处理后2h和4h,对照组胚胎神经褶高起,神经上皮游离面有大量微绒毛。实验组在组织结构上与对照组相比无明显差异。
, 百拇医药
    处理后8h和16h,对照组胚胎大部分神经褶在中线愈合,形成神经管。前、后神经孔仍然存在,实验组胚胎发育迟缓,两侧神经褶外翻,神经上皮游离面的微绒毛明显减少,并出现许多泡状突起。

    处理后24h和48h,对照组胚胎前、后神经孔已经闭合,胚胎卷折形成了“C”字形筒状胚(图1)。实验组多数胚胎两侧神经褶未闭合,胚胎也未卷折(图2)。神经管腔面常见脱落的凋亡细胞和凋亡小体。

    处理后72h和96h,实验组胚胎明显小于对照组胚胎,仍有部分胚胎的前、后神经孔没有闭合。

    3.光镜观察

    3.1 对照组:各期胚胎神经管上皮细胞排列紧密,边界整齐,近腔面常见细胞分裂像。神经管周围间充质细胞数量较多,分布均匀,很少见到凋亡细胞。

    3.2 实验组:高温处理后2h和4h,胚胎在组织结构上与对照组相比无明显差异。高温处理后8h,神经上皮排列紊乱,边界不整,细胞多呈圆形,细胞分裂像少见,细胞凋亡增多,主要表现为核固缩和胞质浓缩(图3)。周围间充质细胞数量减少,分布不均。高温后16h,神经上皮和周围间充质细胞凋亡数明显增加,并有大量凋亡小体出现,尤以头部两侧最为明显。高温处理后24h和48h,细胞分裂像逐渐增加,细胞凋亡数减少。高温72h和96h后,恢复至对照组水平。
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    4.透射电镜观察

    4.1 对照组:神经上皮细胞核大呈椭圆形,核膜清楚,染色质疏松,核仁明显。胞质内多聚核糖体丰富,线粒体和内质网较少。细胞近腔端有明显的紧密连接。

    4.2 实验组:高温处理后2h,神经上皮细胞内可见核内空泡,空泡表面核膜模糊。4h后可见核仁松散,部分线粒体呈分叶状或呈巨大线粒体。高温处理后8h,核膜皱缩呈不规则状,染色质凝集在核周部,其表面的核孔消失,凋亡的细胞与周围的细胞分离。靠近管腔面的神经上皮细胞表面的微绒毛消失,并出现了大量的异常胞质突起(图4,5)。高温处理后16h,可见胞质内出现大量空泡,核固缩明显,凋亡小体增多(图7),邻近细胞内可见被吞噬的凋亡小体。靠近管腔面的神经上皮细胞其胞质突起更加明显,部分脱落进入管腔。高温处理后24h和48h,细胞凋亡逐渐减少,凋亡小体和脱落的胞质突起被邻近的细胞吞噬(图8),于72h后细胞凋亡恢复至对照组水平。

    神经管周围间充质细胞凋亡的超微结构改变与神经上皮类似(图6)。
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    讨 论

    金黄地鼠神经管的闭合时间始于受精8d,完成于9d。在其闭合过程中,神经管对致畸因子的干扰最为敏感,接受高温后容易产生神经管畸形。本实验于受精8d下午3时将孕鼠的腹部置42℃水浴20min,其胚胎神经管畸形发生率达78.72%,且以神经管头端畸形即脑膨出和脑膜膨出为主。

    实验证明[6],在神经管畸形的发生过程中,神经管关闭延迟是导致其畸形产生的重要环节。本实验的扫描电镜显示,高温处理后8h,实验组胚胎神经管的发育比对照组迟缓。甚至在高温后96h仍有部分胚胎的前神经孔没有闭合。说明高温可导致神经管闭合延迟或不闭合。

    细胞凋亡(apoptosis)或程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death)是组织中某些细胞受其内在基因的调节,通过主动的生化过程而自杀死亡的生物现象,其基本过程大致分为3个阶段:早期的形态学改变为染色质浓缩并聚集于核膜下呈境界分明的颗粒块状或新月形小体,胞质浓缩;而后,胞核和细胞外形皱褶,胞核裂解成质膜包绕的碎片,细胞膜突出形成质膜小泡,脱落后形成凋亡小体,其内可保留完整的细胞器和致密的染色质;最后,凋亡小体很快被邻近细胞或巨噬细胞摄取消化[7,8]。细胞凋亡与细胞增殖同等重要,两者的动态平衡保证了神经管的正常发育和分化。如果细胞凋亡过程发生异常则会引起神经管畸形[9]。本实验结果显示,高温可促进神经上皮和周围间充质的细胞凋亡,使存活细胞数减少,结果导致了神经管延迟闭合或不闭合。这是高温致神经管畸形的一条重要途径。
, 百拇医药
    收稿 1997-07 修回 1997-11

    图版说明

    图1 水浴处理后24h对照组胚胎扫描电镜图像,示前、后神经孔已经闭合,胚胎卷折形成了“C”字形筒状胚

    图2 水浴处理后24h实验组胚胎扫描电镜图像,示前、后神经孔(↑)均未闭合,胚胎也未卷折成“C”字形

    图3 水浴处理后8h实验组鼠胚神经褶横切面,示神经上皮细胞核固缩(↑) ×1 000

    图4 水浴处理后8h实验组鼠胚神经上皮细胞,示其游离面泡状突起(↑) ×12 000

    图5 水浴处理后8h实验组鼠胚神经上皮细胞,示染色质凝集、边聚(↑) ×7 000
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    图6 水浴处理后16h实验组鼠胚神经管周围间充质细胞,示核膜皱缩(↑) ×6 000

    图7 水浴处理后16h实验组鼠胚神经上皮细胞,示凋亡小体(↑) ×15 000

    图8 水浴处理后24h实验组鼠胚神经上皮细胞,示凋亡小体被邻近细胞吞噬(↑) ×1 200

    Explanation of figures

    Fig.1 Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) photograph of a normal embryo 24h after treatment,showing C-shaped embryo with a perfect neural tube.

    Fig.2 Scanning electron micrograph of embryo 24h after hyperthermia,showing the embryo with the front and hind neuropores opened(↑).
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    Fig.3 The cross section of a embryo 8h after hyperthermia stained with nuclear fast red-crystal violet,showing an apoptotic cell in the neuroepithelia(↑).×1 000

    Fig.4 Electron micrograph of neuroepithelium of a embryo 8h after hyperthermia,showing some cytoplasmic blebs protruding from the free surface of the cell(↑).×12 000

    Fig.5 Electron micrograph of the neuroepithelium of a embryo 8h after hyperthermia,showing a nucleus with aggregated,marginated chromatin(↑).×7 000
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    Fig 6 Electron micrograph of the mesenchymal cell around neural tube of a embryo 16h after hyperthermia,showing shrunk nucleus(↑).×6 000

    Fig.7 Electron micrograph of the neuroepithelium of a embryo 16h after hyperthermia,showing apoptotic bodies(↑).×15 000

    Fig.8 Electron micrograph of the neuroepithelium of a embryo 24h after hyperthermia,showing a phagocytosed apoptotic body in the cytoplasm of the normal cell(↑).×12 000
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    * 国家自然科学基金资助课题(No.39370372)

    参考文献

    [1]Skeb N.Developmental abnormalities in the rat induced by heat shock.J Embryol Exp Morphol,1992,121(3):445

    [2]Layde PM,Edmonds LD.Maternal fever and neural tube defects.Teratology,1980,21(1):105

    [3]German MA.Hyperthermia induced neural tube defects in the rat.Teratology,1991,231(2):3855

    [4]Tahim MA.Hyperthermia induced ultrastructural changes in mouse pial microvessels.Anat Rec,1995,242(1):77
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    [5] 吕 锋,高英茂,管英俊.高温致神经管畸形动物模型的建立及其形态发生的研究.解剖学报,1996,27(2):273

    [6]Winlson TJ.Handbook of Terotology,Vol 1.New York:Plenum Press,1978:49

    [7]Loa C.Apoptosis in the nervous system:morphological features,methods,pathology and prevention.Arch Histol Cytol,1995,58(2):193

    [8]Sanders EJ.Programmed cell death in development.Int Rev Cytol,1995,163(1):105

    [9]Dppenherin RW.Cell death during development of the nervous system.Ann Rev Neurosci,1991,14(3):453
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    HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF APOPTOSIS IN THE

    GOLDEN HAMSTERS WITH NEURAL TUBE

    DEFECTS CAUSED BY HYPERTHERMIA

    Ma Jinlong,Gao Yingmao,Liu Kai,Wu Yuling,Gao Yanhui

    (Department of Histology and Embryology,Shandong Medical University,Jinan)

    Hyperthermia is one of common teratogens causing varieties of congenital malformatoins including neural tube defects(NTD) such as anencephly and spina bifida.In this experiment,the nuclear fast red-crystal violet staining method and electron microscopy were employed to explore the relationship between apoptosis and NTD induced by hyperthermia.
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    Pregnant golden hamsters were put into water at 42℃ for 20minutes on 8th day of gestation.The embryos were respectively removed at 2,4,8,16,24,48,72,96 hours after treatment.Some embryos were fixed in modified Bouin solution,embeded in paraffin,sectioned in series,and stained with nuclear fast red and crystal violet for detection of apoptosis in the embryonic neural epithelium and the mesenchyme around neural tube.Some embryos were prepared for observation with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.The results were as follows:The embryos of the experimental groups developed much later than those of the normal,and the amounts of the apoptotic cells in the neural epithelium and in the mesenchyme were much more than that of the mormal.It showed by electron microscope that the apoptotic cell had a shrunk nucleus with aggregated and marginated chromatin, there were abnormal cytoplasmic blebs instead of microvilli in the free surface of the cell.The cytoplasmic protuberances were separated from cell surface to form apoptotic bodies.At the 24th hour after treatment with hyperthermia the apoptotic bodies were phagocytosed by the neighbour cells.The embryos of the experimental animals were not siginifcantly differnt from the normal in apoptosis at the 72th hour after treatment with hyperthermia.It indicated that hyperthermnia may induce excess apoptosis in the neural tube and mesenchyme,thereby resulting in failure of formation of neural tube,It was an important way by which hyperthermia caused neural tube defects.

    KEY WORDS hyperthermia;neural tube defect;apoptosis;golden hamster

    △Department of Histology and Embryology,Shandong Medical University,Jinan 250012,China, 百拇医药