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脂多糖诱发急性肺炎时中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶细胞化学定位观察
http://www.100md.com 《解剖学报》 2000年第1期
     作者:姜晓丹 小林俊博 宋文光 濑口春道

    单位:姜晓丹 (广州第一军医大学珠江医院全军神经医学中心脑神经外科实验室);小林俊博 濑口春道(日本国立高知医科大学解剖学与细胞生物学研究室,日本 783);宋文光 (耳鼻喉科,广州 510282)

    关键词:超微细胞化学;中性粒细胞;碱性磷酸酶;脂多糖;大白鼠肺

    解剖学报000113 摘 要:目的 探讨脂多糖诱发急性肺炎时,大白鼠中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)的超微定位及其在炎症过程中的相关功能。 方法 采用腹腔内(intraperitoneal,IP)注射及气管内(intratracheal,IT)滴注脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS,一种提自大肠杆菌的内毒素)的方式诱发大白鼠急性肺炎,使中性粒细胞在肺内不同部位集聚。用铈作为捕捉剂,以检测ALP活性。对照组为介质中除去底物或加入2mmol/L左旋咪唑。电镜下行酶活性定位观察。 结果 IP注射主要导致中性粒细胞在鼠肺肺泡隔毛细血管内集聚,而IT注射多致中性粒细胞聚集于肺泡腔中。在偶见的非炎区肺内中性粒细胞,ALP活性产物主要以小球状或管状的膜包颗粒存在于胞质中。LPS腹腔内注射组中,ALP活性除出现于胞质内,还呈现于中性粒细胞的质膜表面;在气管内给药组,与毛细血管内皮细胞或肺泡上皮细胞相接触的中性粒细胞质膜表面ALP活性有所增强,而肺泡腔的中性粒细胞质膜表面ALP活性减弱。在各组标本中,对照组均为ALP阴性。 结论 大鼠肺中性粒细胞ALP活性可经LPS注射而增强,其活性可能和细胞与细胞间的粘连、细胞外环境以及与细胞的功能状态有关。
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    分类号:Q538 文献标识码:A

    文章编号:0529-1356(2000)01-52

    STUDY ON CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ALKALINE

    PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN NEUTROPHILS OF RAT

    LUNG DURING THE LPS-INDUCED ACUTE PNEUMONIA

    JIANG Xiao-dan

    (Neurosurgery Laboratory,Zhujiang Hospital,The First Military Medical University)
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    Kobayashi T

    (Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,Kochi Medical School,783 Japan)

    SONG Wen-guang

    (Otorhinolaryngology Guangzhou 510282,China)

    Seguchi H

    (Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,Kochi Medical School,783 Japan)

    Abstract:Objective To explore the cytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in neutrophils in the rat lung and the related function following the LPS-induced acute pneumonia. Methods The accumulations of the neutrophils in the different parts of the lung were induced by intraperitoneal(IP) or intratracheal(IT) injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS,a kind of endotoxin from Escherichia coli).The detection of ALP activity was performed in a cerium-based reaction medium.The controls included a substrate-free medium or a medium containing 2mmol/L levamisole.The localization of the ALP activity was observed by a electron microscope. Results The IP-injection of LPS induced mainly a significant accumulation of the neutrophils within the capillaries of alveolar septum,while the IT-injection of LPS resulted in a high accumulation in the alveolar spaces mainly.The ALP activity was localized predominantly in small spherical and tubular membrane-bounded granules in neutrophils and observed occasionally in the non-inflamed regions of the rat lung.Following the IP-injected.Prominent ALP activity was found both on the plasma membrane surface and the cytoplasm of the neutrophils.In the IT-injected rat,the ALP activity was significantly increased on the membrane surface of the neutrophils contacting to the endothelial cells of the capillaries or the alveolar epithelial cells in the pneumonia region,while showed a weak reaction on the surface of the neutrophils which suspended in the alveolar spaces.No enzyme activity was detected at the endothelial plasma membranes in all of the samples.Negative reactions were showed in the controls. Conclusion ALP activity of neutrophils in the rat lung can be increased by LPS stimulation and its activity may be related to cell-cell interaction,the cell surroundings and the different functional status of the neutrophils.
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    Key words:Cytochemistry; Neutrophil; Alkaline phosphatase; Lipopolysaccharide; Rat lung.▲

    长期以来,对被激活中性粒细胞质膜上的ALP活性意义不清。在Lopez和Yong的研究中[1],曾以气管内滴注LPS刺激中性粒细胞大量聚于大鼠肺内,在支气管肺泡灌洗液中检出有高ALP活性。然而,一直未能对ALP精确定位,亦未对其增高的ALP活性意义作详尽的讨论。这里,我们利用一种实验性的急性炎性模型来研究大鼠肺内中性粒细胞ALP活性变化及其与中性粒细胞分布间的相互关系。

    材料和方法

    1. 试剂

    购自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO,USA)的试剂:Lipopolysaccharide (LPS),p-nitrophenyl phosphate(p-NPP),N-tris[hydroxymethyl] methylglycine(Tricine),N-tris[hydroxymetryl] methyl-3-amino propane sulfonic acid (TAPS),saponin,Triton X-100,Levamisole;购自Nacalai Tesque Inc.(Kyoto,Japan)的试剂:Cerium chloride(CeCl3),demethyl sulfoxide(DMSO);Osmium tetroxide(OsO4)购于PGM Chemicals(PTY)Ltd.(Germany,3620 R.S.A.);生物胶购自Sankyo Co.Ltd.(Tokyo,Japan)。
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    2. 动物处理

    取体重250~350g的健康雄性SD系成年大白鼠(Japan SLC Inc.,Hamamatsu,Japan)24只,经LPS实验性诱发急性肺炎。分为腹腔内(intra-peritoneal,IP)给药组及气管内(intra-tracheal,IT)给药组。在IP组药组,由侧腹部进针,选测注射给药的LPS不同浓度(0,0.01,0.05,0.1,0.5及1.0mg/kg)及不同的注药后时间点(30min,1,2,4及8h),找出使中性粒细胞在肺泡隔毛细血管内最佳聚集的最佳给药浓度(0.1mg/kg)和给药后最佳时间点(2h)。在IT滴注LPS的实验组,选测注射给药的LPS不同浓度(0,0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0及2.5mg/ml)及不同的注药后时间点(4,8,12,24及28h),每次IT滴注LPS 0.5ml,找出能使中性粒细胞在肺泡腔内最大聚集的最佳给药浓度(1.0mg/kg)和给药后最佳时间点(24h);滴注液中加入书写用固体碳(solid carbon)研磨成的碳墨汁(5%)作为标记色,以便于炎症区定位。对照组大鼠仅单纯麻醉不给药,或分别以不含LPS的单纯消毒生理盐水、不含LPS而只含5%碳墨汁的消毒生理盐水注射作为对照。上述各组每个条件的实验至少重复3次。
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    3. 组织处理

    IP注射LPS后的第30min,1,2,4及8h的大白鼠,IT滴入LPS后第24h的大白鼠及对照组大白鼠,分别经乙醚麻醉处死,开胸经支气管分杈部上方0.5cm处切断气管、摘取出双侧肺。将IP注射实验组肺修切成3~5mm的厚片,经2%戊二醛,0.1mol/L二甲砷酸钠缓冲液固定1h(期间更换2~3次固定液),冷PBS冲洗,振动切片机(Dosaka EM Co.Ltd.,Kyoto,Japan)切片,厚50~100μm。取切片的一部分依常规电镜标本制备,树脂包埋及半薄、超薄切片,做中性粒细胞在肺内聚集的光、电镜定位观察;另取振动切片ALP活性检测用,于ALP细胞化学反应后行常规电镜标本制作,超薄切片观察ALP活性分布情况。IT给药组于解剖显微镜下依碳墨汁存在与否辨出大白鼠肺炎症区(黑区)及非炎症区(粉色),两区各取2mm厚的组织块,经上述同样方法固定、冲洗、振动切片(厚50~100μm)后,作为ALP活性检测用。

    4. 细胞化学
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    50mmol/L Tricine冷缓冲液(pH9.4)冲洗振动切片后,移入铈-反应介质中。反应介质中含有:100mmol/L TAPS,50mmol/L Tricine,2mmol/L p-nitrophenylphosphate,5mmol/L MgSO4,2mmol/L CeCl3,0.006% Triton X-100,0.004% saponin,5%蔗糖,pH9.4。于37℃水浴中摇动孵育30~60min。细胞化学反应对照组采取介质中加入2mmol/L levamisole(一种ALP抑制因子),或采用无底物介质中孵育,37℃,30~60min。孵育后,依次分别以Tricine缓冲液、0.1mol/L二甲砷酸钠缓冲液冲洗切片,1% OsO4后固定,系列酒精脱水,Spurr法包埋。Reichert Ultracut Microtome(Vienna,Austria)超薄切片,片厚75nm。双重电子染色,JEM-1200EX(JEOL Co.,Tokyo,Japan)电镜观察,设加速电压为80kV。
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    结果

    1. 大鼠肺中性粒细胞定位观察

    IP注射组,见中性粒细胞主要聚集于肺内毛细血管中。IP注射LPS后2h可见中性粒细胞大量集聚在肺内;以浓度为0.1mg/kg作用最强。

    IT给药组,IT滴注含碳墨汁的LPS液后第24h(2.0g/L),急性炎症区肺泡腔出现有大量的中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞。

    对照组的大鼠肺内,无中性粒细胞或偶见中性粒细胞出现。

    2. 大鼠肺中性粒细胞的ALPase活性

    在非炎症区鼠肺内偶见的中性粒细胞,ALP活性见于胞质内膜包颗粒中(图1),颗粒很小(0.100~0.240μm),依方向及切面不同而呈球状或管状,细胞膜表面无反应。加入levamisole的对照组(图2)或除去底物的对照组(未示图片)中,肺中性粒细胞均呈ALP阴性。所有实验组中未发现毛细血管内皮细胞表面有ALP阳性反应产物。
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    图1 未经LPS刺激、孵育于铈-ALP反应介质中的肺内中性粒细胞(*)。胞质中可见电子密度较深的ALP阳性颗粒(↑)。细胞膜表面无反应产物;血管内皮细胞表面亦无反应产物生成。

    大鼠肺中性粒细胞ALP的对照组切片,37℃,30min。Bar=1μm

    Fig.1 Unstimulated neutrophil(*)in rat lung which was incubated in cerium-based ALP medium.There are some ALP-positive granules(↑)with high electron density in the cytoplasm.No reaction product was observed on the membrane surface of the either neutrophil or the capillary endotheliocytes.
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    Controls of ALP reaction in neutrophils of the rat lung,37℃ for 30min.Bar=1μm

    图2 取自IP注射LPS(0.1mg/kg)2h的大白鼠肺中性粒细胞(*)。切片在加有2mmol/L levamisole的反应介质中孵育,胞质中及质膜上均无ALP活性。EN:内皮细胞核;AS:肺泡腔。

    大鼠肺中性粒细胞ALP的对照组切片,37℃,30min。Bar=1μm

    Fig.2 Neutrophils(*) in the rat lung at 2h after intraperitoneal injection of LPS(0.1mg/kg),were incubated in the ALP medium with 2mmol/L levamisole.No any ALP activity appeared.EN:endothelial nucleus.AS:alveolar space.
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    Controls of ALP reaction in neutrophils of the rat lung,37℃ for 30min.Bar=1μm

    在IT注射对照组,中性粒细胞质膜表面未见酶活性,仅于胞质颗粒中呈有典型的ALP反应产物。

    IP注射LPS后1h、2h,有大量中性粒细胞聚于肺毛细血管内,在这些细胞的质膜及膜包颗粒中均呈现有ALP活性出现(图3,4)。IT给药24h后,黑色标记肺炎区中,可见较大量的中性粒细胞占据肺泡腔,与那些IP注射LPS后同内皮细胞面相贴的中性粒细胞相比,悬于肺泡腔中的中性粒细胞质膜表面显示出相对较弱的酶反应或无反应出现(图5)。实验也观察到正在穿越毛细血管内皮的中性粒细胞,其ALP活性在接触毛细血管内皮的中性粒细胞膜表面部分较为明显。

    图3 IP注射LPS 0.1mg/kg后2h,大白鼠肺中性粒细胞的ALP定位,37℃,30min。可见中性粒细胞明显聚集于毛细血管中。酶活性呈现于胞质颗粒(↑)及质膜上(箭头头部)。AS示肺泡腔。
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    Fig.3 The localization of ALP activity in the neutrophils of rat lung capillaries at 2h after intraperitoneal injection of LPS(0.1mg/kg),37℃ for 30min.The neutrophils(*)accumulated obviously in the capillaries.The enzyme activity appeared in the cytoplasmic granules(↑) and on the membrane surface of the neutrophils(arrow heads).AS:alveolar space.

    图4 IP注射LPS 0.1mg/kg后1h,大白鼠肺中性粒细胞(N)ALP定位。中性粒细胞于肺毛细血管中。酶活性呈现于胞质颗粒(↑)及质膜上(箭头头部)。AS:肺泡腔。
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    Fig.4 The localization of ALP activity in the neutrophil of rat lung capillary at 1hr after intraperitoneal injection,at 37℃ for 30min.The neutrophil(*) also was found in the lung capillary.The ALP activity was localized both in the cytoplasmic granules(↑) and on the membrane surface of the neutrophils(arrow heads).AS:alveolar space.

    图5 0.5ml LPS(2mg/ml)-IT刺激24h后,大白鼠肺中性粒细胞的ALP定位(37℃,30min)。位于肺泡腔内的中性粒细胞(*).ALP活性于胞质颗粒中明显可见(↑),ALP活性于质膜呈现不明显。AS:示肺泡腔;R:肺泡壁毛细血管内的1个红细胞。
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    Fig.5 The localization of ALP activity in the neutrophils of rat lung at 24h after intratracheal injection of LPS (2mg/ml),at 37℃ for 30min.In the neutrophils(*) suspended in the alveolar space(AS),the ALP activity was mainly localized in the cytoplasmic granules(↑).R:red cell.

    讨论

    中性粒细胞含有多种胞质颗粒和小泡,在抵御病原微生物中起着重要作用[2]。我们前期的研究中已表明,在分离纯化的人中性粒细胞[3]和大白鼠中性粒细胞[3~7]中,存在着一些既有别于嗜天青颗粒(azurophil granules)又不同于特殊颗粒(specific granules)的碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)阳性颗粒[3,7],这种ALP阳性颗粒可被许多物质诸如一种蛋白激酶C激活剂(phorbol myristate acetate,PMA)和/或一种趋化性肽(formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine,fMLP)等刺激而向细胞表面作上行性移动、并与质膜融合;近年又证实有产生超氧化物的位点[9,10]。曾有报道,提自大肠杆菌的内毒素LPS是中性粒细胞活化的刺激因子,其刺激以与内毒素受体CD14的连接为起始,CD14存在于中性粒细胞表面及胞内颗粒中[11,12]。随着刺激的进行,这些含有CD14的胞内颗粒即移向细胞表面,此过程与质膜ALP活性增强相一致。
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    ALP广泛分布于从细菌到人类的各个种系,它属膜蛋白中的一种,经酶羧基末端的磷脂酰肌酶嵌于膜的双脂质层[4],通常被用作质膜标志酶。近年来的细胞化学研究证实,该酶亦可以ALP阳性膜包颗粒的形式存在于中性粒细胞胞质内,它们在体外实验中极易受蛋白激酶激活剂(如PMA)或趋化物质(如fMLP)等刺激上行至细胞膜[3,4,8]

    本研究中用LPS诱导实验性大鼠急性肺炎。IP注射LPS(0.1mg/ml)后,中性粒细胞主要聚于大鼠肺内的毛细血管内,有些粘贴于毛细血管壁,ALP活性定位于中性粒细胞胞质颗粒和细胞膜表面。IT滴注LPS后,可见有较多的中性粒细胞聚于肺泡腔中,其中大部分细胞的ALP活性仅定位于胞质颗粒,少部分细胞除在胞质颗粒中之外、在质膜表面亦有ALP活性。LPS在增加鼠肺内中性粒细胞数量的同时,又激活ALP在中性粒细胞的活性,可能与LPS对位于中性粒细胞质膜表面的及细胞内膜包结构中内毒素受体CD14的连接有关。这种LPS-CD14连接复合体可启动中性粒细胞活性、并使之参与内皮细胞反应[13]。而出现于肺组织不同部位的中性粒细胞所呈现的ALP活性的不同定位,可能是由于细胞所处的不同外环境(如:与肺泡上皮/血管内皮靠近或相贴、悬聚于肺泡腔、跨越肺泡血管内皮)及细胞的不同功能状态有关。提示这种由LPS引发的中性粒细胞ALP活性的激活,可能参与中性粒细胞与内皮细胞的粘附过程,并伴有细胞功能特性改变、参与炎症过程。
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    一般认为,高密度的被激活的中性粒细胞可经释放具细胞毒性的氧自由基及蛋白酶而损伤肺实质[14]。我们以往的实验也已表明[5.9,10],在对体外纯化中性粒细胞进行实验性刺激、或在LPS诱发实验性肺炎期间,中性粒细胞ALP阳性胞质颗粒膜上的NADPH氧化酶可被激活并产生超氧化物(O-2),ALP和O-2可被显示于同一胞质颗粒中。由此我们认为:由LPS注射而增强的中性粒细胞ALP活性是该细胞首先与血管内皮细胞相粘附进而参与炎症反应的一种体现,此粘附将为中性粒细胞ALP阳性胞质颗粒向细胞表面移动并释出O-2作准备,可能通过直接损伤肺组织而加重炎症过程。■

    基金项目:教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金资助项目(教外司留[1997]832号)及日本文部省科研文化基金资助

    作者简介:姜晓丹(1959—),女,黑龙江佳木斯市人,医学博士,副教授,硕士生导师
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    参考文献:

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    [4]Cain TJ,Liu YJ,Kobayashi T,et al.Rapid purification of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored alkaline phosphatase from human neutrophils after up-regulation to the cell surface[J].J Histochem Cytochem,1993,41(9):1367-1372.

    [5]Jiang XD,Kobayashi T,Okada T,et al.Dynamics of ALP ase-positive granules in rat neutrophils[J].Acta Anat Nippon,1994,69(2):215.

    [6]Jiang XD,Kobayashi T,Nahirney PC,et al.Ultracytochemical localization of alkaline phosphatase (ALPase)activity in neutrophils of rat lung following injection of lypopolisaccharide LPS)[J].Acta Anat Nippon,1996,71(3):183-194.
, 百拇医药
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    收稿日期:1998-09-21

    修回日期:1999-04-12, http://www.100md.com