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腺苷对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位及ATP敏感性钾通道作用机制的探讨
http://www.100md.com 《中华儿科杂志》 2000年第7期
     作者:张宏艳 李小梅 胡大一 刘勃 刘秀兰 吕冀濮 李万镇

    单位:李小梅(100034 北京医科大学第一医院儿科);吕冀濮(100034 北京医科大学第一医院儿科);李万镇(100034 北京医科大学第一医院儿科);张宏艳(现在300074 天津市儿童医院);胡大一(北京红十字朝阳医院心脏中心);刘勃(北京红十字朝阳医院心脏中心);刘秀兰(北京红十字朝阳医院心脏中心)

    关键词:腺苷;钾通道;异丙基肾上腺素;心室;动作电位

    中华儿科杂志000702 【摘要】 目的 探讨腺苷拮抗异丙基肾上腺素对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位和心室肌细胞ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)的作用,KATP在儿茶酚胺增高性室性心动过速的作用机制。方法 采用玻璃微电极及全细胞膜片钳方法,分别记录异丙基肾上腺素、异丙基肾上腺素加腺苷对豚鼠乳头肌动作电位及心室肌细胞KATP的影响。结果 (1)异丙基肾上腺素可延长动作电位的时程(APD)、诱发早期后除极(EAD),延迟后除极(DAD)及触发激动,增加L-型钙电流(ICa-L)及ATP敏感性钾电流(IK.ATP)。(2)腺苷抑制异丙基肾上腺素所致的APD延长和离子流的变化。(3)腺苷A1受体阻断剂(DPCPX)可拮抗腺苷对异丙基肾上腺素应激下 APD和IK.ATP的作用。结论 腺苷可以减弱异丙基肾上腺素的作用,使APD缩短,对心肌细胞具有保护作用。腺苷的作用与抑制L-型钙电流和IK.ATP有关。
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    Effects of isoproterenol on action potentials and ATP-sensitive channel currents in guinea pig papillary muscles and ventricular myocytes: antagonism by adenosine

    ZHANG Hongyan., LI Xiaomei, HU Dayi, et al.

    Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100034, China

    【Abstract】 Objective It has been indicated by other study groups that the adenosine and ATP-sensitive potassium channel current (KATP) play roles to protect the cardiac muscle by inhibiting membrane excitability and shorting action potential duration (APD) of the cardiac muscle, which suggests a possible therapeutic function of adenosine in the various models of ischemic preconditioning. However, there is little report on the treatment mechanism of adenosine and KATP current in idiopathic ventricular tachycardiac (IVT). The present study investigated the antagonize effect of the adenosine to isoproterenol (ISO) on the action potentials and KATP channel in isolated guinea pig papillary muscles and ventricular myocytes. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of KATP and adenosine treatments in IVT and to prove the hypothesis that adenosine could mediate cardioprotection. Methods The whole-cell patch clamp recording technique was used to detect the KATP current alterations during the stimulated triggered activity. The cell dissociation was carried on. Adult guinea pigs weighing 320-350g were killed by cervical dislocation. Hearts were immediately removed and mounted on a modified Langendorff perfusion system for retrograde perfusion of the aortic circulation. Myocytes were isolated from guinea pig ventricular by enzyme digestion. The experiment was divided into four groups, (1) baseline (BL); (2) ISO; (3) ISO plus adenosine (ADO); (4) ISO, ADO, 8-cyclopentyl-1 and 3-dipropylxathine (DPCPX). The effects could be blocked by glibenclamide (GLB). The action potentials of guinea pig papillary muscles were measured by using standard microelectrode. The parameters in the experiment included the amplitude of action potentials (APA), action potentials duration (APD), resting potentials (RP), as well as the maximum rise rate of the action potential (Vmax). Results When guinea pig ventricular myocytes were pretreated with ISO (10nml/L) for 30 minutes, APD prolonged significantly (P<0.01), especially APD20, APD50 and APD90. There were no changes of APA , RP and Vmax. EAD, DAD and triggered activity (TA) were elicited. Pacing 200-300 ms stimulated ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs. DAD and TA were induced by ISO. Pacing 500 ms stimulated in the guinea pigs ventricular myocytes and papillary muscles, EAD was induced by ISO. The perfusion with ADO of 10, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L in ventricular myocytes could shorten APD in a concentration-dependent manner and completely abolish EAD and TA in all experiment. Treating ventricular myocytes with ISO (1 μmol/L) increased KATP. The outward KATP current was increased from 525±90 pA to 2 440±408 pA (n=10, P<0.001). ICa- was increased by ISO. ISO group was significantly increased compared with BL group. GLB (10 μmol/L) pretreated the ventricular myocytes to antagonize the suppressive effect of KATP, and EAD, DAD as well as TA increased. The effects of ISO were completely antagonized by adenosine. ADO antagonized the KATP currents in a concentration-related fashion. KATP current decreased and APD recovered to normal level. The effects of adenosine were prevented by DPCPX (0.6 μmol/L) which suggested that adenosine was mediated by A1 receptor. Adenosine had no significant effect on ventricular myocytes. Conclusion ISO might induce the opening of KATP channel, which results in shortening of APD,indirect inhibiting ICa-L in ventricular myocytes. The effect of ISO could be effectively antagonized by adenosine, which associated with the inhibition of ICa-L and KATP current. Adenosine was mediated by A1 receptor. The ATP-sensitive potassium channel activation may suppress rhythm abnormalities related to DAD and EAD, and might provide a novel and useful intervention method in the clinical occurrence of the acquired long QT syndrome and IVT.
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    【Key words】 Adenosine; Potassium channels; Isoproterenol; Heart ventricle; Action potentials

    腺苷(adenosine, ADO)是机体的生物活性物质,参与调节人体的许多重要生理功能,同时又作为一种抗心律失常药物用于治疗运动或儿茶酚胺增高性室性心动过速。本研究采用标准玻璃微电极和全细胞膜片钳技术观察腺苷对异丙基肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)应激下豚鼠心室肌细胞ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)作用的电生理机制及对触发激动的作用,并应用腺苷A1受体阻断剂8-环戊基-1,3 二丙基黄嘌呤(8-cyclopentyl,3-dipropylxathine,DPCPX), 探讨其作用机制。

    材料及方法

    一、动作电位记录
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    取成年豚鼠10只,雌雄不拘,体重320~350 g。断头处死后迅速取出心脏,取右心室乳头肌,按标准微电极技术记录心室乳头肌动作电位(AP),测其振幅(APA)、动作电位超射(OS)、时程(APD)、静息膜电位(RP)、零相最大除极化速率(Vmax)[1,2]

    二、全细胞膜片钳方法

    全细胞膜片钳记录方法[1,2]:取酶解分离的豚鼠心室肌细胞,采用标准全细胞膜片钳记录方法,将细胞悬液滴于三维倒置显微镜工作台上的灌流槽内,待细胞沉淀10 min后,以95% O2+5% CO2混和气体饱和的细胞外液灌流,流速1~1.5 ml/min,室温22℃,电极阻抗为3~5 MΩ,内充以细胞内液。利用三维操纵器(Narishige,日本)移动电极,并轻压细胞表面,用负压使电极尖端与细胞膜表面形成10~100 GΩ水平的高阻抗封接,再以较大的负压吸破细胞膜,补偿电容电流及电极串联阻抗,形成全细胞记录。用计算机连续发放2 mV,脉宽10 mV的刺激脉冲,观察破膜情况。电流信号经EPC-9型膜片钳放大器(HEKA Electronic,德国)放大,滤波后储存于计算机(Macintosh,Quadra 650,德国)硬盘。脉冲信号的控制、数据的采样和分析均由Pulse+Pulsefit 7.89软件完成,在同一细胞上获得,将之阻抗封接的细胞维持电压-80 mV,以除极化-(100±70) mV 持续200 ms的阶跃脉冲(10 mV为一阶跃),连续除极化18次,记录ATP敏感性钾电流(IK.ATP)的电流-电压(I-V)曲线。钳制电压-40 mV,以除极化至0 mV,持续200 ms,再以除极化200 ms阶跃+10 mV的除极化电压,记录L-型钙电流的I-V曲线。
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    三、实验药物

    测动作电位用台氏液(mmol/L):NaCl 137, KCl 3, CaCl2 2.7, NaH2PO4 1.8, NaHCO3 12, MgCl2 0.5, 葡萄糖 11。用NaOH或HCl调至pH为7.35。测IK.ATP 的电极内液(mmol/L):KCl 150,MgCl2 1, 依地酸钠(EGTA) 10。HEPES 10, pH 7.2。测IK.ATP 的台氏液(mmol/L):NaCl 150, KCl 5.4, MgCl2 2, 葡萄糖10, HEPES 5, CaCl2 1.8。pH 7.3~7.4。氯化镉(CdCl2) 0.1,加入台氏液中。无钙液:除不含CaCl2外,其余与台氏液相同。腺苷储存液制备:将腺苷溶于注射用水配成浓度20 mmol/L的贮存液1 ml,冷藏8℃使用。DPCPX储存液制备:将DPCPX溶于二甲基亚砜(DMSO)配成浓度为20 mmol/L的贮存液1 ml。异丙基肾上腺素储存液制备:将异丙基肾上腺素用注射用水配成浓度为20 mmol/L的贮存液1 ml并滴入依地酸二钠抗氧化。优降糖(GLB)储存液制备:将优降糖用DMSO配成浓度为100 mmol/L的贮存液1 ml。 CdCl2储存液制备:将CdCl2 用蒸馏水配成浓度为100 mmol/L的贮存液1 ml。
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    四、数据处理

    实验数据在同一细胞上获得,所有结果以均数±标准差(±s)表示,组间差异用方差分析和两两比较q检验。

    表1 ADO和ISO及DPCPX对豚鼠心室乳头肌动作电位的影响(±s,n=10) 组别

    RP(-mV)

    OS(mV)

    Vmax(V/s)

    APA(mV)

    APD20(ms)
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    APD50(ms)

    APD90(ms)

    Control

    -89±2

    38±6

    232±4

    132±10

    119±6

    154±5

    166±7

    ISO

    -89±9
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    43±7

    246±6

    124±5

    136±7.

    203±6.

    228±3.

    ISO+ADO

    -86±3

    41±2

    225±7

    129±12

    112±5.
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    164±3.

    170±3.

    ISO+ADO+DPCPX

    -88±5

    45±11

    243±2

    136±11

    131±2.

    184±3.

    222±4.

    注:ADO:腺苷;ISO:异丙基肾上腺素;DPCPX:8-环戊基-1,3二丙基黄嘌呤;RP:静息膜电位;OS:动作电位超射;Vmax:零相最大除极化速率;APA:动作电位幅度;APD20、APD50、APD90分别为复极20%、50%、90%的动作电位时程;Control:对照组;.与对照组比较,P<0.01
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    结果

    一、异丙基肾上腺素应激下心室乳头肌动作电位的变化

    用异丙基肾上腺素 10 nmol/L灌流心室肌,可使APD明显延长(APD20、APD50及APD90), P<0.01。而对APA 、RP及Vmax无影响(表1)。当起搏频率200~300 ms时刺激心室乳头肌,可诱发出早期后除极(DAD)、延迟后除极(EAD)及触发激动。当起搏频率500 ms时刺激心室乳头肌,可以诱发EAD。早期后除极发生率为25.6%,延迟后除极为36.5%。用KATP阻断剂优降糖 10 μmol/L灌流心室乳头肌,可使豚鼠乳头肌APD进一步延长。

    二、腺苷及DPCPX对异丙基肾上腺素应激下的心室乳头肌动作电位的作用

    腺苷对正常豚鼠的心室乳头肌动作电位无影响,但可拮抗异丙基肾上腺素,使APD较前缩短(P<0.01)(表1)。随着腺苷浓度的增加,心室乳头肌APD逐渐缩短,腺苷缩短APD的作用呈浓度负相关(P<0.05),EAD、DAD及触发激动消失。DPCPX 0.6 μmol/L灌流心室乳头肌,可拮抗腺苷的作用,使APD再度延长(P<0.01)。EAD、DAD及触发激动的发生较腺苷组明显增多。
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    三、异丙基肾上腺素对IK.ATP的作用

    用异丙基肾上腺素 1 μmol/L灌流心室肌细胞可使ATP敏感性钾通道(KATP)开放,KATP电流由(525±90)pA升至(2 441±408)pA,与对照组相比较差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。优降糖可以特异性阻断KATP,与对照组相比,差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。

    四、腺苷及DPCPX对异丙基肾上腺素应激下心室肌细胞KATP的作用

    腺苷对正常心室肌细胞KATP无影响。以异丙基肾上腺素提前刺激心室肌细胞,腺苷可以抑制异丙基肾上腺素诱发的IK.ATP,与异丙基肾上腺素给药组相比较差异有非常显著意义(P<0.001),并能延长细胞存活时间。不同浓度的腺苷灌流心室肌细胞,可以拮抗异丙基肾上腺素的作用,使KATP电流减小。腺苷拮抗异丙基肾上腺素对IK.ATP的作用呈浓度负相关。DPCPX可以拮抗腺苷的作用,使IK.ATP再度增大(+70 mV时)。异丙基肾上腺素1 μmol/L 增加IK.ATP,异丙基肾上腺素+腺苷(100 μmol/L) 可拮抗异丙基肾上腺素、抑制IK.ATP的作用(图1)。
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    ISO (1 μmol/L)灌流心室肌细胞,可增加IK.ATP;ISO+腺苷 (100 μmol/L) 可拮抗ISO 的作用,抑制IK.ATP

    图1 ISO、ISO+腺苷作用下IK.ATP的I-V曲线

    五、腺苷拮抗异丙基肾上腺素对L-型钙电流的影响作用

    用1 μmol/L的异丙基肾上腺素灌流心室肌细胞,心室肌细胞的L-型钙电流的峰值电流增大,电流-电压(I-V)曲线左移;腺苷拮抗异丙基肾上腺素的作用,抑制L-型钙电流,使其减小。与异丙基肾上腺素给药组相比,差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01)。 腺苷 100 μmol/L 拮抗异丙基肾上腺素的作用,峰值钙电流变小。DPCPX拮抗腺苷,使L-型钙电流增大(图2)。
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    ISO (1 μmol/L)灌流心室肌细胞,可增加L-型钙电流,使I-V曲线左移,峰值钙电流增大;腺苷(100 μmol/L)拮抗ISO的作用,使峰值钙电流减小;DPCPX拮抗腺苷的作用,使L-型钙电流增大

    图2 ISO、腺苷及DPCPX作用下L-型钙电流的I-V曲线

    讨论

    一、异丙基肾上腺素应激下KATP对心室肌细胞的保护作用

    曾有研究表明,运动或儿茶酚胺增高使室性心动过速患者血浆中异丙基肾上腺素水平增高[3]。本研究发现,异丙基肾上腺素增加L-型钙电流,同时使KATP 开放。

    KATP 开放使K+从细胞内移向细胞外,由此产生的电生理作用是细胞膜超极化和APD缩短、Ca2+内流减少,同时增加Na+-Ca2+的交换,又使Ca2+外流增加,有利于减轻心肌细胞Ca2+超载[4,5],缩短豚鼠心室肌细胞APD,减少细胞内钙超载,对心肌细胞具有保护作用[6,7]
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    推测异丙基肾上腺素激活KATP机制与以下因素有关:(1) 异丙基肾上腺素刺激心室肌β-受体,激活Gs蛋白,使腺苷酸环化酶(cAMP)活性增高,使细胞内ATP耗竭增加,KATP 开放[3,7];(2) 降低通道对ATP的敏感性[8];(3) 协同蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)使蛋白质磷酸化,结合G蛋白磷酸化KATP,使心肌细胞KATP开放。同时抑制异丙基肾上腺素所致的L-钙电流增大,减少心肌细胞内的Ca2+超载,这可能是内源性心肌保护机制的重要环节。

    二、KATP对触发激动的影响

    触发激动是一种激动形成的异常。细胞内Ca2+超载及K+外流减少均可诱发触发激动。研究表明,运动或儿茶酚胺增高性室性心动过速与细胞内Ca2+超载有关[2,3,7]。通过离体动物心室乳头肌及体内的研究发现,小剂量钾通道开放剂拮抗EAD及触发激动的形成[7-9 ]。本实验发现异丙基肾上腺素增大L-型钙电流,延长APD并诱发DAD、EAD,同时KATP 亦开放。在此基础上给予优降糖,而特异性阻断KATP ,APD较前更为延长,EAD、DAD发生率增加。本研究表明,KATP开放在触发激动的形成机制中,间接抑制因L-型钙电流增大所致APD的延长作用,对心室肌细胞具有保护作用[6-9],为KATP 激动剂用于治疗特发性室性心动过速提供了理论依据。
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    此外,ATP耗竭本身也可以抑制Ca2+的振荡释放、抑制肌浆网上的钙泵摄取Ca2+,影响Iti电流,使KATP 开放,终止并抑制DAD、EAD致触发性心律失常[10]

    三、腺苷对异丙基肾上腺素应激下心室肌细胞KATP 的影响

    膜片钳的研究表明,腺苷对正常心室肌细胞无影响。腺苷对异丙基肾上腺素应激下心室肌细胞KATP作用尚无报道。本研究表明,腺苷抗心律失常作用与抑制Ca2+及阻断KATP 有关。腺苷通过以下环节起作用:(1)作用于细胞内cAMP,抑制 L-型钙电流的蛋白质磷酸化,下调钙通道的数目,减少L-型钙电流[2,10];(2)抑制肌浆网中钙摄取,使Ca2+释放减少;(3)拮抗儿茶酚胺增高导致细胞内的钙超载[11]。伴随细胞内钙负荷的减轻,IK.ATP亦随之减小。防止KATP 持续开放所致的K+外流增多,均对心肌细胞具有保护作用。
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    本实验观察到:KATP 持续开放的细胞很快死亡。提示在代谢异常或严重心肌缺血缺氧损伤时,KATP持续开放,大量K+外流,使血中K+浓度升高,加重代谢异常状态,使心肌受损,易引发严重心律失常,如APD缩短导致折返性心律失常,此为KATP 的二重性[2,12]

    腺苷拮抗异丙基肾上腺素对心室肌细胞的作用,抑制L-型钙电流和IK.ATP,有效治疗儿茶酚胺增高性室性心动过速并防止折返性心律失常的发生[3,11]。此型室性心动过速起源于右室流出道,多发生于无器质性心脏病的儿童,心电生理不能诱发,预后良好。其发病机制为β-受体兴奋,使心室肌细胞内cAMP增高,细胞内Ca2+超载,致触发性心律失常发生。腺苷直接阻断 Ca2+内流及K+ 外流,拮抗异丙基肾上腺素对心室肌细胞的作用,具有内源性钙通道阻断剂的作用,是治疗特发性室性心动过速的首选药物。
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    (收稿日期:1999-09-01), 百拇医药