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利多卡因对兔内毒素性肺损伤晚期的治疗效应
http://www.100md.com 《中国病理生理杂志》 1999年第2期
     作者:李永荣 郭贵林 尹逊华 安 虹 姚德厚

    单位:李永荣 郭贵林 尹逊华 安 虹 成都军区总医院麻醉科(成都 610083);姚德厚 成都军区总医院消化科

    关键词:内毒素类;肺;利多卡因;呼吸窘迫综合征

    利多卡因对兔内毒素性肺损伤晚期的治疗效应 摘 要 目的:观察利多卡因对兔注射内毒素24h后的治疗效应。方法:用日本大耳白兔随机分为对照组、大肠杆菌内毒素(ET)组和ET注入后24h+利多卡因(lidocaine)组。用酶联免疫法和硫代巴比妥酸反应法测量血浆和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNFα和MDA含量。结果:免静注ET后24h再静注利多卡因,于静注利多卡因后3、5h,血浆和BALF中TNFα和MDA含量显著降低,血中性粒细胞数目明显回升。肺湿干重比值和BALF中性粒细胞数、白蛋白含量、C3a\,C5a浓度无明显变化。结论:内毒素肺损伤后(注ET后24h)用lidocaine仍可抑制脂质过氧化反应和炎症介质的释放。对肺损伤晚期仍有一定的治疗作用。
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    Therapeutic effects of lidocaine on the later phase

    of endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits

    LI Yong-Rong, YAO De-Hou, GUO Gui-Lin, YIN Xun-Hua, AN Hong

    Chengdu Army General Hospital, Chengdu(610083)

    Abstract AIM:To investigate the therapeutic effects of lidocaine on the later phase of endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits. METHODS:Japan white rabbits were randomly assigned to receive one of the three treatments: infusion of saline (control group), infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET group), the later phase of endotoxin-induced lung injury with lidocaine treatment (ET+lidocaine group). The tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed by ELISA and Satrh TBA method respectively.RESULTS:The later phase of endotoxin-induced lung injury with lidocaine atteuated the changes of TNFα and MDA contents in plasma and BALF. The wet-to-dry weight ratio in the lung did not change and neutropils cell counts, albumin, C3a and C5a concentration in BALF did not change significantly as compared with ET group. CONCLUSION:In the later phase of endotoxin-induced lung injury lidocaine still inhibited lipoperoxidation and releases of the inflammatory mediators, and attenuated endotoxin-induced lung injury in rabbits.
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    MeSH Endotoxins; Lung; lidocaine; Respiratory distress syndrome

    中性粒细胞在肺内聚积,脂质过氧化和炎症介质的释放在内毒素性肺损伤中起着重要作用[1]。利多卡因(lidocaine)能抑制中性粒细胞释放氧自由基和炎症介质[2,3],稳定细胞膜功能[4],lidocaine是否能通过抑制氧自由基的产生和炎症介质的释放来防治内毒素肺损伤,国内外均未见报道。我们以往的研究表明:兔静注内毒素(endotoxin,ET)后0.5 h即出现肺损伤,1~5 h出现显著的肺损伤。lidocaine预先给药有对抗ET性肺损伤的作用[5]。ET性肺损伤早期用lidocaine有一定的治疗作用[6]。本实验旨进一步探讨ET性肺损伤晚期,即注ET后24 h用lidocaine对肺损伤是否有治疗作用。

    材料与方法
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    一、实验分组:

    健康日本大耳白兔24只,雌雄不拘,体重2.3~2.6(2.2±0.3)kg。随机分为对照组、内毒素(ET,E,Coli,O111B4,Sigma)组,ET+lidocaine组。每组各8只。各组兔用氯胺酮麻醉(4mg/kg im),分离股静脉插管。对照组静脉注射生理盐水4mL,ET组和ET+lidocaine组兔缓慢静注含ET 4mg/kg的生理盐水4mL,ET+lidocaine组兔于静注ET后24h静注含lidocaine 4mg/kg的生理盐水4mL,随即以lidocaine 2mg/kg持续静脉点滴。对照组和ET组兔分别于静注生理盐水4mL或含ET 4 mg/kg的生理盐水4mL后24h再静注生理盐水4mL,再以生理盐水静脉点滴。3组生理盐水滴速均为8 mL·kg-1·h-1

    二、观察指标及方法:
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    于静注lidocaine前(0时)、静注lidocaine后1、3、5h取股静脉血检测血中性粒细胞计数,血浆肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNFα)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量。静注lidocaine后5h处死动物,用50mL生理盐水向支气管肺泡缓慢推注,轻按胸部,片刻吸出,反复3次,获得支气管肺泡灌洗液(broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, BALF)。取少量BALF和静脉血用常规法检测中性粒细胞数目,剩余BALF经离心,取上清液分析。血浆和BALF中TNFα用酶联免疫法测定,MDA测定参照Satrh TBA法[7]。BALF中白蛋白含量用氯酚法检测。C3a\,C5a浓度用放免分析法测量(Sigma试剂盒)。取左上肺组织称重后放入烤箱内烤24h(60℃),计算肺湿干重比值。数据以9902061.jpg (723 bytes)±s表示,用F检验判断均数差异显著性。
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    结 果

    一、血中性粒细胞计数、血浆TNFα、MDA含量的变化:

    ET组和ET+lidocaine组兔于静注利多卡因后0、1、3、5h血中性粒细胞计数显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),血浆TNFα、MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。而ET+lidocaine组3、5h血中性粒细胞计数显著高于ET组(P<0.05),血浆TNFα、MDA含量显著低于ET组(P<0.05),见表1。

    二、肺湿/干重比值和BALF分析:

    ET组和ET+lidocaine组肺湿干重比值,BALF中性粒细胞计数,C3a\,C5a浓度、白蛋白、TNFα和MDA含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);肺湿干重比值,BALF中性粒细胞计数,白蛋白含量、C3a\,C5a浓度与ET组差异无显著,TNFα和MDA含量则明显低于ET组(P<0.05),见表2。
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    表1 中性粒细胞计数,血浆TNFα和MDA含量的变化

    Tab 1 Changes of the neutrophil count, plasma TNFα

    and MDA contents (9902061.jpg (723 bytes)±s,n=8)

    Time after lidocaine or saline infusion (h)

    0

    1

    3
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    5

    Neutrophil count(×102 cells/mm3)

    Control

    42.4±4.3

    40.8±4.1

    39.6±3.9

    41.2±4.2

    ET

    10.8±1.2**

    9.6±1.1**

    11.3±1.2**
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    9.5±0.9**

    ET+lidocaine

    9.6±1.0**

    12.4±1.4**

    19.8±1.8**

    18.6±1.5*▲

    Plasma TNFα (nmol/L)

    Control

    6.6±1.4

    7.0±1.5
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    6.2±1.5

    7.4±1.6

    ET

    27.4±5.2**

    25.3±5.1**

    27.9±4.9**

    28.8±5.4**

    ET+lidocaine

    28.6±5.1**

    22.3±6.2**
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    19.4±4.7*▲

    17.7±5.2*▲

    Plama MDA(μmol/L)

    Control

    11.4±2.1

    10.8±1.8

    12.6±1.9

    11.7±2.1

    ET

    25.3±4.8**

    27.4±4.7**
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    24.8±5.1**

    26.5±4.6**

    ET+lidocaine

    28.4±5.1**

    24.3±4.8**

    19.2±3.9*▲

    18.4±3.8*▲

    *P<0.05, **P<0.01, vs control group;▲P<0.05, ET group 表2 肺湿/干重比值和支气管肺泡灌洗液分析

, 百拇医药     Tab 2 Wet/dry weight ratio and analysis of

    bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (9902061.jpg (723 bytes)±s, n=8)

    Variables

    Group

    Control

    ET

    ET+lidocaine

    Neutrophil count
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    168±32

    272±34**

    282±38**

    (cells/mm3)

    Wet/dry weight ratio

    4.8±1.2

    6.7±1.5*

    5.9±1.3*

    Albumin(mg/L)

    14.8±3.2
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    67.8±11.2**

    58.5±0.9**

    C3a(ng/L)

    242±38

    578±92**

    554±91**

    C5a(ng/L)

    69±14

    189±64**

    176±72**
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    TNFα(nmol/L)

    48±5

    187±25**

    149±16**▲

    MDA(μmol/L)

    39±6

    164±32**

    136±25**▲

    *P<0.05, **P<0.01, vs group control;▲P<0.05, vs group ET 讨 论
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    大肠杆菌内毒素可以造成严重的肺损伤,中性粒细胞在肺内聚积,补体激活,氧自由基的产生和炎症介质的释放在ET性肺损伤机制中起重要作用[1,8,9]。对ET性肺损伤的防治有较多研究,我们曾证实,lidocaine预先或肺损伤早期给药有一定预防和治疗作用。但晚期给药的效果如何,未见报道。

    本实验结果表明,ET注入后24h用lidocaine治疗,于给药后3、5h,血中性粒细胞计数显著回升,但远未及对照组水平;血浆TNFα、MDA含量显著下降,但亦未达到对照组水平。肺湿干重比值、BALF中性粒细胞计数,白蛋白含量,C3a、C5a浓度在ET组与ET+lidocaine组间无显著差别。lidocaine给药后,BALF中只有TNFα和MDA含量显著低于ET组。提示ET性肺损伤晚期用lidocaine治疗,对补体的激活无明显的抑制作用,亦不能降低肺血管通透性,减轻肺水肿,对脂质过氧化反应和炎症介质的释放有一定的抑制作用,但其抑制的程度远不如预先用药或早期用药[5,6]。从给药时机看,在注入ET后24h给药,于注药后1h无显著疗效;而预先给药,在注ET后0.5 h即有显著疗效[5]。因此对疑有内毒素血症的患者应预先用lidocaine预防肺损伤,对已出现肺损伤的患者应及早用lidoacine治疗,到肺损伤晚期,虽有一定的效果,但不如预先用药和早期用药。
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    参考文献

    1 Swank DW, Moore SB. Roles of the neutrophil and other mediators in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc, 1989,64:1118.

    2 Sasagawa S. Inhibitory effects of local anesthetics on migration, extracellular releases of lysosormal enzyme, and superoxide anion production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 1991, 13:607.

    3 Peck SL, Johnston RBJr, Horwitz LD. Reduced neutrophil superoxide anion release after prolonged infusions of lidocaine. J Pharmacol Exp, 1985, 235:418.
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    4 Seeman P. The membrane actions of anesthetics and tranquilizers.Pharmacol Rev, 1972, 24:583.

    5 李永荣,姚德厚,郭贵林.利多卡因预先给药对内毒素性肺损伤的防治作用.中华医学杂志,1997,77:473.

    6 李永荣,姚德厚.利多卡因对内毒素性肺损伤早期的治疗作用.中华麻醉学杂志,1997,17:23.

    7 Ohkawa H, Peters P. Assay for lipidperoxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biol Chem, 1979, 95:351.

    8 Welbottrn CRB, Young Y. Endotoxin septic shock and acute lung injury: neutropils macrophages and inflammatory mediators. Br J Surg, 1992, 79:988.

    9 Demling RH. Current concepts on the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Circ Shock, 1990, 30:297.

    收稿日期:1997年5月6日

    修稿日期:1998年3月17日, http://www.100md.com