Reading Text Under Normak and Disappearing Presentation Conditions(3)
Table 1. Example sentences. Short and long target words are shown in italics. Frequent and infrequent target words are underlined.
1. Yesterday the office boss/supervisor moaned about the broken/snazzy equipment upstairs.
2. Sam wore the horrid coat/spectacles though his pretty/demure girlfriend complained.
3. He found the secret swag/manuscript inside the little/sturdy farmhouse on the hill.
, 百拇医药
4. A proper gift/collection scheme boosted the annual/frugal donations to the charity.
These manipulations are important because they allowed us to investigate the influence of visual factors(such as word length), as well as linguistic factors(such as frequency)on eye movement behaviour even after a word has disappeared. This question is itself important because there has been substantial debate within the eye movement community concerning whether visual or linguistic processes play the primary role in determining when a saccade is initiated in order that a different portion of text be fixated. Broadly speaking, the debate can be characterised as being between two opposing positions, namely, those researchers who argue that fixation durations in reading are primarily influenced by higher order cognitive processes associated with language processing, and those who argue that fixation durations are primarily influenced by low level processes associated with the perception of the visual information from the page or screen. Proponents of the latter position[16,17]argue that basic visual scanning routines are adopted during reading and that these routines are very rarely influenced by the cognitive systems associated with linguistic processing of the fixated word. By contrast, those researchers who argue that eye movements reflect higher order cognitive processes[18] believe that such processes play a central role in the decisions concerning when a fixation will be terminated through saccade initiation. Perhaps the most explicitly developed theoretical account from the cognitive control position is the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during reading[19,20]. Space limitations prevent extended discussion of this model, however, suffice it to say that within the E-Z Reader model completion of a stage of processing associated with word identification dictates when the decision to move the eye is made. Thus, according to this model, a cognitive process associated with language comprehension rather than a visual scanning procedure determines when the eyes are moved during reading.
, 百拇医药
Experimental Details
We tested sixteen naïve native English speaking participants who were all University of Durham undergraduate students. We constructed 40 experimental sentences, each including a long/short critical word and a high/low frequency critical word. We also included 10 filler items and we presented the sentences to the participants in two blocks. One of the blocks was presented normally and the other under disappearing text conditions. The order of blocks was counterbalanced across participants. During the experiment we used a Dual Purkinje eye tracker to monitor participants＇ eye position as they read the sentences., 百拇医药(Ｓｉｍｏｎ Ｐ． Ｌｉｖｅｒｓｅｄｇｅ)
1. Yesterday the office boss/supervisor moaned about the broken/snazzy equipment upstairs.
2. Sam wore the horrid coat/spectacles though his pretty/demure girlfriend complained.
3. He found the secret swag/manuscript inside the little/sturdy farmhouse on the hill.
, 百拇医药
4. A proper gift/collection scheme boosted the annual/frugal donations to the charity.
These manipulations are important because they allowed us to investigate the influence of visual factors(such as word length), as well as linguistic factors(such as frequency)on eye movement behaviour even after a word has disappeared. This question is itself important because there has been substantial debate within the eye movement community concerning whether visual or linguistic processes play the primary role in determining when a saccade is initiated in order that a different portion of text be fixated. Broadly speaking, the debate can be characterised as being between two opposing positions, namely, those researchers who argue that fixation durations in reading are primarily influenced by higher order cognitive processes associated with language processing, and those who argue that fixation durations are primarily influenced by low level processes associated with the perception of the visual information from the page or screen. Proponents of the latter position[16,17]argue that basic visual scanning routines are adopted during reading and that these routines are very rarely influenced by the cognitive systems associated with linguistic processing of the fixated word. By contrast, those researchers who argue that eye movements reflect higher order cognitive processes[18] believe that such processes play a central role in the decisions concerning when a fixation will be terminated through saccade initiation. Perhaps the most explicitly developed theoretical account from the cognitive control position is the E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during reading[19,20]. Space limitations prevent extended discussion of this model, however, suffice it to say that within the E-Z Reader model completion of a stage of processing associated with word identification dictates when the decision to move the eye is made. Thus, according to this model, a cognitive process associated with language comprehension rather than a visual scanning procedure determines when the eyes are moved during reading.
, 百拇医药
Experimental Details
We tested sixteen naïve native English speaking participants who were all University of Durham undergraduate students. We constructed 40 experimental sentences, each including a long/short critical word and a high/low frequency critical word. We also included 10 filler items and we presented the sentences to the participants in two blocks. One of the blocks was presented normally and the other under disappearing text conditions. The order of blocks was counterbalanced across participants. During the experiment we used a Dual Purkinje eye tracker to monitor participants＇ eye position as they read the sentences., 百拇医药(Ｓｉｍｏｎ Ｐ． Ｌｉｖｅｒｓｅｄｇｅ)