顿悟问题解决的心理机制的验证性研究(3)
一般认为，在简单版实验条件下，被试期望简单的问题，所以当他们遇到标准的顿悟问题时会面临着更大的困难；旋转版实验条件下，问题的本质发生了改变(出口改在右面)，被试也应该受到挫折，所以简单-旋转版的被试应该比标准版的被试的成绩更差，至少这两者之间应该无显著差异；但表征变化理论认为，由于对与问题不相关的知识激活的减少和对问题进行重新表征，这两种实验条件下的被试应该成绩更好。从两个理论相反的预测的结果看，简单—旋转版的被试与标准版的被试在问题的解决时间、移动次数、错误点击的次数和解决问题的人数上无显著差异，这与人们的直觉期望是一致的，不支持表征变化理论的预测，而Jones的研究[10]支持表征变化理论，这还需要进一步地探索。
5总结
本实验结果表明：(1)进程监控理论可解释被试成绩的优劣；(2)表征变化理论可对问题能否解决做出解释。
参考文献
, 百拇医药
1 Scheerer M. Problem solving. Scientific American, 1963, 208(4): 118~128
2 Newell A, Simon H A.Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972
3 Weisberg R W, Alba J W. An examination of the alleged role of ″fixation″ in the solution of several ″insight″ problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1981, 110(2): 169~192
4 MacGregor J N, Ormerod T C, Chronicle E P. Information processing and insight: A process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2001, 27(1): 176~201
, 百拇医药
5 Knoblich G, Ohlsson S, Haider H, et al. Constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1999, 25(6): 1534~1555
6 Ohlsson S. Information-processing explanation of insight and related phenomena. In: Keane M T, Gilhooly K J, Advances In Psychology of Thinking. London: Harvester, 1992: 1~203
7 Keane M. On adaptation in analogy: Tests of pragmatic importance and adaptability in analogical problem solving. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1996, 49A(4): 1062~1085
, http://www.100md.com
8 Ormerod T, MacGregor J N, Chronicle E P. Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2002, 28(4): 791~799
9 Knoblich G, Ohlsson S, Raney G E. An eye movement study of insight problem solving. Memory and Cognition, 2001, 29(7): 1000~1009
10 Jones G. Testing two cognitive theories of insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2003, 29(5): 1017~1027
, 百拇医药
11 罗劲. 顿悟的大脑机制. 心理学报, 2004, 36(2): 219~234
12 Martinsen. Insight problems revisited: The influence of cognitive styles and experience on creative problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 1993, 6(4): 435~447
13 李红, 高山, 王乃戈. 执行功能研究方法评述. 心理科学进展, 2004, 12(5): 693~705
14 Mayer R E. The search for insight: Grappling with Gestalt psychology′s unanswered questions. In: Sternberg R, Davidson J (Ed.), The nature of insight. Cambridge, MA: MIT press, 1995: 3~32
15 Kaplan C A, Simon H A. In search of insight. Cognitive Psychology, 1990, 22(3): 374~419, 百拇医药
5总结
本实验结果表明：(1)进程监控理论可解释被试成绩的优劣；(2)表征变化理论可对问题能否解决做出解释。
参考文献
, 百拇医药
1 Scheerer M. Problem solving. Scientific American, 1963, 208(4): 118~128
2 Newell A, Simon H A.Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972
3 Weisberg R W, Alba J W. An examination of the alleged role of ″fixation″ in the solution of several ″insight″ problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1981, 110(2): 169~192
4 MacGregor J N, Ormerod T C, Chronicle E P. Information processing and insight: A process model of performance on the nine-dot and related problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2001, 27(1): 176~201
, 百拇医药
5 Knoblich G, Ohlsson S, Haider H, et al. Constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1999, 25(6): 1534~1555
6 Ohlsson S. Information-processing explanation of insight and related phenomena. In: Keane M T, Gilhooly K J, Advances In Psychology of Thinking. London: Harvester, 1992: 1~203
7 Keane M. On adaptation in analogy: Tests of pragmatic importance and adaptability in analogical problem solving. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1996, 49A(4): 1062~1085
, http://www.100md.com
8 Ormerod T, MacGregor J N, Chronicle E P. Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 2002, 28(4): 791~799
9 Knoblich G, Ohlsson S, Raney G E. An eye movement study of insight problem solving. Memory and Cognition, 2001, 29(7): 1000~1009
10 Jones G. Testing two cognitive theories of insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2003, 29(5): 1017~1027
, 百拇医药
11 罗劲. 顿悟的大脑机制. 心理学报, 2004, 36(2): 219~234
12 Martinsen. Insight problems revisited: The influence of cognitive styles and experience on creative problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 1993, 6(4): 435~447
13 李红, 高山, 王乃戈. 执行功能研究方法评述. 心理科学进展, 2004, 12(5): 693~705
14 Mayer R E. The search for insight: Grappling with Gestalt psychology′s unanswered questions. In: Sternberg R, Davidson J (Ed.), The nature of insight. Cambridge, MA: MIT press, 1995: 3~32
15 Kaplan C A, Simon H A. In search of insight. Cognitive Psychology, 1990, 22(3): 374~419, 百拇医药