葱白的生药研究(英文)
作者：翟延君 柳丽 康廷国
单位：
关键词：葱白；性状特征；组织构造；生药鉴定
中草药000125 摘 要 葱白为百合科植物葱Allium fistulosum L.的鳞茎。具有发表通阳解毒的功能。沈阳康达制药厂最新研制的“胰冲剂”，用于治疗糖尿病，疗效较好，葱白是该组方药物主要成分之一。但由于该品多见于民间验方，药典及地方标准均无收载，有关其生药鉴定方面的研究尚无报道。为进一步开发利用这一药用资源，为该品的鉴别标准提供依据，本文对其植物形态、药材性状、组织构造等方面进行了研究。
A Pharmacognostical Study on the Fistular Onion Bulb
(Allium fistulosum)
, 百拇医药
Zhai Yanjun and Kang Tingguo
Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning College of TCM(Shenyang 110032)
Liu Li
Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory (Shenyang 110000)
Abstract “Congbai”, fistular onion bulb, a Chinese herbal drug, was systematically studied in such aspects as botanical morphology, macroscopical characters, histology and so on. Scientific basis was provided to draw up the standard of identifying “Congbai”.
, 百拇医药
Key words “Congbai” Allium fistulosum L. macroscopical characters histological characters pharmacognostical identification▲
“Congbai”, Allium fistulosum L., was initially recorded in Transactions of Famous Physicians(《名医别录》). But it was named as “Congjingbai” in Compendium of Materia Medica(《本草纲目》)and “Congbaitou” in Explanation of Medicine (《药品化义》)[1]. “Congbai” is the bulb of Allium fistulosum L. (Liliaceae), with the effects of relieving superficies syndrome, activating yang, and detoxicating. It is mainly used for the treatment of cold and heat headache due to affection by cold, abdominal pain due to coldness of the genitals, malnutrition due to parasitic infestation, difficulty in urination and defecation, dysentery, swelling pain, etc.. The compatibility of “Shengma” (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and “Congbai” is used for the treatment of common cold according to folk remedy. The experiment in decreasing the content of nitrite in gastric juice with fresh scallion was reported[2]. The effect of “Banxia Congbai Suppository” on acute mastitis was observed[3]. 130 cases of premature acute mastitis were treated with Congbai and Banxia (Rhizoma pinelliae) combined with ginger juice by liquid cupping method, with the effective rate of 96.9%[4]. In the books from ancient Supplement to Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies(《补缺肘后方》), Huatuo's Prescriptions for Critical Diseases (《华佗危病方》), and Compendium of Materia Medica (《本草纲目》) to nowadays Herbal Drug Handbook (《本草手册》) as well as clinical reports, the folk medicinal history of “Congbai” on preventing and treating diseases has been recorded there[1]. “Congbai” contains volatile oil (mainly contains garlicin), diallyl sulfur ether; contains vitamin C (97 mg% damp sample), vitamin B1, vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, fatty oil and phlegm[1]. Yi granule, which is a recipe made by Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory, has good therapeutic effect on diabetes. “Congbai” is one of the main ingredients in it. However, “Congbai” is not recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Local Criterion of Medicine but only used in folk remedy. Study on its pharmacognostical identification has not been reported. In order to develop and utilize this drug better, and provide scientific basis for its identification criterion, we systematically studied on the identification of its botanical morphology, macroscopical and histological characters.
, http://www.100md.com
1 Plant Morphology
Perennial herb, 50 cm high. Usually clustering, whole body with pungent stink. Fibrous root, occuring in a cluster, white. Fresh stem columnar, tip a little fat. Fresh leaves with layer upon layer, white, having longitudinal veins. Leaves growing at base, columnar, hollow, about 45 cm long, 1.5～2 cm in diameter, tip tapering, green, with longitudinal veins; leaf sheath, light green. Flower stem branching out from the clump of leaves, usually single, inflated, hollow in the middle, green, also with longitudinal veins; umbel, glabrous; involucre, membranous, ovate or ovatelanceolate; perianth 6, lanceolate, white, outer series 3, short and small, inner series 3, long and big, with a longitudinal vein in the middle of the periaanth; stamen 6, filaments branching out, anther yellow, T-shaped; ovary 3-celled. Capsules 3-ribbed. Seeds black, in triangular shape, semicircular. It is cultivated everywhere in the whole nation.
, http://www.100md.com
2 Macroscopical Characters of “Congbai”
Bulb cylindrical, 15～35 cm long, 1～3.5 cm in diameter, tip a little fat; surface white, green in the end; scale leaf with layer upon layer, having longitudinal veins; texture soft, easily broken, pungent mucus apearing after being broken; section with several layers of scale-leaf-circle vein; center with an elliptic or two horse's-hoof-shaped tender leaves, commonly named as “Congxin”, green or yellowish green on the edge, section white, under the magnifying glass, fine mesh visible, sponge-like in shape. Odour heavy peppery; taste peppery, pungent stink lasting for long time while chewing.
, 百拇医药
3 Histological Characters of “Congbai”
3.1 Transverse Section of the Base Tissue of Scale Leaf： The inner epidermis and outer epidermis consisting of a layer of square-like cells; having several vascular bundles; the xylem tending towards the inner epidermis; having a strip composed of oil cells and oil cavities between the outer epidermis and the vascular bundles; Having brow-nish yellow volatile oil in oil cavity, 35～150 μm in diameter; the oil cell relatively big, whose longitudinal section rectangle-like shaped, having brownish yellow volatile oil; parenchymatous cell circle-like shaped, containing some calcium oxalate druses, circularly cluster-shaped or circl-like, 6～20 μm in diameter (Fig.1).
, http://www.100md.com
A-diagram of transverse section
B-Details of oil cavity
C-Details of longitudinal section of oil cells
i-ep-inner epidermis cr-calcium oxalate crystals xy-xylem ph-phloem o.ca-oil cavity o.ep-outer epidermis
Fig.1 Diagram of Scale-leaf Base of Allium fistulosum L.
3.2 Longitudinal Section of Scale Leaf Tissue：For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thick bulb, parenchymatous cell rectangular, containing 1-(2) styloid crystals or druses; styloid crystals 46 μm in length, 1.5～22 μm in diameter, druses 3～18 (30) μm in diameter, with more pyramids. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thin bulb, parenchymatous cell mostly containing prismatic crystals, short styloid crystals, and druses; prismatic crystals mostly regular octahedron in shape, 3～19 μm in diameter. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the inner layer scale leaf of bulb, cell nearly square or polygon-like; the cell wall fine ripples shaped, enclosing globularity-like calcium oxalate druses, being smaller than that in the outer layer scale leaf (Fig.2).
, http://www.100md.com
A-Longitudinal section of outer layer scale-leafybase of thicker bulb B-Longitudinal section of outer layer scale-leafbase of thinner bulb C-Transverse section of outer layer scale-leafbase of thicker bulb D-Longitudinal section of inner layer scale-leaf base of thicker bulb
Fig.2 Various Forms of Calcium Oxalate Crystals of A. fistulosum L.
3.3 Surface Section： The surface sections of the inner epidermis and outer epidermis of the scale leaf, for the relatively thick bulb, the outer epidermis cells of the scale leaf long-strip shaped; stomata circle-like or elliptic, 54 μm in length and 42 μm in breadth; the surface of the cell being with cuticular veins; for the relatively thin bulb, the shape of cell and stomata similar as above but having not cuticular veins on the cell surface; without scattering stomata in the inner epidermis cell of the scale leaf (Fig.3).
, http://www.100md.com
A-Outer epidermis B-Inner epidermis
sto-stomata
Fig.3 Detailed Epidermis Drawing of Outer Iayer Scale-leaf of A. fistulosum L.
Fig. 4 Detailed Transverse Section Drawing of Parenchymatous Tissue of Congxin
3.4 Transverse Section of the Parenchymatous Tissue of “Congbai” (“Congxin”)： Take “Congbai”(“Congxin”)to make transverse section, heating with chloral hydrate. Then observe it under the microscope. Cell circle-like, intercellular space
, 百拇医药
relatively big, without any crystal (Fig.4).■
翟延君：女，1956年生，1982年毕业于辽宁中医学院中药专业，获学士学位，副教授。研究
方向：中药材品质鉴定及中成药质量标准研究。主持、参加辽宁省教委课题4项，主要参与
国家“九.五”攻关课题1项。获辽宁省政府科技进步二等奖、辽宁省中医药管理局科技进
步二等奖及辽宁省优秀教学成果二等奖各1项，并获香港陈香梅女士教育奖励基金奖。
Reference
1，Jiangsu New Col. Chinese Materia Medica(《中药大辞典》), Shanghai. Shanghai Sci. and Tech. Pub. House, 1977:2316
, http://www.100md.com
2，Lin Baokui, et al. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 1984, 1 (1): 11
3，Li Shuying, et al. The Journal of Practical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1992, (2): 76
4，Surgical Dpt. of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Medical College. Dispatch Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 1972,(1): 40
(Received in Dec. 14th, 1998), 百拇医药
单位：
关键词：葱白；性状特征；组织构造；生药鉴定
中草药000125 摘 要 葱白为百合科植物葱Allium fistulosum L.的鳞茎。具有发表通阳解毒的功能。沈阳康达制药厂最新研制的“胰冲剂”，用于治疗糖尿病，疗效较好，葱白是该组方药物主要成分之一。但由于该品多见于民间验方，药典及地方标准均无收载，有关其生药鉴定方面的研究尚无报道。为进一步开发利用这一药用资源，为该品的鉴别标准提供依据，本文对其植物形态、药材性状、组织构造等方面进行了研究。
A Pharmacognostical Study on the Fistular Onion Bulb
(Allium fistulosum)
, 百拇医药
Zhai Yanjun and Kang Tingguo
Department of Chinese Materia Medica, Liaoning College of TCM(Shenyang 110032)
Liu Li
Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory (Shenyang 110000)
Abstract “Congbai”, fistular onion bulb, a Chinese herbal drug, was systematically studied in such aspects as botanical morphology, macroscopical characters, histology and so on. Scientific basis was provided to draw up the standard of identifying “Congbai”.
, 百拇医药
Key words “Congbai” Allium fistulosum L. macroscopical characters histological characters pharmacognostical identification▲
“Congbai”, Allium fistulosum L., was initially recorded in Transactions of Famous Physicians(《名医别录》). But it was named as “Congjingbai” in Compendium of Materia Medica(《本草纲目》)and “Congbaitou” in Explanation of Medicine (《药品化义》)[1]. “Congbai” is the bulb of Allium fistulosum L. (Liliaceae), with the effects of relieving superficies syndrome, activating yang, and detoxicating. It is mainly used for the treatment of cold and heat headache due to affection by cold, abdominal pain due to coldness of the genitals, malnutrition due to parasitic infestation, difficulty in urination and defecation, dysentery, swelling pain, etc.. The compatibility of “Shengma” (Rhizoma Cimicifugae) and “Congbai” is used for the treatment of common cold according to folk remedy. The experiment in decreasing the content of nitrite in gastric juice with fresh scallion was reported[2]. The effect of “Banxia Congbai Suppository” on acute mastitis was observed[3]. 130 cases of premature acute mastitis were treated with Congbai and Banxia (Rhizoma pinelliae) combined with ginger juice by liquid cupping method, with the effective rate of 96.9%[4]. In the books from ancient Supplement to Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies(《补缺肘后方》), Huatuo's Prescriptions for Critical Diseases (《华佗危病方》), and Compendium of Materia Medica (《本草纲目》) to nowadays Herbal Drug Handbook (《本草手册》) as well as clinical reports, the folk medicinal history of “Congbai” on preventing and treating diseases has been recorded there[1]. “Congbai” contains volatile oil (mainly contains garlicin), diallyl sulfur ether; contains vitamin C (97 mg% damp sample), vitamin B1, vitamin B2, nicotinic acid, fatty oil and phlegm[1]. Yi granule, which is a recipe made by Shenyang Kangda Pharmaceutical Factory, has good therapeutic effect on diabetes. “Congbai” is one of the main ingredients in it. However, “Congbai” is not recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Local Criterion of Medicine but only used in folk remedy. Study on its pharmacognostical identification has not been reported. In order to develop and utilize this drug better, and provide scientific basis for its identification criterion, we systematically studied on the identification of its botanical morphology, macroscopical and histological characters.
, http://www.100md.com
1 Plant Morphology
Perennial herb, 50 cm high. Usually clustering, whole body with pungent stink. Fibrous root, occuring in a cluster, white. Fresh stem columnar, tip a little fat. Fresh leaves with layer upon layer, white, having longitudinal veins. Leaves growing at base, columnar, hollow, about 45 cm long, 1.5～2 cm in diameter, tip tapering, green, with longitudinal veins; leaf sheath, light green. Flower stem branching out from the clump of leaves, usually single, inflated, hollow in the middle, green, also with longitudinal veins; umbel, glabrous; involucre, membranous, ovate or ovatelanceolate; perianth 6, lanceolate, white, outer series 3, short and small, inner series 3, long and big, with a longitudinal vein in the middle of the periaanth; stamen 6, filaments branching out, anther yellow, T-shaped; ovary 3-celled. Capsules 3-ribbed. Seeds black, in triangular shape, semicircular. It is cultivated everywhere in the whole nation.
, http://www.100md.com
2 Macroscopical Characters of “Congbai”
Bulb cylindrical, 15～35 cm long, 1～3.5 cm in diameter, tip a little fat; surface white, green in the end; scale leaf with layer upon layer, having longitudinal veins; texture soft, easily broken, pungent mucus apearing after being broken; section with several layers of scale-leaf-circle vein; center with an elliptic or two horse's-hoof-shaped tender leaves, commonly named as “Congxin”, green or yellowish green on the edge, section white, under the magnifying glass, fine mesh visible, sponge-like in shape. Odour heavy peppery; taste peppery, pungent stink lasting for long time while chewing.
, 百拇医药
3 Histological Characters of “Congbai”
3.1 Transverse Section of the Base Tissue of Scale Leaf： The inner epidermis and outer epidermis consisting of a layer of square-like cells; having several vascular bundles; the xylem tending towards the inner epidermis; having a strip composed of oil cells and oil cavities between the outer epidermis and the vascular bundles; Having brow-nish yellow volatile oil in oil cavity, 35～150 μm in diameter; the oil cell relatively big, whose longitudinal section rectangle-like shaped, having brownish yellow volatile oil; parenchymatous cell circle-like shaped, containing some calcium oxalate druses, circularly cluster-shaped or circl-like, 6～20 μm in diameter (Fig.1).
, http://www.100md.com
A-diagram of transverse section
B-Details of oil cavity
C-Details of longitudinal section of oil cells
i-ep-inner epidermis cr-calcium oxalate crystals xy-xylem ph-phloem o.ca-oil cavity o.ep-outer epidermis
Fig.1 Diagram of Scale-leaf Base of Allium fistulosum L.
3.2 Longitudinal Section of Scale Leaf Tissue：For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thick bulb, parenchymatous cell rectangular, containing 1-(2) styloid crystals or druses; styloid crystals 46 μm in length, 1.5～22 μm in diameter, druses 3～18 (30) μm in diameter, with more pyramids. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the outer layer scale leaf of the relatively thin bulb, parenchymatous cell mostly containing prismatic crystals, short styloid crystals, and druses; prismatic crystals mostly regular octahedron in shape, 3～19 μm in diameter. For the longitudinal section near the outer epidermis of the inner layer scale leaf of bulb, cell nearly square or polygon-like; the cell wall fine ripples shaped, enclosing globularity-like calcium oxalate druses, being smaller than that in the outer layer scale leaf (Fig.2).
, http://www.100md.com
A-Longitudinal section of outer layer scale-leafybase of thicker bulb B-Longitudinal section of outer layer scale-leafbase of thinner bulb C-Transverse section of outer layer scale-leafbase of thicker bulb D-Longitudinal section of inner layer scale-leaf base of thicker bulb
Fig.2 Various Forms of Calcium Oxalate Crystals of A. fistulosum L.
3.3 Surface Section： The surface sections of the inner epidermis and outer epidermis of the scale leaf, for the relatively thick bulb, the outer epidermis cells of the scale leaf long-strip shaped; stomata circle-like or elliptic, 54 μm in length and 42 μm in breadth; the surface of the cell being with cuticular veins; for the relatively thin bulb, the shape of cell and stomata similar as above but having not cuticular veins on the cell surface; without scattering stomata in the inner epidermis cell of the scale leaf (Fig.3).
, http://www.100md.com
A-Outer epidermis B-Inner epidermis
sto-stomata
Fig.3 Detailed Epidermis Drawing of Outer Iayer Scale-leaf of A. fistulosum L.
Fig. 4 Detailed Transverse Section Drawing of Parenchymatous Tissue of Congxin
3.4 Transverse Section of the Parenchymatous Tissue of “Congbai” (“Congxin”)： Take “Congbai”(“Congxin”)to make transverse section, heating with chloral hydrate. Then observe it under the microscope. Cell circle-like, intercellular space
, 百拇医药
relatively big, without any crystal (Fig.4).■
翟延君：女，1956年生，1982年毕业于辽宁中医学院中药专业，获学士学位，副教授。研究
方向：中药材品质鉴定及中成药质量标准研究。主持、参加辽宁省教委课题4项，主要参与
国家“九.五”攻关课题1项。获辽宁省政府科技进步二等奖、辽宁省中医药管理局科技进
步二等奖及辽宁省优秀教学成果二等奖各1项，并获香港陈香梅女士教育奖励基金奖。
Reference
1，Jiangsu New Col. Chinese Materia Medica(《中药大辞典》), Shanghai. Shanghai Sci. and Tech. Pub. House, 1977:2316
, http://www.100md.com
2，Lin Baokui, et al. Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 1984, 1 (1): 11
3，Li Shuying, et al. The Journal of Practical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1992, (2): 76
4，Surgical Dpt. of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Medical College. Dispatch Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 1972,(1): 40
(Received in Dec. 14th, 1998), 百拇医药
参见：首页 > 中医药 > 中药专业 > 中草药汇编 > 中药大典 > 根茎类 > 葱白