论英国劳动党政府的可持续社区政策对有效公共健康的关系(4)
http://www.100md.com
2012年1月1日
‘Social capital’ has been widely debated over the last few years within the academic literature.Putnam (1993) contended that social capital refers to the networks and links between people through certain norms and respects and how they play a crucial role in sustaining communities.Therefore，social capital promotes and facilitates the co-operation and trust between individuals within the community as glue that holds people together.Putnam (1993) believed that effective democratic government depends on levels of social capital.Although Neo-Marxist refutes that social capital serves for ruling class to sustain their power by controlling the means of production.Lots of scholars still regard social capital as a positive correlated measure of sustainability of a community.For example，high social capital might be linked to low crime rates，better health，people thriving，improved longevity，high educational achievement，greater levels of income，equality and improved child welfare.
, http://www.100md.com
Social capital is widely regarded as a positive resource which could contribute to social cohesion.However，we cannot presume that more social capital is inextricably positive in terms of its effect on social order.There are some examples like gangsters Mafia，or the example Buck(2005) suggest that in deprived areas of inner north-east London，there is a significant high social capital，though not in the expected form.They build strong social bonding and collective action through those ‘hidden’ networks; yet the community are not socially included.Therefore，social capital is not worldwide applicable，it is strongly applicable in gentrifying areas.Putnam’s social index shows the measure of how to access social capital，from which it is obvious that the inequality exists between different individuals.Although social capital is based in ‘possessions of a durable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition which distinguishes it from economic and human capital，Social capital like other capitals produces inequality in the bigger environment of capitalist economy(Buck,2005).Smith，Lepine and Taylor(2007) also agreed that social capital produce inequality just like other forms of capital.
, 百拇医药
Since the second public health revolution，health education has been thrived from US to the rest of the world.Everyone was been taught to be a health conscious citizen with a ‘right’ lifestyle.Raco (2005) proposed that a good citizen should contribute to the economy and society by having a good job and place to live etc.does this brought back our question exclusion or inclusion? If a citizen does not own a proper job or a qualified place to live，does it mean he/she is not a sustainable citizen?What if it is out of his/her choice? Public health agenda or sustainable community agenda needs the cooperation of individual and the government.When media/government told individual to improve their lifestyles，they assume health as a resource or a commodity，but the initiative should be in the control of the individual or the media/government?This question is included in Health Promotion; since health promotion has disappeared in theUK for decades，maybe there is a chance to bring back the movement (Potvin and Mcqueen，2008).
, 百拇医药(何龙韬)
, http://www.100md.com
Social capital is widely regarded as a positive resource which could contribute to social cohesion.However，we cannot presume that more social capital is inextricably positive in terms of its effect on social order.There are some examples like gangsters Mafia，or the example Buck(2005) suggest that in deprived areas of inner north-east London，there is a significant high social capital，though not in the expected form.They build strong social bonding and collective action through those ‘hidden’ networks; yet the community are not socially included.Therefore，social capital is not worldwide applicable，it is strongly applicable in gentrifying areas.Putnam’s social index shows the measure of how to access social capital，from which it is obvious that the inequality exists between different individuals.Although social capital is based in ‘possessions of a durable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition which distinguishes it from economic and human capital，Social capital like other capitals produces inequality in the bigger environment of capitalist economy(Buck,2005).Smith，Lepine and Taylor(2007) also agreed that social capital produce inequality just like other forms of capital.
, 百拇医药
Since the second public health revolution，health education has been thrived from US to the rest of the world.Everyone was been taught to be a health conscious citizen with a ‘right’ lifestyle.Raco (2005) proposed that a good citizen should contribute to the economy and society by having a good job and place to live etc.does this brought back our question exclusion or inclusion? If a citizen does not own a proper job or a qualified place to live，does it mean he/she is not a sustainable citizen?What if it is out of his/her choice? Public health agenda or sustainable community agenda needs the cooperation of individual and the government.When media/government told individual to improve their lifestyles，they assume health as a resource or a commodity，but the initiative should be in the control of the individual or the media/government?This question is included in Health Promotion; since health promotion has disappeared in theUK for decades，maybe there is a chance to bring back the movement (Potvin and Mcqueen，2008).
, 百拇医药(何龙韬)