论英国劳动党政府的可持续社区政策对有效公共健康的关系(1)
http://www.100md.com
2012年1月1日
摘要：英国劳动堂从上个世纪末执政以来实行加强贫穷社区发展政策，以促进其 可持续发展的公共健康。本文将从这个新社区发展政策的实例来研讨可持续性的社区和公共健康的关系。通过对 ‘社区’‘目标’‘社区赋权’‘社会资本’的定义来实现文章的主旨。经过论证，虽然这个政策有一些零星的成功例子， 但是总的来说是不成功的。 归根究底的原因就在于其不能解决公共健康作为资本，在新自由主义大环境下的不平等问题。
关键词：公共健康 可持续社区 目标 社区赋权 社会资本
Public health has developed a long time before sustainable community inEngland，the two agendas has been prominently adopted by labour government in 1997(lawless，2006).As there are inextricable linkage between public health and sustainable community，First of all we have to understand the two greatly important terms.
, 百拇医药
Public Health always exists in humans life.It went through three ‘revolutions’.Terris(1983) identified the first two revolutionary changes: the infectious disease and the chronic disease revolutions.The first revolution pursued the goals of controlling and eliminating the threat posed by the great epidemics that might detriment the human populations.Public Health was no longer a mission for charity organizations but integrated into the bureaucratic system that the Nation-state controls.Once the transmissible diseases was controlled，chronic diseases became the leading causes of death，which forced the second revolution whose goals were increasing the longevity of human through preventing chronic diseases.The practice of PH had been transformed by deep professionalization movements through Health Education by a bunch of professionals.And now since the emergence of Health Promotion(HP) and the development of the Ottawa Charter，PH is undergoing a third revolution.Since in many countries the longevity has reached its maximum，some energy could be devoted to advance health as a resource for living.
, http://www.100md.com
There have always been debates about the definition of ‘Public Health’.But based on the three revolutions’ centre aims，it was generally defined ‘the science and art of preventing disease，prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society，organizations，public and private，communities and individuals’ (1920，C.E.A.Winslow).According to the public health white paper (Great Britain DH，2004)，the government has accepted the definition in order to sustain an ethos of fairness and equity and take actions to tackle the causes of illhealth and reduce inequalities.The public health agenda is choosing health: making healthy choices easier.
, http://www.100md.com
What is a sustainable community? Sustainable community are places where people want to live and work，now and in the future.They are well planned built and run，offer good services and equality of opportunity for all.Moreover，they are sensitive to the environment and meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents with a good quality of life (Department for EFRA，2006).
Which components should a community contain in order to be a sustainable one? From the macro-perspectives，first of all the balance among economy，society and environment should be enhanced and maintained，and the three fields overlap with one another and they are all there.Secondly，development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs should be maintained (The Brundtland Report，1987).The last one is respecting the needs of other communities in a wider region.From the micro-perspectives，the community must provide decent homes with affordable price，good public transport and health services，education and entertaining facilities，a clean and safe environment，open places where people can relax and a democratic way of deciding how the community should be run etc (The Brundtland Report，1987).
, 百拇医药(何龙韬)
关键词：公共健康 可持续社区 目标 社区赋权 社会资本
Public health has developed a long time before sustainable community inEngland，the two agendas has been prominently adopted by labour government in 1997(lawless，2006).As there are inextricable linkage between public health and sustainable community，First of all we have to understand the two greatly important terms.
, 百拇医药
Public Health always exists in humans life.It went through three ‘revolutions’.Terris(1983) identified the first two revolutionary changes: the infectious disease and the chronic disease revolutions.The first revolution pursued the goals of controlling and eliminating the threat posed by the great epidemics that might detriment the human populations.Public Health was no longer a mission for charity organizations but integrated into the bureaucratic system that the Nation-state controls.Once the transmissible diseases was controlled，chronic diseases became the leading causes of death，which forced the second revolution whose goals were increasing the longevity of human through preventing chronic diseases.The practice of PH had been transformed by deep professionalization movements through Health Education by a bunch of professionals.And now since the emergence of Health Promotion(HP) and the development of the Ottawa Charter，PH is undergoing a third revolution.Since in many countries the longevity has reached its maximum，some energy could be devoted to advance health as a resource for living.
, http://www.100md.com
There have always been debates about the definition of ‘Public Health’.But based on the three revolutions’ centre aims，it was generally defined ‘the science and art of preventing disease，prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society，organizations，public and private，communities and individuals’ (1920，C.E.A.Winslow).According to the public health white paper (Great Britain DH，2004)，the government has accepted the definition in order to sustain an ethos of fairness and equity and take actions to tackle the causes of illhealth and reduce inequalities.The public health agenda is choosing health: making healthy choices easier.
, http://www.100md.com
What is a sustainable community? Sustainable community are places where people want to live and work，now and in the future.They are well planned built and run，offer good services and equality of opportunity for all.Moreover，they are sensitive to the environment and meet the diverse needs of existing and future residents with a good quality of life (Department for EFRA，2006).
Which components should a community contain in order to be a sustainable one? From the macro-perspectives，first of all the balance among economy，society and environment should be enhanced and maintained，and the three fields overlap with one another and they are all there.Secondly，development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs should be maintained (The Brundtland Report，1987).The last one is respecting the needs of other communities in a wider region.From the micro-perspectives，the community must provide decent homes with affordable price，good public transport and health services，education and entertaining facilities，a clean and safe environment，open places where people can relax and a democratic way of deciding how the community should be run etc (The Brundtland Report，1987).
, 百拇医药(何龙韬)